Herbal Medicine 4, 2011

PHYTOTHERAPY FOR THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

CONTENTS:
Stress/ Adrenal Exhaustion References:
The Thyroid Mills, S. & Bone, K. 2000. Principles and Practice of
Phytotherapy: Herbal Approaches to Systemic Dysfunctions.
 Hypothyroid
Winston, D. & Maimes. 2008. Adaptogens.
 Hyperthyroid
Pizzorno & Murray. Encyclopaedia of Natural Medicine: 2nd Ed,
Diabetes Mellitus Little Brown Books, London
Case studies Wood, M. 2008. The Earthwise Herbal Volume 1.

NOTE: herbs listed below under each condition in bold underline are herbs you have
covered so far in Herbal Medicine 4.

The main key word people often mention with regards to the endocrine system is ‘balance’ –
‘I’m feeling out of balance’; ‘I have no balance in my life’. This type of language can point to
an actual physiological imbalance in the functioning of the endocrine system – bearing in
mind also that it is very hard to talk about the endocrine system without also drawing in the
functions of the lymphatic and immune systems. We know this is the case as many herbs act
on, and have affinities for, these systems in an integrated way. The role of the endocrine-
nervous-immune system is to balance the body’s central regulatory functions.
These systems are at the heart of understanding a major modern syndrome – ‘stress’. To
understand the stress response, we have to have an understanding of the workings of these
complex systems, and how they interrelate. Here we are concerned with the hypothalmo-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which also draws in the functions of the thyroid and pancreas.

HERBAL MEDICINE FOR ‘STRESS’/’ADRENAL EXHAUSTION’1

The stress response is part of a larger response known as the ‘general adaptation
syndrome’ (GAS). It can be broken down into 3 phases:
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion
These three phases are largely controlled by the adrenal glands.

1. Initial response to stress = alarm (fight or flight).

The pituitary releases ACTH which leads to adrenal release of adrenalin and other stress-
related hormones:
Heart rate increases
Circulation to brain and muscles increases with blood moving away from internal organs
and digestion (except for heart and lungs)
1
Pizzorno and Murray: Encyclopaedia of Natural Medicine: 2nd Ed, Little Brown Books, London.
 Digestive secretions are severely reduced
Blood sugar levels increase dramatically as the liver dumps stored glucose into blood for
release of energy.

2. Resistance reaction
This allows the body to continue fighting the stressor. The ‘stress maintenance’ phase.
Cortisol and other corticosteroids secreted by adrenal cortex are largely responsible for
resistance reactions.
These hormones stimulate conversion of protein to energy and promote sodium retention
to increase blood pressure and keep it elevated.
Prolonged resistance reaction leads to diabetes, hypertension and cancer.

3. Final stage of general adaptation syndrome = exhaustion.

This phase may manifest as total collapse of body function or collapse of specific organs.
2 major causes of exhaustion are losses of Potassium ions and depletion of adrenal
glucocorticoid hormones such as cortisol.
When cells lose Potassium they function less effectively and eventually die.
When adrenal glucocorticoid stores become depleted, hypoglycaemia results and the cells
of the body do not receive adequate glucose and other nutrients.
Another cause of exhaustion is organ weakness, prolonged stress places enormous load
on many organ systems, especially heart, blood vessels, adrenals and immune system.

HERBAL SUPPORT FOR STRESS2:

Largely involves supporting the adrenal glands.
If an individual has experienced moderate to severe stress for prolonged periods or has
been using corticosteroid treatment for long periods, the adrenal glands will shrink and not
perform properly leading to anxiety, depression and chronic fatigue.
An abnormal adrenal response, either deficient or excessive hormone release significantly
alters a person’s response to stress.
Often the adrenals become ‘exhausted’. ‘Adrenal exhaustion’ presents as chronic fatigue
and anxiety and will lead to reduced resistance to allergies and infections (iris sign – may
see dilated pupils)
Atrophy of the adrenal cortex is a common side effect of continual stress or cortisone
administration.
Optimal stress management is dependent on optimal adrenal function.

Adaptogenic Tonics:
Winston & Maimes (2007): Adaptogens act by stimulating the body’s non-specific stress
response via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympatho-adrenal
system. The various active constituents found in herbal Adaptogens work to stimulate the
neuro-endocrine and immune systems via multiple metabolic pathways. They affect the brain,
nerves, endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus, pineal, pancreas,
2
Pizzorno and Murray: Encyclopaedia of Natural Medicine: 2nd Ed, Little Brown Books, London.

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ovaries and testes), and immune system by helping re-regulate, normalise, and enhance
function.
Adaptogens exert beneficial effects on adrenal function, increase tone and function and
enhance resistance to stress.
‘General tonics’ increase tone and function of whole body.
The term ‘adaptogen’ is a descriptive term usually given to describe the general tonic effects
of herbs like Panax Ginseng and Eleutherococcus.
According to Pizzorno & Murray an adaptogen is a substance that:
Must be innocuous and cause minimal disorders in the physiological function of an
organism;
Must have non-specific action (ie, it should increase resistance to adverse influences by a
wide range of physical, chemical and biochemical factors);
Usually has a normalizing action irrespective of the direction of the pathological state.
(amphoteric).

According to scientific evidence both Korean Ginseng and Siberian Ginseng have this kind
of equilibrating, tonic, anti-stress action. They can both be used to:
Increase energy
Increase mental and physical performance
Prevent negative effects of stress
Enhance general stress response
Offset some of the negative effects of cortisone therapy
Enhance liver function
Protect against radiation damage
Improve immunity
May regulate blood sugar and improve insulin resistance. (recent findings)

Adaptogenic Herbs: (Winston & Maimes 2007)

Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Astragalus
Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus) Rhaponticum
Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza) – adrenal tonic Lycium (Goji)
Withania (Ashwagandha) Adrenal tonics:
Schisandra Rehmannia – helps reduce negative
Rhodiola effects of corticosteroid therapy.
Reishi mushroom Marshmallow Root (Althea) – anti-
inflammatory mucilage; diuretic  lowers
Shatavari
blood pressure; soothes the cortisol-
Amla based stress resistance reaction.
Holy Basil And others …

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 Panax ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
Actions
Adaptogenic tonic, general tonic, immuno-
modulator, cardiotonic, cancer preventative.
Contraindications
Acute infection, signs of heat, acute asthma,
hypertension, excessive menstruation,
nosebleeds.
Not indicated for hot, active persons, or in hot
weather (Wood 2008).
Cautions
Concurrent use with stimulants such as caffeine
or amphetamines.
Duration
Up to 3 months
Continuous use in the elderly or unwell may be
http://www.alhikmah.com.my/en/about-ginseng.html
appropriate.

