DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

VISAKHAPATNAM, A.P., INDIA

NAME OF THE PROJECT TOPIC

LAW RELATING TO PROTECTION OF WOMEN

SUBJECT

LEGAL LANGUAGE

NAME OF THE FACULTY

Assistant Prof: Ms. Aruna.K

NAME OF THE STUDENT

Kranthi Kiran. T

Regd No. 18LLB127

Sec: B

2nd Semester

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I heart fully express my special thanks to my subject teacher;Assistant Prof: Ms Aruna.K for
giving me the opportunity to do the project on the topic “Law Relating to Protection of
Women”. It helped me to know many things and gain knowledge. I also thank her for guiding
me throughout the project and responding for my doubts regarding the project.

I would also like to thank my University ‘Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University’ for
providing me with all the required materials for the completion of my project and I also came to
know many new things.

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 Table of Contents

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………2

Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………3

Abstract………………………………………………………………………4-5

Synopsis……………………………………………………………………….6-7

Introduction……………………………………………………………………8

The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005…………….9

(i) Meaning of Domestic Relationship……………………………….9-11

(ii) Meaning of Domestic Violence……………………………………11
(iii) Types of Domestic Violence………………………………………12
(iv) Duty of Protection Officers………………………………………13
(v) Major Reliefs under this Act…………………………………….14-17
(vi) Case Laws…………………………………………………………17-18

The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (prevention and prohibition

and redressal) Act, 2013………………………………………………………19

(i) Meaning of Sexual Harassment…………………………………19-20

(ii) Complaint of Sexual Harassment………………………………….21
(iii) Conciliation………………………………………………………….21
(iv) Determination of compensation…………………………………….22
(v) Prevention of sexual harassment……………………………………23
(vi) Case Laws…………………………………………………………….24

The Immoral Traffick (prevention) act, 1956…………………………………25

(i) The organized crime of trafficking………………………………26-28

(ii) Immoral Traffickprevention act, 1986……………………………29
(iii) Initiatives to fight against Trafficking of women and children..30-31
(iv) Case Laws………………………………………………………….32-34

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………35

Bibliography…………………………………………………………………….36
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Abstract

Women had been the maximum prone and weaker segment of the society and have continually
been appeared down as a commodity which can be used, re-used and abused. This article
highlights the status of women in the society and the nature and magnitude of violence taking
area towards girls internationally. It describes various varieties of violence which might be
taking location in opposition to women which include domestic violence, female feticide and
infanticide, child marriage, rape, sexual harassment at administrative center, trafficking and
prostitution, with a special connection with India.The creator additionally highlights exclusive
causes of violence towards women in this text including lack of academic facilities, negative
economic situations, lack of information of their rights and lack of management traits. Further,
the thing describes diverse sorts of law enforced across the world for the safety of women
towards violence.

1
The popularity of present day Indian Women is a type of inconsistency. There are a few
awesome examples of particularized fulfillment of different girls at exceptional tiers, however at
the equal time violence; discrimination, torture, and exploitation etc make the lifestyles of others
unhappy. Women are not a baby bearer and care taker of domestic handiest however come out of
domestic to combat for his or her very own identity. They are human being like men and possess
equal rights and obligations with men. They have finished lots, but they've yet to acquire such a
lot of matters. Sixty five years of our Independence have passed however nonetheless we are
discussing that a woman of India is a topic of exploitation by a patriarchal society.

Indian women are directly or indirectly compelled to sacrifice her personal desires emotions or
hobby continuously for the wishes, feelings and pastimes of a few others; kids, husband family
or community. Sometimes victims are emotionally exploited or bodily injured through the abuser
in the name of dating to govern the victims. We communicate respect for women like women
empowerment, reservation of seats for women in legislature, participation of women in policy
making of the kingdom and many others., however sadly; regardless of their day-night tireless
endeavour, till they have failed to comfy a safer region for themselves even at domestic.

1
Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women, pg. 3 ( Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition, 2018).

