Mechanics of heterogeneous media

III. Method of inclusions and its

applications for textile composites

Stepan V. Lomov

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From Eshelby principle to equivalent stiffness of an inclusion assembly…

: :
H ij
D D

wD o f
wD o f

H ij D
: D
:D
: :
eff
m m C
ijkl

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…applied to random fibre reinforced composites …

:D
:
eff
C ijkl
m

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…and to textile composites

:D
:m
eff
C ijkl

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General scheme of application of the inclusion method

1. The heterogeneous medium should constitute a homogeneous matrix with a

second (discontinuous) phase, or more phases of reinforcement embedded in it
2. Build a geometrical model of the RVE of the reinforcement
3. Subdivide the reinforcement into elements, which somehow could be
represented as ellipsoids.
4. Consider the assembly of the ellipsoidal inclusions in the matrix
5. Using properties of the reinforcement, assign stiffness tensors to the inclusions
(micro-homogenisation may be performed on this step)
6. Apply the inclusion theory to calculate the equivalent stiffness of the RVE

:D
:m
eff
Cijkl

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Method of inclusions
• Eshelby transformation principle for an assembly of inclusions
• Mori-Tanaka algorithm
• Self-consistent algorithm

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 Reminder: Eshelby transformation principle for ONEinclusion
The solution (disturbance fields) H ijD H ij6 H ijf  H ijD  for the elasic problem

 
:
D
D D
 
of an anisotropic ellipsoidal inclusion C ijkl

:m
in an anisotropic matrix C ijkl m C ijkl
with the strain at infinity H ijf is given by
f
const  x  ;
H
m
x : : H D DD
S H C
O x  H
ij ijkl kl
ijkl
x : : H D
D DD D ij
 O  are Eshelby tensors and
ij ijkl kl

D
DD DD

H klf  Sklmn  C ijklm  H klf  Sklmn  H kl D  Ÿ H

where Sijkl and Dijkl
D D D

:
C ijkl D
H mn D
H mn

ªCm  SDD  I   C D S º C  Cm  H f
1 D ij
ŸH
:
D D
¬ ¼
m
m
C
H ijD  x  ³  xc ¬ªGik ,lj  x  xc  G jk ,li  x  xc¼º dxc
ijkl

f
1 D

H
C m
klmn H mn
2:

 Cklmn H mn ³ ¬ªGik ,lj  x  xc  G jk ,li  x  xc¼º dxc

1 m D ij
2 :

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 Eshelby transformation principle for an assembly of inclusions
Consider disturbance field produced by inclusion E
(or by the source domain E ):


H ij x, : E 
 Cklmn
1 m E
H mn ³ ª¬Gik ,lj  x  xc   G jk ,li  x  xc º¼ dxc D :D
:m
2 :
C ijkl
The average disturbance in :D induced by the inclusion E :
:E
  ³   H ijf
m
C
 
H ijD : E :
1
H E ijkl
V : :
D ij x , dx

­° 1 m ½° E D
®  Cklmn ³ ³ ª¬Gik ,lj  x  xc  G jk ,li  x  xc  º¼ dxc : E dx :D ¾ ˜ H mn H
 
1
V :D °¯ 2 : : °¿ : D ij

:m H E
: 
or m
C
: f
E ij
E ijkl
H D E
S H ;
DE

H ij
³ ª¬G  x  xc  G  x  xcº¼ dxc  : dx  : 
ij ijkl kl


  ³
DE 1 E D

2V :D
m
S ijkl C mnkl ik ,lj jk ,li
: :
D 1...M

For D E: S DE
ijkl is Eshelby tensor for an isolated inclusion.

NOTE: From now on we consider averaged strains in inclusions and the matrix.