Wood (2008): ‘Ginseng has been classified as a general ‘yang tonic’, meaning that it restores
the latent heat and energy of the organism. An excessive dose in a hot person, or on a hot
day, can cause hyperactivity and over-heating. However, where there is a lack of heat and
energy, Ginseng is indicated. For this reason it is especially used for older men, whose
energy is not what it once was.
It is most specific in neurasthenia or nerve debility (cf. Avena sativa), where prolonged
anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, heart palpitations, nervous stomach, addictive
behaviours, sexual exhaustion and depression have contributed to a condition of
exhaustion, debility and weakness, perhaps with weight loss.
Such conditions wear out the cortisol reserve which is required to provide enough blood
sugar to support all this activity. Hence it is useful in hypoglycaemia (cortisol opens the
receptor sites for glucagon), which frequently afflicts those suffering from nervous
exhaustion.
When there is too much reliance on insulin due to lack of glucagon (which provides blood
sugar between meals), we end up with triglyceride formation, high LDL cholesterol,
hypertension, weight gain, and diabetes type II.’

Eleutherococcus (Siberian Ginseng)

Actions
Adaptogen, immuno-modulator, tonic. It has a mild, normalising effect throughout the
endocrine system. Improves response to environmental stress, which is under
hypothalamic regulation. It assists body to counteract and adapt to stress of many origins.
Restores and strengthens the body’s immune response.

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 Increases general vitality.
Wood (2008): Especially good for people that are over-
reactive, leading to adrenal exhaustion. Good for people
who are sensitive to temperature changes, particularly to
cold. Winter adaptogen. It has a regulatory action on the
thyroid so that it is better able to adjust to changing
metabolic demands on the cells. It decreases core heat
but increases peripheral warmth.
Contraindications
Acute infection, hypertension
Comparison between Panax and Siberian Ginsengs3:
Due to steroidal nature of the constituents found in Panax
it has a very wide range of pharmacological effects, from
individual cells to hormonal control mechanisms.
http://spacechickinsherbalhealth.blogspot.com/
The actions of Eleutherococcus are not as far reaching,
but it is safer and cheaper than Panax.
Unlike Panax, Siberian Ginseng rarely causes excitation or stress-like syndrome and is in
general less stimulating.
Siberian has a more general effect on immunity than Panax.
Siberian causes a more profound increase in stamina than Panax.
According to Pizzorno and Murray,
prolonged and severe stress, recovery from
long term illness or prolonged use of
corticosteroid therapy (prednisone) warrants
the use of Panax Ginseng, whereas mild to
moderate stress and less obviously impaired
adrenal function would be better treated with
Siberian Ginseng.
Adaptogens are generally employed along
with other tonics appropriate to given
systems, eg. nervous system tonics,
cardiac tonics, immune tonics etc. Often,
whether you classify a herb as an Adaptogen
or not depends on the case in hand. For
example, in some cases Liquorice will act as
an adrenal tonic, whereas other cases it will
have a broader adaptogenic action. The
important thing is to understand the herb and
its therapeutic indications and physiological
mode of action.
www.nature.com/nri/journal/v5/n3/fig_tab/nri1571_F1.html

THE THYROID
3
Mills and Bone: Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy, p538.
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 The thyroid is located just inferior to larynx.
Follicular cells produce Thyroxine (T3 & T4) – these are the thyroid hormones.
Parafollicular cells (C cells) produce Calcitonin to regulate calcium homeostasis.
Thyroid hormone abnormalities are usually due to a problem with the thyroid gland itself.
Primary abnormalities of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and Thyrotrophin-releasing
Hormone (TRH) are very rare.
Thyroid problems can be amongst the hardest to treat – you need to treat wholistically.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF THYROID DISORDER: SUBSTANCES AFFECTING THE

THYROID:
Goitre (a small or large swelling at the base of the
neck, particularly at the top of the sternum where Drugs (especially corticosteroids)
there is usually a slight dip) Low iodine levels
People describe a sensation of having something ‘Stress’
caught in their throat, difficulty swallowing.
Genetics
Goitre needs to be explored medically. Goitre can
be result of either under or overactive thyroid. Tumours
Can have swinging thyroid Auto-immune Disease (eg
Hashimoto’s and Grave’s)
Can also have over or underactivity without
developing a goitre.

NATUROPATHIC UNDERSTANDING:
The state of the immune system will influence thyroid hormone receptor uptake, which is
little recognised medically.
The thyroid gland is linked with, and tells you the state of, the adrenals and pituitary gland.
Emotional balance:
By nature, the thyroid’s function fluctuates and it can reflect our emotional state. It is a very
variable organ, and its function fluctuates up and down according to a person’s feelings.
Thyroid problems are very commonly triggered by unhappiness or grief, and you will very
often observe this in clinical practice. Usually there is a genetically inherited constitutional
predisposition which is triggered by such mental/ emotional factors. These emotional factors
usually need to be understood alongside treating the physical thyroid problem itself.
 eg. Woman who developed Hashimoto’s disease (auto-immune thyroid condition) after years of
emotional unhappiness in her marriage. Her solution was a combination of ending her marriage
and addressing the physical and emotional symptoms with naturopathic treatment. Her
Hashimoto’s was cured in the space of a few months.

