Content

Page No.
Acknowledgement i-ii
List of Abbreviations iii-iv
List of Cases v-vii

Chapter 1 1-27
Introduction
l.i Prologue
1.1.1 Prisoner Rights: The Problem
1.1.2 Evolving Prisoner Rights Jurisprudence
1.2 Relevance of the Study
1.3 Objectives of the Present Study
1.4 Hypotheses
1.5 Research Methodology
1.6 Review of Related Studies
1.7 Scheme of the Study

Chapter 2 28-62
Human Rights Jurisprudence: Historical Perspective
2.1 Introduction
2.2 International Perspective
2.2.1 Natural Law and Natural Rights in Ancient times
2.2.2 Natural Law and Natural Rights in Middle Age
2.2.3 Natural Law and Natural Rights in 17* and 1S"' Century
2.2.4 Natural Rights and Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention in 19''^ Century
2.3 New Attitude to the Concept of Human Rights in 20"^ Century
2.3.1 The Leagues of Nations and Human Rights
2.3.2 Human Rights Provisions under the U.N. Charter
2.3.3 International Conferences on Human Rights
(a) Tehran Conference, 1968
(b) Vienna Conference, 1993
(c) Beijing Conference, 1995
2.3.4 The Role of NGOs in the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
2.4 Indian Scenario Relating to Human Rights: National Perspective
2.4.1 Evolution of Fundamental Rights: A Replica of Human Rights
(a) Evolution of Fundamental Rights during Freedom Struggle
(b) Fundamental Rights and Constituent Assembly
2.4.2 Directive Principles of State Policy and Constituent Assembly
2.4.3 Statutory Protection of Human Rights in India
2.5 Conclusion
Chapter 3 63-99
Human Rights with a Comparative Law Perspective
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Status of Human Rights in tiie United States America
3.2.1 Historical Evolution of Human Rights in USA
3.2.2 Legal Protection Structure of Human Rights
3.2.3 Effect of International Treaties
3.2.4 Concept of Equality
3.2.4.1 Racial
3.2.4.2 Gender
3.2.4.3 Disability
3.2.4.4 Sexual Orientations
3.2.4.5 Privacy
3.2.4.6 Accused
3.3 Protection of Human Rights in India
3.3.1 Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution
3.3.2 Enforcement of Fundamental Rights in terms of Article 32
3.3.3 Enforcement of Fundamental Rights in terms of Article 226
3.3.4 Jurisdictions of the Supreme Court and the High Court
3.3.5 Scope of Article 32
3.3.6 Protection of Fundamental Rights
3.3.7 Fair Procedure and Public Interest Litigation

Chapter 4 100-131
Protection of Specific Human Rights and Person
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Interaction between International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian
4.3 Scope of Application of the Two Bodies of Law
4.4 Freedom from Arbitrary Deprivation of Life
4.5 Freedom from Torture
4.6 Freedom from Arbitrary Detention
4.7 Procedural Safeguards
4.8 Conclusion