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SYNOPSIS

Title of the project:

Law Relating To Protection of Women

Introduction:

Even though women constitute half of the Indian population they have been discriminated
against men and have suffered denial and are suffering discrimination in silence. Self sacrifice
and self denial are their nobility and fortitude and they have been subjected to all kinds of
inequities, indignities and discrimination .Every day, throughout the world, women are subjected
to extreme acts of physical violence, which take place within the beguiling safety of domesticity.
The violence is severe, painful, humiliating, and debilitating. And it is common. It is a
phenomenon that stretches across borders, nationalities, cultures, and race. A binding
characteristic of communities throughout the world, almost without exception, is the battering of
women by men . The prevalent gender bias, being offensive to human dignity and human rights,
has emerged as a fundamental crisis the world over.

The Constitution of India has guaranteed certain rights which are fundamental in favor of women
. Right to equal justice and right to live with human dignity are equally available to women. The
Supreme Court and various High Courts have also given positive interpretation to the rights of
women in India. Freedom from sexual harassment and right to work with dignity , protection
against arbitrariness, women’s right to her stridhana, protecting women from cruelty, right to
privacy of a women, right to conduct in camera proceedings, right of the State to make special
provisions for women, right of mother to act as natural guardian even when the father is alive
and equal pay for equal work are some of the instances where in the Courts have tried to
ameliorate the position of women in India. The State is entitled to make special laws for the
benefit and protection of women.

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Objective of the study:

The main objective of our study is to have knowledge on the laws that are useful for the
protection of the women which is our essential duty to know them.

Significance of the study:

It is significant to know the acts, rules, sections, relevant provisions and law,that help in
protection of women and their rights.

Scope of the study:

This study includes the reasons behind the special provisions which have been protecting women
and will go through the law relating to women to have awareness and various case laws will be
added.

Literature Review:

The researcher has gathered the information from various books like Law Relating to Protection
of Women, women and law, Indian Approach to women’s Empowerment,Indian woman,
journals and Articles on sexual harassment, domestic violence, Immoral trafficking and various
internet sources.

Research Methodology:

The researcher has taken doctrinal method of research.

Research Questions:

1. Whether law is implemented in a proper manner or not for the protection of women?

2. Whether these special provisions for protection of women in present days showed any major
difference compared to ancient and medieval period?

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Conclusion:

Women in India slowly started recognizing her true potential. She has started questioning the
rules laid down for her by the society. As a result, she has started breaking barriers and earned a
respectable position in the world. Today Indian women have excelled in each and every field
from social work to visiting space station. There is no arena, which remains unconquered by
Indian women. Whether it is politics, sports, entertainment, literature, technology everywhere, its
women power all along.

Introduction:

“Women are not born, but made”. With this writing Simone de Beauvoir rightly pointed towards
the primary issue embedded within our societies. The role, status and the underpinning of
discriminatory tags a female human infant makes her a ‘woman’ and that is how the society
acknowledges and identifies the individual for the rest of her life. It is essential that men and
women have equal participation for efficient functioning of the society. Moreover, looking
through the statistics of any society, if we focus on the position and status of women within that
society, we would be able to reflect on a complete picture.

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In the Indian context, if one compares the position and the role of women at the time of
independence to the present scenario, one could relate to a number of positive references, where
women may be seen as a part of nationalist movements, moving out of the domestic household
space taking charge of their lives, dreaming of becoming someone, and this definitely calls for an
applaud, however, it is only a few sections of society where women find themselves entitled to
an equal class and status as their male counterparts. There is some female population that is still
caught up amidst concerns ofdomestic violence, trafficking, undue abuse, torture, and a lot many
similar, some less and more serious violations of human rights on day to day basis.

Moving on to the concerns around maternity and morality, the position of women is highly
unsatisfactory when it comes to giving birth or aborting a child due to a cluster of social barriers.
A significant number of women die during their pregnancy as a result of unsafe and unsanitized
2
Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women, pg. 5 ( Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition 2018).

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environment, lack of adequate medical care and also malnutrition. Women face fatal
consequences while attempting to abort their child through unsafe procedures. The medical test
helps to determine the sex of unborn child, in a number of societies assists in abortion of the
unborn child . Many laws have been passed around the world to put a check on this practice of
‘female infanticide’, also through banning and or restricting the use of the sex determination test,
however, the practice is still very much prevalent, especially in less open societies like India.

