Why is Histology important?

The tallest living tree is the Stratosphere Giant in Humboldt Redwoods State
Park, California. At 112.34 meters (308.62 feet) , it is five stories taller than
the Statue of Liberty.

•  Evalua&on of the therapeu&c efficacy of herbal drugs

•  Evalua&on of crude drug is an essen&al part of Pharmacognosy
•  Microscopic assessment of powdered drugs
•  % adultera&on with foreign substance must be noted
•  Characteriza&on and iden&fica&on of plant source species

Plant Body
Plant Body
PRIMARY PLANT BODY
• Derived from the shoot and root
•  Types: apical meristems
1.  Primary plant body • Composed of primary tissues
2.  Secondary plant body • Constitutes the herbaceous part of a
plant
• herb
 Tissue –group of of cells that perform specific function or functions.
SECONDARY PLANT BODY
• Derived vascular cambium and cork Classification:
cambium 1.  Based on stage of development
• Composed of secondary tissues:
a.  Embryonic or meristematic
wood and bark
b.  Permanent
• Constitutes the wood and bark of old
woody dicot stem and gymnosperms 2.  Based on composition
(conifers) a.  Simple
b.  complex

Classification:
Meristematic – Structure of an apical meristem
1.  Based on initiating cells
a.  Primary meristem (primordial meristem)
tissues where the cells are in the
b.  Secondary meristem
mitotic state
2.  Based on position in the plant body
a.  Apical
b.  Intercalary
c.  lateral
3.  Based on function
a.  Protoderm (DERMATOGEN)
b.  Procambium (PLEROME)
c.  Fundamental or ground (PERIBLEM)

Overview of primary meristems and tissues Permanent – cells are stable, no longer dividing
- differentiated into 2 types
Types:
1. Simple permanent tissue
- composed of one type of cells
- differentiated into dermal or protective and ground or fundamental
2. Complex permanent tissue
- composed of different kinds of cells but perform similar function.
 Epidermis
(simple dermal)

•  Outermost surface of a
herbaceous stem, leaf, root
Plant epidermis with trichomes
•  Uses:
•  protection
•  Regulate exchange of materials
•  Encrusted with cutin (cuticle)
•  Contains guard cells,
Plant epidermis with guard cells

Epidermis Trichomes – EPIDERMAL

OUTGROWTHS/HAIRS
•  Accessory cells – serves as reservoir of water Functions:
and ions
-shade leaves from
•  Bulliform cells – longitudinal rows of vacuolated
excessive sunlight
cells
-protection from insects
- Loses loss turgor pressure
-aids in nutrient uptake
•  Epidermal hair – elongation of the epidermal
cell outward (trichome and root hairs) -Spread of seeds

Plant trichomes as defense

Cotton trichomes can be
made into threads, which is
then woven into cloth
 Branching trichome Velvet dock – Verbascum thapsus
Glandular Trichomes:
Aratiles – Muntingia calabura

Stinging Trichomes: Bristle trichome Lipai – Mucuna pruriens

Lipa – Laportea meyeniana

Scale Lingaro- Eleagnus philippinensis Glandular trichomes in tomatoes

Stellate Mallotus- Mallotus philippinensis

Stellate trichomes in croton

Epidermal hairs on roots

Stinging trichomes in Mala plant Urticating bristles in Urtica

OUTER BARK Cork or Phellem
(simple dermal)

•  Outer covering woody stems and

roots
•  Cell wall impregnated with
suberin
•  Produced by the cork cambium
(secondary meristem)
•  No intercellular spaces

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE •  Thin – walled primary wall

Parenchyma •  Alive at maturity
(simple ground)
•  Isodiametric shape
•  large vacuole
•  Specialized for photosynthesis
(chlorenchyma)
•  Specialized for gas exchange capacity - large
intercellular spaces (aerenchyma)
•  Specialized for short distance transport of
Cork is an impermeable, buoyant material, a prime-subset of
solutes (transfer cells)
bark &ssue that is harvested for commercial use primarily from •  Storage (storage parenchyma)
Quercus suber (the Cork Oak),

Collenchyma (simple ground)

Chlorenchyma
aerenchyma
•  Elongated cells with uneven
thickened non–lignified
primary wall
•  Adapted for support

Storage parenchyma
Sclerenchyma(simple ground)
•  Rigid, thick lignified secondary wall
•  Dead at maturity (in some)
•  Support and strengthen in non-extending
parts of the plant
•  Two types of cells: sclereids (stone cells),
fibers

Sclereids
Fibers
- short with variable shapes occurring
- long thick lignified slender cells occurring in
singly or in small groups single strands or bundles
- forms hard layer - associated with vascular tissues
- elongates as the internode increases in length
- retains a living protoplasm

Flax fibers – common source for paper and linen

cloth

The Vascular Tissue System

Two complex tissues:

1. xylem – brings water and mineral salts from the roots to the rest of
the plants.
2. phloem- moves sugar and other organic nutrients

Philippines fibers like abaca leaves or Manila Hemp

and pineapple leaves are hard fibers
 The Vascular Tissue System
Complex permanent tissues
2. Xylem
- transport water and minerals from the roots to stem - leaves
- thick lignified wall , dead at maturity
- primary xylem - procambium
- protoxylem – short – lived, replaced by new
protoxylem (outer)
- metaxylem – formed after elongation of stem/root (inner)
- secondary xylem (wood) – vascular cambium
Vascular tissues of young dicot stem - inner layer of the bark
Vascular tissues of young dicot root
- conducting cells (xylary elements) : tracheids, vessel elements

The conducting cells of Xylem Secondary Wall thickenings in Tracheids and vessel elements
1. Tracheids
1. long cells with tapered ends.
2. Only type of water conducting
cells in ferns, conifers and most
other non flowering plants.
3. Dead at maturity
4. Secondary wall has pits

Vessel elements Complex permanent tissues

1. Dead at maturity
2. Cell walls form hollow tubes,
3. Wider, shorter, and
4. With perforation plate
5. Joined together to
tube
1. Phloem
- transport dissolved organic compounds (sucrose)
less tapered
- thin walled primary wall
- primary phloem - procambium
- protophloem – elongating regions (outer); short - lived
form a pipe or
- metaphloem – non – elongating regions (inner)
- secondary phloem – vascular cambium
- inner layer of the bark
- sieve elements: sieve cells, sieve tube members
(companion cell)
 Phloem – food conducting tissues 1.  Sieve tube members
- alive and active Secretory Cells
- Presence of sieve plates
-  No nucleus •  Not classified but incorporated with other tissues
-  Forms continuous connection •  Two types
of cytoplasm from the top to
•  External
bottom
•  internal
-  2. Companion cells –
nucleated, supply proteins to
sieve tubes

Nectary (Floral)
Hydathodes (water glands) –
- secrete nectar or sugary secrete water via guttation,
exudates relieve pressure build-up
1.  for attraction –floral parenchyma
hydathode
2. for protection – extrafloral

Digestive glands Salt glands

Salt glands – dump sites for
excess salt absorbed from a
salty (saline) environment
- leaf of mangroves.
 Secretory cells Secretory cells
(internal)

Internally located cells that exude protoplasmic products

influenced by pressure or lysis of cell wall
•  Secretory cells – large cells contain substances ( oil,
mucilage)

BERGAMOT – ESSENTIAL
OILS

Internal
resin ducts used as storage of secreted
oils and resins. LATICIFERS– secretory cells with primary wall secreting
latex; seal woundsand protection
RESINS- “AMBER”
-flammable with
turpentine and rosins.
-aromatic

Internal
laticifers

Articulated laticifers Non – articulated

laticifers