The thyroid is responsible for losses and gains in weight. A sudden loss of weight can
ensue if a person has an emotional upset or is unhappy in a situation. When a person is
content and stable weight usually stabilises.
A thyroid that is going up and down too fast can result in a volatile or ‘fiery’ temperament.
The thyroid governs absorption mechanisms. Some thyroid problems show with runny
bowels. In the iris the thyroid is adjacent to the Peyer’s Patches in the small intestine, which
regulate the speed of metabolism. Food moves through us quickly when we are unhappy.

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THYROID–HEART–ADRENALS:
There is a three-way functional relationship between the thyroid, heart and adrenal glands.
The thyroid has a close association with the heart, moreover it exercises a general regulating
influence over the mechanism of the organs of nutrition, growth and development. Congenital
thyroid deficiency produces cretinism (severe hypothyroidism resulting in physical and mental
stunting).
Thyroid weakness causes decided craving for large quantities of sugar – indicating the close
association between thyroid and adrenal function. Bed-wetting in children can be an indication
as well (so when you see children who bed-wet and crave sweets you know their thyroid-
adrenal axis is not properly balanced, and this is often a congenital factor).
All heart patients have thyroid involvement – a combination of thyroid and adrenal distress.
‘Thyroid people’ – emotionally unhappy.
‘Adrenal people’ – always under pressure to get things done.
High thyroid and adrenals  heart slows down somewhat to keep going (or it would be
going too fast). Conversely, slow thyroid & low adrenal response  increased heart rate to
compensate
If thyroxine is given for a slow thyroid, the heart speeds up as well.

Mental/ Emotional:
The person who has ‘lost heart’; exhausted adrenals in trying for a change yet remaining where he/ she
is. Deeply unhappy with a lack of energy to change. If you can’t go any further, the adrenals give up
the fight. Living with internal conflict.
 heart-felt emotions; heart shock; ‘broken heart’ – emotionally discontent.
In other words, there is often a need for a change in the person’s life.

HOMEOPATHIC: A general remedy that can help stabilise an out of balance thyroid –
whether it is under or overactive – is a mix of the following homeopathic remedies:
Iodum (iodine) 6X
Fucus (Kelp) 6X
Thyroidinum (thyroid gland) 6X
This mix won’t cure a thyroid problem, but can sometimes replace the need for thyroid
medication and/or stabilise thyroid function, especially if herbs are not responding well.
Homeopathically, Nat-Mur (sea salt) has a very strong affinity for the thyroid, especially in
cases where thyroid imbalance is associated with a clear aetiology of grief or unhappiness.
Consider your salty herbs with a thyroid affinity (eg. Chickweed, Nettles, Bladderwrack).

SIGNATURE: As a natural signature, contemplate the affinity between the thyroid and the ocean.
Iodine, bromine and other trace minerals needed by the thyroid are found in the sea, hence the primary
affinity Kelp (a seaweed) has for the thyroid.
The thyroid regulates our ‘inland sea’, the lymph, which like the blood has the same mineral balance as
seawater. Underactive thyroid produces a torpid/ stagnant tissue state (‘dirty blood’) – akin to a putrid
rock pool that has been cut off from the sea.

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 HYPOTHYROIDISM
Hypothyroidism is the most common disorder of thyroid function.

MEDICAL DEFINITION: Subnormal activity of the thyroid gland.

If present at birth it leads to cretinism.
In adult life it creates mental and physical slowing.
Metabolic disturbance: general decrease in metabolism of fat, protein and CHO.
Increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels
Increased risk of cardio-vascular disease, especially atherosclerosis
Increased capillary permeability and slow lymphatic drainage leading to oedema.
Loss of libido in men and menstrual abnormalities in women (prolonged and heavy
menstrual bleeding with shorter menstrual cycles)
Infertility may also be a problem (also miscarriage, pre-terms and stillbirths)

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

Fatigue, sluggishness, lethargic, desire to Recurrent infections Sluggish digestion
sleep a lot. and constipation Menstrual irregularity
Shortness of breath and problems
Overweight or weight gain with normal or Slow reflexes
reduced caloric intake. Coarsening and drying of skin and hair
Muscle and joint tenderness or pain (scaly skin ,brittle hair and ridged nails)
Depression (usually one of the first Hair loss
symptoms) Slow pulse (bradycardia)
Sensitivity to cold and can’t warm up (cold Outer third of eyebrows thin or fall out
hands and feet) Moon face
Low basal temperature

Hypothyroidism is synonymous with ‘dirty blood’ (Wood); toxins building up – as low thyroid
means less heat to burn up the toxins. Dirty blood creates (toxic food) and is created by hypothyroidism
 analogous to the Toxic/ Stagnant tissue state (M. Wood)
 also called ‘humours in the blood’ – thickening in the lymph; precipitation of lymphoid substances
 tissues are too damp/ water-logged
 when cortisone is high, lymphatic tissue is suppressed; ducts are smaller
 kidneys & lymphatics don’t work as well  lymphatic excess person
 lymphatics are the vehicle of the immune system  spleen and lymphatics suffer.

HERBAL TREATMENT STRATEGY:

Treat the endocrine glands on either side of the thyroid, as the thyroid can be hard to treat
on its own. Treat the pituitary and adrenals (and pancreas) as well as the thyroid.
Inform the patient that treatment may be very prolonged.
Employ iodine rich herbs and foods