This project primarily discusses the status of women and the legal position of around the subject
with reference to the Indian Diaspora. This brief introduction focuses on the Indian social setup
along with a history timeline touching upon the role and the status of women in different time,
attempting to make the reader aware of the multidimensional factors across time that bring to us
the women in India as we see her today.

The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

An act to provide for more effective protection of the rights of woman guaranteed under the
constitution who are victims of violence of any kind occurring within the family and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto.

(I) 3Domestic relationship:

It is defined in section 2 (f) of domestic violence act.

Domestic relationships are relationships between a woman and a man living in a shared
establishment. Domestic relationships can be through:”

(i) by consanguinity

(ii) by marriage or

(iii) by relationship in nature of marriage or

(iv) on account of relationship of adoption or

(v) they are related to each other as family members living together as a joint family.

3
Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women, pg. 14(Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition, 2018).

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In other words for invoking provisions of Domestic Violence Act aggrieved person and
respondent should be either living together at any point of time in past in shared household and
they also should be related to each other by being consanguineous, or married to each other, or
being related to each other on account of they being related as family members living together in
joint family.

Thus, ‘domestic relationship’ need not necessarily be confined to those specific relationship
enumerated in sub-section but it takes in its sweep relationship existing between joint family
members sharing household.

Aggrieved person:

An aggrieved person or a protection officer or any other person on behalf of the aggrieved person
may present an application to the magistrate. Aggrieved person is defined in section 2(a) which
says that aggrieved person means any women who is, or has been, in a domestic relationship
with the respondent and who alleges to have been subjected to any act of domestic violence by
the respondent. The term women is not qualified with any condition, therefore irrespective of age
and marital status, an aggrieved woman may file application if she has lived in a domestic
relationship in a shared household. An aggrieved wife or female living in a relationship in the
nature of a marriage may also file a complaint against a relative of the husband or the male
partner.

Respondent:

An application shall be filed against the respondent. ‘Respondent’ has been defined under section
2 (q). It means any adult male person who is, or has been, in a domestic relationship with the
aggrieved person and against whom the aggrieved person has sought any relief under this Act:

Initially, it was understood that an application can be filed only against a male respondent and a
proceeding could not be continued against a female but the Kerala High Court and the Delhi
High Court have held that an aggrieved wife or a female living in a relationship in the nature of
marriage may also file a complaint against a relative of the husband or the male partner. And it is
finally settled by Supreme Court that in provision section 2(q), relative of husband or male
partner includes female also and a female relative of husband or male partner may also be a

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respondent under the Act. A person, who is not in a domestic relationship, cannot be a
respondent under tis act.

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Shared household:

Shared household is where

(a) Person aggrieved lives or has at any stage lived in domestic relationship, either singly or
along with respondent, and
(b) Includes such household whether owned or tenanted either jointly by aggrieved person
and respondent or owned or tenanted by either of them. in respect of which either
aggrieved person or the respondent or both jointly or singly have any right, title, interest,
or equity, and
(c) Includes such household which may belong to joint family of which respondent is
member, irrespective of whether respondent or aggrieved person has any right, title, or
interest in shared household.

(II) Domestic violence:

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It is defined in section 3 of the act as “any act, omission or commission or conduct of the
respondent shall continue domestic violence in case it:

1. Harms or injuries or endangers the health, safety, life, limb or well-being whether mental or
physical, of aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual
abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse; or

2. harasses, harms, injuries or endangers the aggrieved person with a view to coerce her or any
other person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or
valuable security: or

3. has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or any person related to her by any conduct
mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b); or

4. Otherwise injuries or causes harm, whether physical or mental, to the aggrieved person”.

4
Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women, pg. 29(Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition 2018).
5
Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women, pg. 31( Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition 2018).

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Physical abuse:

Any act or conduct which is of such nature as to cause bodily pain, harm, or danger to life, limb,
or health or impair the health or development of the victim includes assault, criminal
intimidation and criminal force.

Sexual abuse:

It includes any conduct of a sexual nature that abuses, humiliates, degrades or otherwise violates
the dignity of woman;

Verbal and emotional abuse:

(a) Insults, ridicule, humiliation, name calling and insults or ridicule specially with regard to
not having a child or a male child; and
(b) Repeated threats to cause physical pain to any person in whom the aggrieved person is
interested.