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Equations for disturbance strains and eigenstrains
Summing up disturbance strains for all the inclusions,

  ³ H ij  x  dx   ³ ¦ H  x, : dx ¦ H  : 
M M
1 1
H D E D E

V :D V :D
:D
ij ij ij
: : E 1
D
E 1

:m



or in tensor notation ijkl
SDD ˜˜H D  ¦ SDE ˜˜H E ,D
:E
M
HD
H ijf
1...M (1) m
E 1, E zD C
ijkl

   
Stresses in the inclusions
VD CD ˜˜ H f  H D Cm ˜˜ H f  H D  H D ,D
D
H
1...M (2)

:
Total disturbance strains
D ij
cmH  ¦ cD H =0
:m H E
M
m D
(3) m
C
: f
D 1

where H is the average disturbance strain in the matrix:

ijkl E ij

H ij
m

³ H ij  x  dx
 
1
H ijm
V  ¦V :
M

¦:
D
V
D
M

1...M


D 1 1


cm ,cD are the volume fractions of the matrix and the inclusions:

  ,D ¦V  : 
M

V :
; cm  ¦ cD
D
D

1
M
D 1
cD = 1...M ; cm 1
V V D 1

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Image strain and the mean field assumption

˜˜H D
 ¦ SDE ˜˜H E ,D
M
H
:D
D DD
S 1...M
E 1, E zD D
:m
The second term is called image strain and accounts
C ijkl

:E
for the additional (in comparison with the isolated
inclusion case) strain, that the inclusion D receives f
H
m
C ijkl
due to interaction with other inclusions. ij

D
H
Mean field assumption
Image strain could be approximated by its mean value
: D ij

:m H E
which is the same everywhere – in all the inclusions
m
C
: f
¦
and in the matrix ijkl E ij

˜˜H  SDE ˜ ˜H E SDD ˜ ˜H D  H im H ij

M
D
H D
SDD

E 1, E zD

H f  H im
D
H 6m
1...M

H 6D H f  H im  SDD ˜ ˜H D H 6m  SDD ˜˜H D

 S  ˜ ˜ H  H 6m 
Pedersen, O.B. Thermoelasticity and
D DD 1
H
plasticity of composites - I. Mean field
D
6 (4) theory Acta Metallurgica Materials
31(11): 1983 1795-1808.

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 Strain concentration factors and homogenised stiffness
Strain concentration tensors AD relate full strains in the inclusions with the applied strain:
H 6D AD ˜ ˜H f (*)
Dilute strain concentration tensors ADm relate full strains in the inclusions with the matrix strain
H 6D ADm ˜ ˜H 6m (**)

H 6D Hf HD
D § ·
A m ¨ cm I  ¦ cE A mE ¸ f
1

: H
D
M
AD D
© E 1 ¹
(5)
A D A
m ij
H 6m Hf Hm
Proof:

(3) Ÿ cm  H  H   ¦ c H  H 6D =0
:m
M
f m f
6 D
D 1

cm  ¦ cD 1Ÿ H c H  ¦ cD H 6D
M M
f m
m 6
D 1 D 1

(*),(**) Ÿ  A E  ˜ ˜ ¬ª A mE  ˜˜H 6m ¼º cmH 6m  ¦ cD ADm ˜ ˜H 6m ŸAD D § E ·

A m ¨ cm I  ¦ cE A m ¸ , QED
1
1
M M

D 1 © E 1 ¹

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Homogenised stiffness of the composite
V Ceff ˜ ˜H ; H Hf
C  x  ˜ ˜H  x  C  x  ˜ ˜  A  x  ˜ ˜H f 
V D :D
:m
C
cm  C A  ˜ ˜H  ¨ ¦ cD CD AD ¸ ˜ ˜H f ; H 6m
§ · ijkl
A ˜ ˜H
M
f f

:E
m m m

©D 1 ¹
f
H
m
C
cmCm A m  ¦ cD CD AD
M
ijkl ij
Ceff (*)
D 1

(3) Ÿ cm  A ˜ ˜H  H   ¦ c A ˜ ˜H f  H f 
M
m f f D
D 0
D 1

Ÿ cm A  cm I  ¦ cD A  ¦ cD I
M M
m D

D 1 D 1

Ÿ cm A  ¦ cD AD
M
m
I
D 1

C ¨ I  ¦ cD A ¸  ¦ cD CD AD
§ D ·
(*) Ÿ C
M M
eff m

© D1 ¹ D1

ŸC C  ¦ cD  CD  Cm  AD
M
eff m
(6)
D 1

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 Mori-Tanaka method
Consider average strains in the inclusions and the matrix and adopt mean field
assumption.
Then the concentration tensors matrix o inclusion are calculated as
ª   
CD  Cm º 
1
IS C
1

«¬ »¼
D DD m
A (7)

:D
m

D
:m
and the composite stiffness is calculated with (6): C

Cm  ¦ cD CD  Cm AD 
ijkl

:E
M
Ceff
H ijf
m
D 1 C
ijkl
where

D § ·
A m ¨ cm I  ¦ cE A mE ¸
1
M
(5): AD
© E 1 ¹

Equation (7) is derived from the Eshelby transformation principle and mean field
assumption, using (2) and (4).