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 Use bitters to improve digestion
Nervines to improve CNS function
Circulatory stimulants to warm and improve circulation
ACTIONS
Thyroid restorative
Note: most herbs that have a
galactagogue action will have
an affinity for the thyroid.
In the iris the thyroid and
breasts are opposite zones,
indicative of their close
physiological relationship.
Circulatory stimulants
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HERBS
Black Walnut Hull - Looks like a brain, but also
just like a thyroid. High in iodine, and other things. The
great remedy for hypothyroidism. Multi-nodular goitre.
Fibromyalgia (caused by hypothyroidism). Blood
cleanser.
Chickweed – Overweight, hypothyroidism, poor
lipid metabolism, high cholesterol, arteriosclerosis.
Subdues heat, lubricated dry conditions, regulates the
body’s waters & drives off excess dampness & fats.
Fatty tumours (lipomas). Highly nutritive.
Fucus vesiculosis (Kelp) – rich in iodine and
other trace minerals – only used in underactive
thyroid.
 often disappointing, as these days hypothyroidism
is usually not caused by iodine deficiency. More
indicated where there is nodularity in the thyroid
 esp. associated with ‘torpid obesity’ with cold,
clammy skin (image: seaweed slumped on a
beach)
 can be a tad unstable in herbal extract form.
Usually best used as a dietary supplement.
Nettles (Urtica) – Hypothyroid support. High in protein,
vitamins, and minerals; an excellent general nutritive
tonic. Trophorestorative. Galactagogue.
Fenugreek (Trigonella) – can be a good support herb
for people with thyroid irregularity, where there are
sluggish lymphatics, fatty diet, high cholesterol &
increasing blood pressure. Has hormonal effects –
promotes hair growth, lactation (galactagogue) &
semen production.
Phytolacca (Poke Root) – prime endocrine regulator.
It enhances the environment through which hormones
have to travel. Strong affinity for pituitary & thyroid;
also on adrenals & sex glands. Suited to large, bulky
persons, with stagnant, swollen lymphatics.
Queen Anne’s Lace/ Wild Carrot (Daucus carrota) –
fatigue, loss of will power; lowered metabolic rate;
hypothyroidism; type II diabetes; osteoarthritis.
Nettles – excellent all-around nutritive tonic.
Trophorestorative. Helps restore thyroid function.
Page 9 of 22
 Zingiber
Ginkgo
Cayenne
Bitters Blue Flag Iris – Irritating bitter; regulates the thyroid,
esp. where there are precipitous up & down changes.
Sudden flare-ups of sympathetic excess; mood swings
from high to low. Persons with lack of salivation,
digestive secretion, enzyme & bile production, liver
activity & proper thyroid stimulation of metabolism.
Agrimony - thyroid governs absorption mechanisms;
some thyroid problems show with very runny bowels.
Gentiana (be careful not over-cool, combine with
warming herbs).
Reproductive tonics – if Sage – to help stimulate the pituitary, and hence the
appropriate thyroid.
Liquorice – adrenal glands.
Fenugreek – nutritive food with hormonal &
lymphatics depurative actions; sluggish lymphatics,
fatty diet, cholesterol, high BP.
Phytolacca – endocrine regulator, depurative; clarifies
pathways through which hormones have to travel.
Nervines (stimulating/ tonics) Avena, Rosmarinus, Verbena, Turnera, Kola,
Scutellaria …

Adaptogens Eleutherococcus (Siberian Ginseng) – Hyper-and

hypothyroidism due to hypothalamic stress (over-
reactivity to environmental/ external impressions).
Adrenocortical burnout & depletion. Dark circles under
eyes. Very cold in the winter.

Phyllis Light’s hypothyroidism mix:

Black Walnut
Chickweed
Queen Anne’s Lace (Wild Carrot)
Nettles
Kelp

DIETARY/TREATMENT ADVICE:
Increase seaweeds and seafoods. Seafood promotes an equable temperament [high in
iodine & trace minerals].
Avoid goitrogenic foods (foods that impair the use of iodine) soybeans, peanuts, pine nuts,
turnips, cabbage, mustard, millet.

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 Tyrosine
Iodised salt
Exercise to improve metabolic rate.

HYPERTHYROIDISM
MEDICAL DEFINITION: Overactivity of the thyroid gland.
Thyrotoxicosis is a condition in which thyroid hormones exert greater than normal responses.
More common in women than in men (8:1)

CAUSES: SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

Tumour Weight loss despite normal or increased
Auto-immune (Grave’s disease) – 85% appetite
Frequent stools or diarrhoea
Viral
Tremor and irritability
Simple overactivity
Frenetic activity
Stress, divorce, death or difficult
separation. Emotional lability
Sensitivity to hot weather
Onset of Grave’s usually precipitated by
shock, very common after relationship Sweating and itching
separation.4 Oligomenorrhoea
Genetics Infertility may be the presenting problem
Smoking Insomnia
Iodine supplementation Tachycardia (even when sleeping)
Mercury or cadmium exposure Exophthalmos (bulging eyes, gold fish like)
Drugs (antihypertensives in the elderly) Vitiligo or increased pigmentation.
Myxoedema (non-pitting) along shins often
red and itchy.

HERBAL TREATMENT STRATEGY:

Reduce risk factors (smoking, stimulants, heavy metal exposure, look at medications)
Reduce stress (stress management is fundamental to treatment)
Improve rest and sleep (employ relaxing and sedative nervines)
Thyroid modulating herbs (‘thyroxine antagonists’ – ie. herbs that balance the heart-
thyroid-adrenal axis).

ACTIONS HERBS
Lycopus europaeus (Bugleweed)
Thyroid modulators  Inhibits iodine metabolism and TSH binding ability and
thyroxine release.