Economic abuse:

(a) a) Deprivation of all or part of the economic or financial resources to which an aggrieved
person is entitled under any law or custom, whether payable by virtue of a court order or
otherwise, or the aggrieved person needs by necessity, including but not limited to:
household items of the aggrieved party and his or her children, if any, stridhana, property
owned or owned by the aggrieved party, payment rent for shared accommodation and
maintenance;
(b) Disposal of household effects, any alienation of assets whether movable or immovable,
valuables, shares, securities, bonds and the like or other property in which the aggrieved
person has an interest or is entitled to use by virtue of the domestic relationship or which
may be reasonably required by the aggrieved person or her children or her sthridhan or
any other property jointly or separately held by the aggrieved person and;
(c) Prohibition or restriction to continued access to resources or facilities which the
aggrieved person is entitled to use or enjoy by virtue of the domestic relationship
including access to the shared household.

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Duties of protection officers:

1. To assist the magistrate in the discharge of his functions under this act:

i. To make a domestic incident report to the magistrate, in such form and in such manner as
may be prescribed, upon receipt of a complaint of domestic violence and forward copies
thereof to the police officer in charge of the police station within the local limits of whose
jurisdiction domestic violence is alleged to have been committed and to the service
providers in that area.
ii. To make an application in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed to the
magistrate , if the aggrieved person so desires, claiming relief for issuance of a protection
order;
iii. To ensure that the aggrieved person is provided legal aid under the legal services
authorities act, 1987 (39 of 1987) and make available free of the cost the prescribed form
in which a complaint is to be made;
iv. To maintain a list of all service providers providing legal aid or counseling, shelter homes
and medical facilities in a local area within the jurisdiction of the magistrate.
v. To make available a safe shelter home, if the aggrieved person so requires and forward a
copy of his report of having lodged the aggrieved person in a shelter home of the police
station and the magistrate having jurisdiction in the area where the shelter home is
situated;
vi. To get the aggrieved person medically examined, if she has sustained bodily injuries and
forward a copy of the medical report to the police station and the magistrate having
jurisdiction in the place where the domestic violence is alleged to have been taken place;
vii. to ensure that the order for monetary relief under section 20 is complied with and
executed, in accordance with the procedure prescribed under the code of criminal
procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974);

2. The protection officer shall be under the control and supervision of the magistrate and shall
perform the duties imposed on him by the magistrate and the government by, or under this act.

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Major reliefs under this act

6
Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women, pg. 54-57 ( Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition 2018).

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 1. Protection orders (section 18)

The magistrate may, after giving the aggrieved person and the respondent an opportunity of
being heard and on being prima facie satisfied that domestic violence has taken place or is likely
to take place , pass a protection order in favour of the aggrieved person and prohibit the
respondent from-

(A) Committing any act of domestic violence

(B) Aiding or abetting in the commission of acts of domestic violence :
(C) Entering the place of employment of the aggrieved person or, if the person aggrieved is a
child, its school or any other place frequented by the aggrieved person;
(D) Attempting to communicate in any form, whatever, with the aggrieved person, including
personal, oral or written or electronic or telephonic contact:
(E) Alienating any assets , operating bank lockers or bank accounts used or held or enjoyed
by both the parties, jointly by the aggrieved person and the respondent or singly by the
respondent, including her stridhan or any other property held either jointly by the parties
or separately by them without the leave of the magistrate;
(F) Causing violence to the dependents, others relatives or any person who give the
aggrieved person assistance from domestic violence .
(G) Committing any other act as specified in the prohibition order.

Residence orders (section 19)

1. While disposing of an application under sub-section (1) of section 12, the magistrate
may, on being satisfied that domestic violence has taken place, pass residence order-
(a) Restraining the respondent from dispossessing or in any other manner disturbing the
possession of the aggrieved person from the shared household, whether or not the
respondent has a legal or equitable interest in the share household.
(b) Directing the respondent to remove himself from the shared household;
(c) Restraining the respondent or any of his relatives from entering any portion of the shared
household in which the aggrieved person resides;
(d) Restraining the respondent from alienating or disposing off the shared household or
encumbering the same;

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 (e) Restraining the respondent from renouncing his rights in the shared household except
with the leave of the magistrate; or
(f) Directing the respondent to secure same level of alternate accommodation for the
aggrieved person as enjoyed by her in the shared household or to pay rent for the same, if
the circumstances so require;