Mori, T. and K. Tanaka Average stress in matrix and average elastic energy of materials with misfitting
inclusions Acta Metall.Mater. 21, 1973 571-574
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 Mori-Tanaka method: effective stiffness
Calculation of the effective stiffness of composite with M inclusions:
1. Calculate Eshelby tensors SDD for the individual inclusions,
using formulae for exterior points of the ellipsoids (lecture on Eshelby theory).
SDD is defined by the matrix properties. Tensor SDD is expressed in coordinate
system CS D , aligned with the axes of the inclusion D .
2. Transform the tensors SDD in the global coordinate system CS glob .
3. Calculate strain concentration tensors:

D § E ·
A m ¨ cm I  ¦ cE A m ¸ , where ADm ªI  SDD Cm    
1

C C º
M 1 1

¬« ¼»
D D m
A
© E 1 ¹
4. Calculate effective stiffness of the composite:


Cm  ¦ cD CD  Cm AD  :
CS x y z


M
D D

:m
Ceff Cijkl
:E
D 1

Hijf
m
C ijkl

CS glob xyz

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Mori-Tanaka method for effective stiffness: Notes
1. Interactions between the inclusions are taken into account in the simplified
manner: mean field assumption. Each inclusion feels the presence of other
inclusions indirectly through the total strain of the matrix.
2. Eshelby tensors used are those for eigenstrains inside the inclusions, and
depend on the properties of the matrix, NOT the inclusions.
3. For isolated inclusion the strain inside it is constant. It is no more true for the
assembly of inclusions (see the slide on Eshelby transformation principle).
The strains inside the inclusions are averaged in Mori-Tanaka theory.
4. The strain in the matrix is also averaged.
5. The composite stiffness, calculated using the mean field assumption, depends
for the given matrix/inclusions material combination on the volume fraction,
shape and orientation of inclusions ONLY.
6. The composite stiffness DOES NOT depend on the size of the inclusions, nor
on their positions (for the given orientations).
7. Practically, Mori-Tanaka method gives fairly good predictions of the composite
stiffness. However, it is sometimes criticized as it leads to physical
inconsistencies for certain non-trivial orientation distributions of non-isotropic
inclusions (see, for example, “Papers for review”, Freour et al).
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The stiffness does not depend on the inclusions size, positions...

= =

= =

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…but depends on the volume fraction, shape, orientation

= volume

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Mori-Tanaka method: average strains in the inclusions

Calculation of average strains and stresses in the inclusions and the matrix:

¦ D ¸¹
1 § D ·

cm ¨© D 1
M
f f
H D
A H ; H
D m
A H , where A
m m
I c A

VD CD H D ; V m C mH m
:
CS x y z


D D

:m
C ijkl

:E
Hijf
m
Notes C
ijkl

1. These are average stresses and strains. CS glob xyz

2. Staying inside Eshelby approach and the mean field
assumption, it is possible also to evaluate interface
stresses between the inclusions and the matrix.

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 Self-consistent method
Still using mean field approximation, replace the matrix with a medium having
properties equal to those of the composite itself. This means that the Eshelby tensors
represent the constraining effect of the composite as the whole rather then the matrix

C ˜˜  H  H  C ˜ ˜  H  H  H 
only.
Cijkl : m
CS x y z


D f D eff f D D D D

:
Ÿ The calculation scheme: E
:
1. Set C eff
C m
Ceff Hijf
ijkl
2. Calculate Eshelby tensors SDD for the individual inclusions. CS glob xyz
These tensors depend on Ceff !
3. Calculate strain concentration tensors:

D § E ·
A m ¨ cm I  ¦ cE A m ¸ , where A m I  S C  C  C 
1
ª eff º
1
eff 1
M

« ¼»
D D DD D
¬
A
© E 1 ¹
4. Calculate new effective stiffness of the composite:

 ¦ cD  CD  Ceff  AD
M
eff eff
C C
D 1

5. Check convergence of Ceff . If not converged, go to step 2.

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Example: porous material with spherical pores (1)
Isotropic material with shear module P and Poisson coefficient 1/5.