4
Pizzorno and Murray: The Clinician’s Handbook of Natural Medicine : Harcourt 2002, p242
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  people with a ‘hunted animal’ look (Wood)
 Also sedative, anti-tussive and astringent
 Contraindicated in pregnancy, hypothyroidism and
concurrent with thyroid treatment.
Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm)
 Blocks TSH and relaxing nervine
 reduces sympathetic excess, hyperadrenalism,
hyperthyroidism
 usually warm constitutions
 nervousness, depression, anxiety, panic attacks,
insomnia
Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort)
 affinity for heart; uterus, thyroid, adrenals; menopause
 specific for nervousness with heart palpitations
 ‘freaked out’ look (Wood).
Blue Flag Iris – Regulates the thyroid, esp. where there
are precipitous up & down changes. Sudden flare-ups of
sympathetic excess; mood swings from high to low.
Persons with lack of salivation, digestive secretion,
enzyme & bile production, liver activity & proper thyroid
stimulation of metabolism (Wood, Hall).
Eleutherococcus (Siberian Ginseng) – Hyper-and
hypothyroidism due to hypothalamic stress (over-reactivity
to environmental/ external impressions). Adrenocortical
burnout & depletion. Dark circles under eyes. Very cold in
the winter.
Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort)
Relaxing nervines  cardiac symptoms; nervousness with heart palpitations
Melissa
Scutellaria – a good nervine to consider in
hyperthyroidism
 nervous fear, anticipation; lessens cerebral excitement
 restlessness, irritability, nervousness, wakefulness
Lavendula
Valeriana (low dose)

Comment: Note how many members of the Mint (Lamiaceae) family appear in the above list. This
plant family has a general affinity with over-excitation of the sympathetic nervous system as it relates
to the digestive, nervous, reproductive and circulatory processes.

If the person nervous & thin, you need to build them up/ feed the adrenals with oily plants
and remedies, and in their diets. These people are parasympathetic deficient.

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You would restrict iodine-containing foods and in mild cases give large amounts of raw
Brassica and raw Soy products (goitrogenic – block metabolism of iodine).

DIABETES MELLITUS
MEDICAL DEFINITION: Disorder of CHO metabolism in which sugars in the body are not
oxidised to produce energy due to a deficiency of the pancreatic hormone insulin.

Type 1 – IDDM (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) – approx 10%

Juvenile diabetes that starts in childhood or adolescence is usually more severe than late
onset diabetes which begins in middle or old age (although is becoming more prevalent in
younger adults and even children).
Complete destruction of pancreas beta cells, which manufacture insulin.

Type 11 – NIDDM (Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) – approx 90%

Late onset or Type 2 diabetes usually occurs after 40. The pancreas contains some ability
to produce insulin but is inadequate for the body’s needs.
It can also be that insulin is actually elevated but the tissues of the body have become
resistant to it (Syndrome-X)
Usually caused by or exacerbated by obesity (weight reduction will usually normalise
blood sugar)
Needs to be carefully managed by dietary change, may need hypoglycaemic drugs or oral
insulin.

Both types of Diabetes are extremely serious and if left untreated will lead to associated
disease and damage and if uncontrolled may lead to coma and death.

COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES:

Atherosclerosis (abnormal fat metabolism)
Hypercholesterolaemia
Hypertension
Thrombo-embolism (blood clots)
Microangiopathy (deterioration of small blood vessels), retinopathy, cataracts, glaucoma,
blindness, nephropathy (kidney damage).
Peripheral vascular disease (poor circulation leading to ulceration, infection and gangrene)
Peripheral neuropathies, deterioration of peripheral nerve tissue causing pain, muscle
weakness and paraesthesia (numbness and tingling).
CAUSES:
Type 1 – IDDM: Type 2 – NIDDM:
Genetic predisposition Obesity (linked to insulin resistance)
Viral damage to pancreas Dietary fat (saturated, linked to NIDDM and
creates conversion from glucose intolerance to
Auto-immunity

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 Early weaning and exposure to diabetes)
bovine milk (exposure to bovine Chromium deficiency
albumin may trigger auto-immune
response). Kidney failure/ disease
Prenatal factors (nutrition, mothers who ate less
calories and sugar had children with lower
incidence)

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

Polyuria and nocturia
Glycosuria (sugar in urine)
Sweet smelling or acetone breath
Often accompanies presentation of vascular disease or hypertension
Recurrent infections, especially skin, thrush, slow wound healing
Slow onset
Thirst (polydipsia)
Fatigue
Excessive appetite
Mood swings
Clammy and sweaty
Look for possible symptoms of complications

NATUROPATHIC UNDERSTANDING:
Ingested carbohydrates are converted into glucose, which the liver converts into glycogen.
There are very complex pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Blood sugar is the
fastest available energy.
Blood sugar metabolism involves the LIVER, PANCREAS, and there is sideways involvement
of the ADRENALS – a three-way partnership
It is mainly a liver-based disease, with a secondary effect on the pancreas.

Type 1: is an auto-immune disease.

Type 2: Is associated with functional hypoglycaemia (swinging blood sugar levels)

The Western diet high in refined carbohydrates. Refined white sugar and flour products
are quickly absorbed and produce a quick rise in blood sugar. In response the pancreas
produces large amounts of insulin  excess insulin drives blood sugar down towards
hypoglycaemia (rapid drop in sugar)
 adrenals increase production of adrenaline to compensate and blood sugar level rises
again. The adrenals become ‘exhausted’ by this repeated stress.
 Lack of response by the adrenals leads to reactive hypoglycaemia.
 Further glucose stress leads to insulin resistance and pancreas ‘exhaustion ‘ which
eventually leads to diabetes. The body becomes saturated with sugar, which even
comes out through the urine.
Exacerbated by skipping meals, caffeine, refined CHO intake,
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 High (saturated) fat diet has been linked to higher incidence of NIDDM.
Stress, pregnancy, obesity, thyroid dysfunction can all create glucose intolerance in
susceptible people.