Chapter 5 132-243
Human Rights in India: An Overview
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Human Rights and the Indian Constitution
5.2.1 Preamble
5.2.2 Fundamental Rights (Articles 12-35 of the Constitution of India)
(a) Right to Equality (Articles 14 to 18)
(b) Right to Freedom (Articles 19 to 22)
(c) Right against Exploitation (Articles 23 and 24)
(d) Right to freedom of Religion (Articles 25 to 28)
(e) Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29 and 30)
(f) Right to Constitutional Remedies (Articles 32 to 35)
5.2.3 Directive Principle of State Policy (Articles 36-51 of the Constitution)
 (a) Social and Economic Charter (Articles 38 and 39 of the Constitution
(b) Social Security Charter (Articles 39A, 41, 42, 43, 43A, 45, 46 & 47 of the
Constitution)
(c) Community Welfare Charter (Articles 40, 44, 48, 48A, 49, 50 & 51 of the
Constitution)
(d) Relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy
5.2.4 Fundamental Duties (Article 51-A)
5.2.5 Other Rights not specifically Enumerated but Recognized
5.2.6 Un-enumerated (and not yet recognized) Human Rights
5.3 The Protection of Human Rights under the Protection of Human Rights Act 1993
5.4 The Protection and Promotion of Human Rights under Other Legislations
5.5 Human Rights Enforcement Machinery in India
5.6 Human Rights Enforcement Machinery under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993
5.7 National Human Rights Commission
5.7.1 Distinctive Feature of NHRC
(a) Independence
(b) Transparency
5.7.2 Constitution of NHRC
(a) Appointing Authority
(b) Terms and Removal of The Chairperson and Other Members of The Commission
5.7.3 Functions and Powers of the Commission
5.5.4 Implementation Mechanism
(a) Individual Complaints
(b) Intervening in Court Proceedings
5.7.5 Powers of Investigation
5.7.6 Powers of the Commission Subsequent to Inquiry
5.7.7 Limitation on the Jurisdiction of the Commission
5.7.8 Working of the National Human Rights Commission
5.7.9 Functions of the National Human Rights Commission
5.8 The State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs)
5.8.1 Constitution of State Human Rights Commission
(a) Appointing Authority
5.8.2 Jurisdiction of the State Human Rights Commissions
5.8.3 Annual and Special Reports of State Commission
5.9 Human Rights Courts at District Level
5.10 Other Specific National Commissions in India for the Welfare of the Weaker Sections of the
Nation
5.11 The Role of the Judiciary in Enforcing Human Rights in India
5.12 Writ Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the High Courts
5.13 Rule of Locus Standi vis-a-vis Public Interest Litigation
5.14 Prisoners and the Human Rights
5.14.1 Rights against Solitary Confinement and Bar Fetters
5.14.2 Rights against Hand Cuffing
5.14.3 Rights against Inhuman Treatment of Prisoners
5.14.4 Right to have Interview with Friends, Relatives and Lawyers
5.14.5 Rightto Legal Aid
 5.14.6 Rightto Speedy Trial
5.15 Compensatory Jurisprudence and Human Rights
5.15.1 Monetary Compensation and Human Rights
5.15.2 Nature of the Constitutional Remedy
5.15.3 Sovereign Immunity and Violation of Human Rights
5.16 Child Labour and Human Rights
5.16.1 Response of the Judiciary on Child Labour
5.17 Bonded Labour and Human Rights
5.17.1 Judicial Response on Bonded Labour System
5.18 Conclusion

Chapter 6 244-256
Origin and Development of the Concept of Prisoner Rights
6.1 Introduction
6.2 United States of America (USA)
6.3 England
6.4 Prisoners' Rights in India
6.4.1 Committee Reports
6.5 Conclusions

Chapter 7 257-300
Prisoners' Rights in India
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Prisoner Rights: Constitutional Perspective
7.2.1 Statutory Provisions
7.2.2 Right to Fair Procedure
7.2.3 Personal Liberty
7.3 Extent of Judicial Interference
7.4 Sunil Batra Cases
7.5 New Dimensions of Reformative Jurisprudence
7.6 Classification of Prisoners: Problems and Perspectives
7.7 Adoption of Classification
7.8 Classification in England
7.9 Judicial Attitude in India
7.10 Specific Classes of Prisoners
7.10.1 Mentally Disordered in Prisons
7.10.2 Youth inside the Prisons
7.10.3 Female Prisoners
7.11 Conclusion

Chapter 8 301-325
Conclusion Recommendations & Suggestions
8.1 Journey Revisited
8.2 Findings on Human Rights Enforcement Machinery under the Protection of Human Rights
Act, 1993
8.3 Findings on Judiciary in India
8.4 Findings on Constitutional Provisions in India
8.5 Suggestions and Recommendations for All Human Rights to All
8.6 Suggestions for Restoration of Prisoners' Human Rights
8.7 Recommendations for Reformation of Prison System

Bibliography 326-336