1. Eshelby tensor [Mura, p.79, eq (11.21)]

7  5Q
15 1 Q 
1
S1111 S 2222 S3333
2
5Q  1
15 1 Q 
S1122 S 2233 S1133 S 2233 S 2211 S3311 0

S1212 S1221 S 2112

S 2323 S3223 S 2332
4  5Q
15 1 Q 
1
S3131 S1331 S3113
4
all other components are zero

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Example: porous material with spherical pores (2)

2. Strain concentration tensor

C pore 0
ªI  S Cm    C º  I  S
1 1
1
«¬ »¼
pore pore m
A C

c I  c  = I  S
m

ªcm I  c pore  I  S 1 º
1 1 1

¬ ¼
pore pore pore
A A m m pore A m

ª¬cm  I  S   c pore I º¼  I  cmS 

1 1

   
3. Effective stiffness

Ceff Cm  c pore C pore  Cm A pore Cm I  c pore A pore

C m
I  c S  c I   I  cmS 
1

 I  S  I  cmS 
m pore

m 1
cmC

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 Example: porous material with spherical pores (3)
Ceff  I  cmS  cmC  I  S 
7  5Q
 I pqkl  cm S pqkl  cmCijpq  I pqkl  S pqkl  15 1 Q 
1
eff S1111
Cijpq 2
5Q  1

  15 1 Q 
S1122 S1133 0
eff
C1111  cmC1111
eff
S1111 cm C1111  C1111S1111
4  5Q
 cmC  cmC
15 1 Q 
1
C eff eff
S eff
S S1212 S1221
cm  C1212  C1212 S1212  C1221S2112 
1212 1212 1212 1221 2112 4

1  1/ 2 1  c pore
 2P  O  2P  cm  O  2P   O  2P 
cm
O
1  cm / 2 2  cm 1  c pore
eff eff

1  1/ 4  1/ 4 c 1  c pore
P P cm P m P
1  cm / 4  cm / 4 2  cm 1  c pore
eff

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Application: textile composites
• Description of textile internal geometry
• Equivalent assembly of inclusions
• Homogenisation
• Examples of calculations

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The challenge
Homogenisation using method of inclusions is effectively applied to random fibre
composites, reinforced with an assembly of well-separated fibres, or to particle-
reinforced composites, also random and with sparsely placed particles.
The application of the inclusion method is straightforward as the reinforcing
particles/fibres are slender, straight and can be effectively approximated as
ellipsoids. Hence application of Eshelby solution raises no questions.
Textile composites present a different proposition. They exhibit the following
features:
1. Well-organised structure (vs randomness in short fibre composites)
2. Crimped yarns (vs straight fibres)
3. Multi-level structure – yarns consisting of fibres (vs mono-material fibres)
Direct application of the eigenstrain approach to complex yarn volumes does not
seem feasible.

Is it possible to create a representation of a textile structure which would offer

itself for interpretation as an assembly of ellipsoidal inclusions?

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Textiles are hierarchical, structured, fibrous materials

m
10-0 Macro
10-1

10-2
Meso
10-3

10-4
Micro
10-5

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Examples of the internal structure of textiles on meso-level

Woven Laminates

Braided Knitted UD

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Universal representation of yarns: partition into yarn segments

D
O a2 t

a1
Z r(s) O
d2
d1

Y
X

Each segment:
• direction
• curvature
• two diameters –
flatness of the
cross-section
• average Vf

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Homogenisation of the stiffness of the segment on micro-level

3
1

Properties of each impregnated yarn segment are calculated using Mori –

Tanaka(*) homogenisation for the unidirectional array of fibres = infinitely long
cylindrical inclusions, using:
• local fibre volume fraction at the segment
• properties of the fibres (isotropic, e.g. glass, or anisotropic, e.g. carbon)
• elastic properties of the matrix
Result: stiffness matrix, expressed in the local 123 coordinate system.