Our basic instinct is to recognise ‘sweet’ as indicating that food is ‘ripe’ and hence useful
nutritionally – an old-brain program. Sugar is used as a preservative, and it makes unripe fruit
taste acceptable. We are now filling this need with white and other incomplete sugars which
represent fast, ‘easy energy’. As we settle into this lazy behaviour pattern a program is
established. We now have easy access to these kinds of foods that are over-represented in
our diets.
We are now dealing with an altered pattern of nutritional behaviour that is extremely
detrimental to our health. Nowadays ‘sweet = good’ is no longer true.
MENTAL/ EMOTIONAL (FROM HOMEOPATHY): Punishment  Reward. Nurturing
(The following applies mostly to Type 2 Diabetes):
Sugar, ‘something sweet’, is usually associated with a reward system. ‘You can’t until you …’.
Something to pick you up; a reward at the end of something.
 Guilt comes in here. Guilt is hard to digest, and tends to sit in one’s guts. It hurts the liver.
There is also an aetiology of trauma associated with diabetes. In many diabetes cases the person will
tell you it developed after a trauma – for example a blow to the head or some other highly distressing
life event. Usually they are constitutionally predisposed to developing the condition in these cases.
Personality trait: they tend to be nice people, very ‘sweet’. They would rather be hurt themselves than
hurt another. They may often feel that they have hurt or offended a person (who is oblivious to it), and
then feel guilty, with self-reproach.
 They take avoidance action; they keep their mouth shut instead of speaking up. They avoid conflict
at all costs
 Many have a tendency towards over-achieving, setting high standards of themselves which are
near-impossible to achieve, yet they drive themselves into the ground in the attempt. Although they
excel in other’s eyes, they often fall short of their own mark and in comes the guilt and self-
reproach; ‘I have to work harder’. They become exhausted and reach for quick energy to boost their
tired adrenals – refined sugar, often chocolate.
In the person’s personal or extended family history you often see patterns of: glandular fever, CFS,
pernicious anaemia, diabetes, cancer, IBS, Crohn’s Disease (in Homeopathy known as the ‘Cancer
miasm’).
[See Immune System notes]
Children: sugar is used as a reward food for them, and this pattern learned early in life persists into
adulthood. There is enormous peer and commercial pressure applied with regards to sugared foods (just
go to any kids’ party).
 Medically, sugar is advised to help kids sleep. The opposite side of this is hyperactivity.
 In Homeopathy, sugar (Saccharinum) is a major ADD/HD remedy, indicated in kids who haven’t
received adequate nurturing – who instead crave refined sugar.
Diabetes can also be triggered by shock – but the pattern is usually latent as outlined above. They don’t
handle shock well as they have a tendency to be ‘sweet’ and suppress their emotions; their emotions are
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held in.
How do we adjust/ relearn our basic instinctual pattern? There is a battle waged between basic instinct
and sugar-laden foods, which confuses/ overrides our instinctual responses.
Underlying the punishment  reward system is a deep need for nurturing, which wasn’t received
during childhood.
From Vermeulen’s Synoptic Materia Medica II (on the mental/ emotional symptom picture of
homeopathic Sugar):
 Ailments from lack of affection, lack of physical contact in early childhood.
o ‘When behaviour was rewarded with sweets.’
o Not experiencing what one was hoping for: deception and self deception.
o Ailments from disappointment. Want of childish cheerfulness. [!] [Lippe]
 Forsaken feeling.
o Great need to be fondled [forcing parents to stay until falling asleep], or difficulty in
admitting this need and refusing every contact.
o Sucking fingers until an advanced age. Biting nails.
‘Adults have learned to hide it well, with pleasant mannerisms that may drip with syrup.’ [Assilem]

Posture: leaning over the pancreas increases the risk of developing a diabetic pattern - there
is a high incidence of diabetes amongst plumbers, who spend a lot of time bent over
 Wearing jeans which are too tight, with a stud in them for example; trauma to the pancreas.
Indigenous cultures such as Australian Aborigines & NZ Maoris often have a very high
incidence of diabetes – emotional (culture) shock, altered circumstances and deleterious
dietary changes: the whole health triangle assaulted at once.

HERBAL TREATMENT STRATEGY:

Effective natural treatment of Diabetes Mellitus requires careful integration of diet,
nutritional supplements and herbal medicines.
Where possible treat the liver/ adrenals/ pancreas to help normalise insulin production
 It is important to ascertain the individual cause of the person’s diabetes, so you can
target your treatment to the correct organ system(s).
Hypoglycaemic herbs cannot replace the role of insulin but can be extremely helpful in
assisting people to manage their diabetes with diet alone (NIDDM)
Hypoglycaemic herbs to improve glucose metabolism and improve insulin resistance.
Adaptogens to support the adrenals and improve function of other organs.
Bitters to improve digestive efficiency and to regulate insulin production. Bitter is a very
important taste to introduce, to counteract sweet.
Peripheral vascular tonics to reduce complications of diabetes.
Diabetes is primarily a liver-based disease, so need to treat the liver massively – Dandelion,
Fenugreek, Alfalfa, Olive Leaf are good tonic herbs.

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*Flavonoids and Anthraquinone glycosides*
Sorbitol is a by-product of glucose metabolism formed within the cells via aldose
reductase, accumulation of sorbitol plays a major role in the complications of diabetes
(leaves cells more susceptible to damage)
Herbs rich in flavonoids and anthraquinone glycosides inhibit this enzyme (aldose
reductase)
Two herbs used for this reason are Baical scullcap and Liquorice.

HERBS USED TO ASSIST WITH TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS

* Following information taken from The Clinician’ Handbook of Natural Medicine Pizzorno and Murray. 2002.
p160-162. Also Matthew Wood (2008), Kim Dudley (unpublished), Dorothy Hall (1988)