Monetary orders (section 20)

While disposing of an application under sub-section (1) of section 12, the magistrate may direct
the respondent to pay monetary relief to meet the expenses incurred and losses suffered by the
aggrieved person and any child of the aggrieved person as a result of domestic violence and such
relief may include, but not limited to-

(a) The loss of earnings;

(b) The medical expenses;
(c) The loss caused due to the destruction, damage or removal of any property from the
control of the aggrieved person; and
(d) The maintenance for the aggrieved person as well as her children, if any including an
order under or in addition to an order of maintenance under section 125 of the code of
criminal procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) or any other law for the time being in force.
2. The monetary relief granted under this section shall be adequate fair and reasonable and
consistent with the standard of living to which the aggrieved person is accustomed.
3. The magistrate shall have the power to order an appropriate lump sum payment or
monthly payments of maintenance as the nature and circumstances of the case may
require.
4. The magistrate shall send a copy of the order for monetary relief made under sub-section
(1) to the parties of application and to the in charge of the police station within the local
limits of whose jurisdiction the respondent resides.
5. The respondent shall pay the monetary relief granted to the aggrieved person within the
period specified in the order under sub-section (1).
6. Upon the failure on the part of the respondent to make the payment in terms of the order
under the sub-section (1), the magistrate may direct the employer or the debtor of the
respondent to directly pay to the aggrieved person or to deposit with the court a portion of

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 the wages or salaries or debt due to or accrued to the credit of the respondent, which
amount may be adjusted towards the monetary relief payable by the respondent.

Custody orders (section 21)

Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, the magistrate
may, at any stage of hearing of the application for protection order or for any other relief under
this act grant temporary custody of any child or children to the aggrieved person or the person
making an application on her behalf and specify if necessary, the arrangements for visit of such
child or children by the respondent.

Provided that if the magistrate is of the opinion that any visit of the respondent may be harmful
to the interests of the child or children, the magistrate shall refuse to allow such visit.

Compensation orders(section 22)

In addition to other reliefs as may be granted under tis act, the magistrate may on application
being made by the aggrieved person, pass an order directing the respondent to pay compensation
and damages for the injuries, including mental torture and emotional distress, caused by the acts
of domestic violence committed by that respondent.

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Power to grant interim and ex parte orders (section 23)

1. In any proceeding before him under this act, the magistrate may pass such interim order
as he deems just and proper.
2. If the magistrate is satisfied that an application prima facie dis closes that the respondent
is committing or has committed an act of domestic violence or that the respondent may
commit an act of domestic violence, he may grant an ex parte order on the basis of the
affidavit in such form, as may be prescribed, of the aggrieved person under section 118,
section 19, section 20, section 21 or as the case may be, section 22 against the
respondent.

 Counselling:
7
Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women, pg. 64 (Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition 2018).

15
 1. The magistrate may, at any stage of the proceedings under this act, direct the
respondent or the aggrieved person, either singly or jointly, to undergo counseling
with any member of a service provider who possess such qualifications and
experience in counseling as may be prescribed.
2. Where the magistrate has issued any direction under sub-section, he shall fix the next
date of hearing of the case within a period not exceeding two months.

Case Laws:
8
Reshma Begum v. State of Maharashtra & anr.

In the case, the problem that fell for consideration earlier than the High Court of Bombay
changed into the translation of provision of Section 2(f) of the Protection of Women from
Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (Domestic Violence Act).

With reference to the interpretation of the term “relationship” under Section 2(f) of the Domestic
Violence Act, the Court cited that the interpretation put on the definition and mainly the words
‘courting within the nature of marriage’

The couple has to maintain themselves out to society as being similar to spouses.

They should be considered as majors to marry.

They need to be otherwise certified to enter right into a legal marriage;

They ought to have voluntarily cohabited and held themselves out to the sector as being
corresponding to spouses for a big time frame

In view of the aforesaid, the High Court opined that it become abundantly clear that now not all
the living in relationships are included underneath the supply of Section 2(f) of the Domestic
Violence Act. It is handiest the ones which qualify to be the relationship in the nature of
marriage are governed by using that provision.