(*) or empirical relations, e.g. Chamis

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Yarns as a collection of curved segments

The yarn segment is NOT circular,

but has two different diameters

[C]

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Curved segment as an equivalent ellipsoidal inclusion
1. Volume fraction of each equivalent
ellipsoid in the unit cell corresponds to
the volume fraction of the segment
which it represents.
2. The elongation of the equivalent
ellipsoid depends on the curvature of
the segment.

E , E | 3.14
3. The stiffness of the ellipsoid inclusion
b R is equal to the homogenised local
a a stiffness in the segment.
4. For a non-circular yarn the ellipsoid
has all the three axis different
R 5. The equivalent ellipsoids are NOT a
2a physical substitution of the yarn
2b
segments; they are merely
mathematical means to calculate the
stress-strain states in the segments,
using Eshelby tensors

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 The result: assembly of equivalent inclusions

1. The location of the inclusions is

not defined
2. The volume fraction and
orientation of an inclusion in is
equal to volume fraction and
orientation of the segment
3. The number of segments/
inclusions is user-chosen

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Flowchart
Geometrical
Textile data
preprocessor

Internal geometry of
textile and partitioning
into segments

Matrix and Segment Homogenisation

fibre data processor on micro-level

Assembly of
equivalent ellipsoidal
inclusions

Mori – Tanaka
homogenisation

Homogenised stiffness
of the composite

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Software: WiseTex and TexComp (KULeuven)

Models of textile geometry Predictive

and deformability models of
composites
mechanics

Models of internal structure and Homogenisation of stiffness of

deformation of unit cell of textile textile composite, based on the
reinforcement: method of inclusions:
• woven 2D and 3D any textile reinforcement
described by WiseTex,
• braided bi- and triaxial
including deformed (sheared,
• knitted compressed, tensed)

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Homogenisation of composite with deformed reinforcement
Glass-epoxy woven composite y

J 0 J 30q J 60q
40 7

Poisson ratio
35 0.8
Ex 6 0.7
30
Ey 5 Gyz 0.6
25
E, G Pa

G , G Pa

20
Ez 4 Gxz 0.5
15 3 Gxy 0.4
yz
10 2 0.3
zy
5 1 0.2
zx
0.1
0 0 xz
0
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 xy
0 20 40 60
yx

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3Dwoven composite – comparison with experiment

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00 glass/epoxy
4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
GE001_G GE002_G GE012_G

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 Comparison of method of inclusions with orientation averaging

Knitted glass/epoxy composite

Reference: FE model, with
geometry of yarns based on their
actual shapes, measured in the
fabric

G=f(Fibre
12
12
Modulus) G=f(Resin Modulus) E=f(Fibre Fraction)
FEM
orientation 10
10
FEM
FGM
FGM
averaging 8
FC-MT
FC-MT
FC-SC
G =G23 [GPa]

8 FC-SC
=G23 [GPa]

6
6
method of
G1313

4
inclusions (M-T 4

and SC) 2
2

0
0
40 50 60 70 80 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 20 30 40 50 60
40 50 60 70 80 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 20 30 40 50 60
Fi ber Modul us [GPa] R esi n Modul us [GPa] Fi br e Fr acti on Vf [%]
FE Fi ber Modul us [GPa] R esi n Modul us [GPa] Fi br e Fr acti on Vf [%]

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Method of inclusions for textile composites: Summary

1. Method of inclusions for homogenisation of the elastic properties of textile

composites is based on:
• Representation of textile internal geometry using unified (for different
textiles) data format for yarn volumes
• Decomposition of the yarn volumes into segments
• Homogenisation of the properties of the impregnated yarn segments,
using UD Mori – Tanaka model
• Representation the yarn segments with an assembly of equivalent
ellipsoidal inclusions; the equivalence is understood in the sense of
equivalent stress-strain state in the segments and the inclusions,
calculated using Eshelby tensors
• Mori – Tanaka or self-consistent homogenisation
2. The predictions of the method of inclusions are validated for a wide range of
textile composites (woven, braided, knitted)
3. The calculations with the method of inclusions are fast and suited for the
multi-level modelling

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