Dandelion Root – Bitter. Excellent for the digestive tonic. Liver, pancreas, kidneys.
Pancreatic enzymes are stimulated by it  the diabetic needs it (very safe for their blood
sugar)
Acts on the kidneys – good chemical support for the function of the diabetic liver &
kidneys. Improves broad spectrum liver & kidney function. Good for the diabetic.
Alfalfa (Medicago) – ‘Alfalfa favourably influences nutrition, evidenced in ‘toning up’ the
appetite and digestion. Acts as a fat-producer, corrects tissue waste. Appetite and digestion
improves, mental and physical vigour returns with gain in weight.’ (Murphy)
Excellent tonic for the pancreas, digestion. Alkalising.
The busy, stressed person; the ‘white rabbit syndrome’ (Hall 1988); rushed. flustered
Strengthening tonic in any mix; nutritive; alkalising; anti-histamine; aids protein digestion.
Fennel (Foeniculum) – ‘is to the pancreas what Dandelion is to the liver’ (Hall 1988).
Pancreatic stimulant.
normalises blood sugar, whether too high or low; safe for diabetics
digestive difficulties, where pancreatic enzymes are insufficient; underactive stomach
excessive appetite, weight gain, digestive weakness
Fennel can recuperate a flagging pancreas under the weight of excessive sugar
consumption, and/or fat storage, and lack of exercise.
Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon, Balsam pear). Extremely bitter.
Fresh juice and extract of unripe fruit lower blood sugar in human clinical trials.
Several compounds have confirmed anti-diabetic properties
Charantin = hypoglycaemic mixture of steroids more potent than oral hypoglycaemic drug
tolbutamide.*
Allium cepa (Onion) & Allium sativum (Garlic)
Onions and garlic have blood sugar lowering action
Lower cholesterol and BP
Gymnema sylvestre (Gymnema)
Effective in type 1 and type 2 diabetes – a primary herb to consider
Applied to tongue, gymnemic acid blocks sensation of sweetness
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 Subjects who had Gymnema extract applies to tongue ate fewer calories at meals
compared with controls
Capsules or tablets do not have the same effect
Enhances glucose control
May enhance secretion of endogenous insulin
May regenerate beta-cells.
Reduces insulin requirements and fasting glucose.
Improves glucose control in type 1 diabetics on insulin.
Reduces need for hypoglycaemic drugs in some patients and eliminates need in others.
Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek)
In IDDM reduces fasting glucose and improves glucose tolerance
In NIDDM significant reductions in LDL, VLDL and triglycerides
Sluggish lymphatics, in indolent persons with poor dietary habits, fatty diet, high
cholesterol, increasing blood pressure; averse to exercise, overweight, slack muscle tone.
Vaccinum myrtillus (Bilberry)
Reduces hyperglycaemia. Peripheral vascular tonic.
Anthocyanosides increase intracellular Vitamin C, decrease leakiness and breakage of
capillaries, prevent bruising and are potent antioxidants.
Supports microvascular abnormalities of DM
Anthocyanosides have affinity for blood vessels of retina, especially macula and improve
circulation to the retina.
Beneficial in diabetic retinopathy. Improves night vision
Fringe Tree (Chionanthus virginica) – Eclectic physicians associated its use with diabetes
mellitus. Digestive and nutritive tonic. Bitter.
Cholagogue, choleretic, depurative laxative (Bone).
Jaundice with pancreatic complications. Pancreatic problems, diabetes mellitus,
associated with hepatic problems; sugar in the urine. Hepatic engorgement and portal
congestion. Constipation. Pain over liver and gallbladder region (Wood).

Gravel Root (Eupatorium purpureum) – rises out of the swamp; minerals precipitate on to
its roots; or it grows in the gravel; grows where the turtles come up to lay their eggs. For
balance of solids & liquids in the body – too solid or liquid; kidney stones, stiff muscles.
good diabetes type 2 remedy where there is kidney failure (cf. Sumach); preserves the
filters of the kidneys under the stress of the passage of sugar crystals through the
membranes, improves uptake of sugar in the cells, invigorates, & prevents putrefaction
mild stimulant; good for diabetics; helps cells take up insulin
gets rid of pus in the body
Crohn’s Disease, good for.
Sweet Sumach (Rhus aromatica) – an astringent spice, and sour (unusual combination).
Rhus = flow or flux (‘-orrhoea’); used for flux – loss of fluids from almost any area, esp. the

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kidneys, skin, bowels, menses. Loss of watery fluid generally, esp. kidneys
key indication: urination & sweating. Good for both diabetes insipidus & mellitus
diabetes insipidus – large quantities of urine passed, no sugar, thirst
diabetes mellitus – with copious urine and perspiration; urine pale, of high specific
gravity, with sugar in it, with debility
chronic diabetes, when no sugar is found in the urine and a large quantity of urine is
passed, and there is great thirst
kidney anaemia, where the kidneys don’t signal the bone marrow (erythropoietin makes
the bone marrow produce more haemoglobin)
strengthens the kidneys to hold in the water; acts on retaining the fluid in the kidneys;
hence its effect on BP; corresponds with high BP
diabetic retinopathy; improves deteriorated eyesight.
Paeony Root – consider in Diabetes Type 2 in the context of the following profile:
women (also softer men), middle-aged, oestrogen excess profile; plump, red-faced,
menopausal flushing
acniform sores on chin, worse at ovulation and period. Night sweats and heat
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Chinese often include a small proportion of Liquorice (10-20%) with Paeony.
Liquorice – useful where diabetes insipidus. Combines well with Paeony, in small amount
(10-20%).
Mistletoe (Viscum album) – a complex, mysterious herb, but very useful in stubborn cases of
Diabetes mellitus (type 1 & 2) (K. Dudley)
Misteltoe opens up circulation to areas that have been cut off from adequate blood supply
by tension. It reduces cardiovascular tension and blood pressure, while bringing in new
blood, blood sugar and healing to areas long cut off, tensed up, weakened or damaged
(Wood).
Diminishes nervous/ cerebral excitement; cardiovascular problems & high blood pressure.
Hypoglycaemia; diabetic retinopathy & nephropathy.
Marshmallow (Althea) – good in cases of adrenal diabetes. Normalises cortisol levels
anti-inflammatory, soothing (mucilage).
Juniper (Juniperus) – diabetes mellitus, adult onset, in diabetics with water-retention, renal
problems
fluid retention in upper arms, face, chin; weight gain around the hips in later life – diabetes
type 2 may develop, or cause the condition
a remedy for cold, damp, phlegmatic conditions/ constitutions; also for spasm or tension,
(associated with cold, resulting in chills, tension, spasm)
Ginkgo biloba
Improves blood flow to peripheral tissues
Prevents diabetic retinopathy
Ginseng (Panax & Siberian)
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 In Type 2 diabetes it elevates mood, improves psychophysiological performance and
reduces fasting glucose and body weight.
M. Wood: neurasthenia or nerve debility, where prolonged anxiety, nervousness,
insomnia, heart palpitations, nervous stomach, sexual exhaustion & depression 
exhaustion, debility, weakness. Such conditions wear out cortisol reserves required to
provide enough blood sugar to support all this activity
hence useful in hypoglycaemia (cortisol opens the receptor sites for glucagon), which
frequently afflicts those suffering nervous exhaustion (cf. Avena/ Oats)
when there is too much reliance on insulin due to lack of glucagon (which provides blood
sugar between meals)  triglyceride formation, high LDL cholesterol, hypertension, weight
gain and Diabetes Type 2.
Syzygium – Has an affinity with gestational diabetes (Dudley).

False Unicorn Root (Helonias) – extremely bitter uterine & digestive tonic, increasing
digestion & assimilation. Diabetes mellitus & diabetes insipidus in the following context:
women with prolapsus from atony; those worn out by hard work; tired; mental depression
& irritability associated with chronic reproductive tract problems. Sweet cravings.
profound melancholia, relieved by engaging the mind in some activity and from exercise
muscles, heavy, sore, aching, burning. Anaemia.
Bitters – improve digestive efficiency and regulate insulin production. Very important for the
diabetic. The diabetic person has become too reliant on the sweet flavour, which has caused
harm to the constitution. What these people need to learn to integrate into their diets is the
bitter flavour – lots of it, which is one reason why Dandelion is so useful. Gentian.
Dandelion. Gentian. Agrimony. Barberry.
Olive Leaf – bitter, astringent. Hypertension, vasoconstriction, angina; diabetes. Excellent
digestive bitter tonic.
Turmeric
Golden Seal – in low doses/ proportion in mix can be indicated, to tonify and strengthen
the solar plexus. Has a strong affinity for the pancreas & stomach, liver, digestion.
Protective and strengthening.
Scutellaria baicalensis (Baical Scullcap) – Potent aldose reductase inhibitor. Bitter. Anti-
inflammatory
Iris versicolour (Blue Flag) – Stimulates liver and pancreas. Stimulant to circulation and
lymphatic system. Can combine with Gentiana or Cynara.
Bitter Melon – used specifically for diabetes in Ayurvedic cultures, in the diet.
Kidney herbs:
Rosehips – Rich in Vitamin C. Good adrenal support.
Horsetail – High in silicon.

OTHER TREATMENT:
Chromium (stabilise blood sugar)

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 Alpha-lipoic acid (antioxidant to beta-cells in pancreas)
B vitamins (CHO metabolism and to prevent neuropathies)
Zinc (CHO metabolism and immunity)
Vitamin E (circulation)
Bioflavonoids (protect vasculature of eyes).

From Wood, M. (2004). The Energetics of Traditional Western Herbalism:

COLD-DEPRESSED tissue state: ‘This tissue state is the opposite of irritation. Tissues are under-
stimulated or incapable of responding to stimulation. There is a lack of oxidation in the cells. Cellular
line is diminished so there is hypo-function, tissue deterioration, and retention waste products and even
unused foodstuffs. This represents a golden opportunity for bacteria to enter the body: They are not so
much invading as helping to rid the body of superfluous material. Conversely, invasion by foreign
bacteria, parasites, venom, poisons, heavy metals, or toxic chemicals depresses cellular life and induces
tissue depression. Bacteria and parasites secrete exotoxins that suppress the cell life of the host, so that
they can create an environment where they are healthy. Thus, there is a cumulative or ongoing effect.
…
The major organs affected by the depressed tissue state are the colon, liver, pancreas, lymphatic/
immune system, blood and cardiovascular system. In extreme cases the nervous system is damaged.
The large intestine is subject toxic secretion from unhealthy bacteria. The Liver is subject to poisoning
from toxins brought it from the rest of the body: Excess bacteria and toxins weaken the lymphatic/
immune system (which has to break down pathological cell growths). The great scourges of health -
cancer, heart disease, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes - are more often found in association
with this tissue state. Aberrant tissue growth and cancer are more likely when the immune system is
depressed. Eventually, there is blood poisoning, with destruction of the blood and nerves.’

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Endocrine System Case Study

Case 1:
Male, 52. Appearance: overweight, ruddy complexion, thick-set. Hates cold weather. Warm
handshake.
Has been diagnosed with type II diabetes. Three years previously his wife left him out of the
blue (‘I didn’t see it coming, I thought everything was OK’), and he has been depressed ever
since.
He has terrible flatulence, constipation alternating with occasional diarrhoea; he has a full
feeling in his stomach. He also experiences pain on his right side just under his ribcage –
palpation reveals that his liver is swollen. His blood pressure is high (158/ 90), his cholesterol
levels also high.
He works in IT so spends a lot of time indoors sitting behind the computer. As a result he
does not make much time for exercise, but comments that when he does exert himself he
sweats profusely and it has a very strong odour.
He doesn’t cook for himself much, relying on fast food and frozen microwaved dinners. He
gets tired during the day, especially in the afternoon, and drinks several cups of coffee
through the day for energy. He does like his steak and chips down at the club. He doesn’t
drink most days (he likes beer), but when he does he doesn’t hold back – once or twice a
week.

Case 2:
Female, 48. Appearance: Thin, pale, weak, lethargic; dark circles under the eyes. Her teeth
are dull & lusterless.
She comes in with a diagnosis of adult onset diabetes. She experiences frequent, copious
urination. There is no sugar present in the urine. She is very thirsty. She also experiences
bouts of loose stools, even diarrhea. She has some fluid retention around her ankles.
She is going through peri-menopause, and is experiencing debilitating hot flushes. The onset
of peri-menopause has coincided with a worsening of her diabetic symptoms. There is some
evidence of diabetic retinopathy.
Not surprisingly, she also complains of chronic tiredness. She has also been experiencing an
increasing level of anxiety, and of late even the odd panic attack.
Diet: noteworthy is that she drinks 5-6 cups of coffee per day. Otherwise her diet seems
balanced, largely vegetarian.
She walks most days before work, and goes to the gym at least three times a week, when she
can.

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