8
Judgments on Domestic Violence, Vakilno.1.com ( April 10, 2019, 10:00 pm), https://www.vakilno1.com/legal-
news/important-judgments-on-domestic-violence-act-2005.html.

16
In order to represent such dating, a prison marriage among the two should be viable.

9
SandhyaWankhede vs. Manoj Bhimrao Wankhede

This difficulty has regularly remained a arguable one as Section 2(q) of the Domestic Violence
Act defines “respondent” as any adult male person who's, or has been, in a domestic courting
with the aggrieved man or woman and towards whom the aggrieved man or woman has sought
any comfort underneath this Act:

Provided that an aggrieved wife or female living in a relationship within the nature of a wedding
may also record a criticism in opposition to a relative of the husband or the male accomplice.

In view of the definition of the term respondent covering person male individual, the judiciary
has again and again been faced with the argument that an aggrieved character can file complaint
under the Domestic Violence Act in opposition to an adult male character only and no longer
towards the female household of the husband i.e. Mother-in-law, sister-in-regulation.

However, the Supreme Court within the aforementioned case placed to relaxation the problem
with the aid of protecting that the proviso to Section 2(q) does no longer exclude girl loved ones
of the husband or male associate from the ambit of a criticism that can be made beneath the
provisions of the Domestic Violence Act. Therefore, court cases aren't simply maintainable
against the person male individual but also the female relative of such adult male.

The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (prevention and prohibition

and redressal) Act, 2013

An act to provide safety towards sexual harassment of women at place of job and for the
prevention and redressal of complaints of sexual harassment and for subjects linked therewith or
incidental thereto.

9
Judgments on Domestic Violence, Vakilno.1.com ( April 10, 2019, 10:00 pm), https://www.vakilno1.com/legal-
news/important-judgments-on-domestic-violence-act-2005.html.

17
Whereas sexual harassment effects in violation of the fundamental rights of a woman to equality
below articles 14 and 15 of the constitution of India and her right to life and to live with dignity
below article 21 of the charter and right to practice any career or to hold on any occupation,
alternate or business which incorporates a proper to a secure surroundings free from sexual
harassment;

And whereas the safety towards sexual harassment and the right to paintings with dignity are
universally recognized human rights through international conventions and gadgets which
include convention at the removal of all kinds of discrimination in opposition to ladies, which
has been ratified on the twenty fifth June, 1993 by the authorities of India;

And while it's miles expedient to make provisions for giving effect to the said conference for
safety of girls towards sexual harassment at work area.

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Meaning of sexual harassment

Sexual harassment has to be understood to exist on the continuum of sexual violence towards
ladies. It is a non-public attack on women’s thoughts and bodies, instilling worry and violating a
female’s proper to physical integrity, training and freedom of motion. It is applied as an effective
mechanism of manipulate and intimidation, through which women’s subordinate social
popularity is maintained. Sexual harassment regularly happens on the road, within the paintings
place, in educational institutions and on public transportation.

Sexual harassment consists of “any person or extra of the following unwelcome acts or behavior
(whether or not immediately or by implication) particularly:

(a) Physical contact and advances; or

(b) A demand or request for sexual favors; or

(c) Making sexually coloured remarks; or

(d) Showing pornography;

(e) Any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal behavior of sexual nature.

10
Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women, pg. 121( Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition 2018).

18
Work location includes:

 Any branch, enterprise, project, established order, organisation, group, workplace,

department or unit that's set up, owned, controlled or wholly or significantly financed via
budget supplied directly or not directly through the proper authorities or the local
authority or a central authority employer or a corporation or a co-operative society.
 Any private quarter, hospitals or nursing homes;
 Any sports activities institute, stadium and so on.
 A living place or a residence.

11
Complaint of sexual harassment:

For the purpose of sub-section (2) of section 9,

Where the aggrieved woman is unable to make a complaint on account of her physical
incapacity, a complaint may be filed by:

(a) Her relative or friend; or

(b) Her co-worker; or
(c) An officer of the national commission for women or state women’s commission; or
(d) Any person who has acknowledged of the incident, with the written consent of the
aggrieved woman;

Where the aggrieved woman is unable to make a complaint on account of her mental incapacity,
a complaint may be filed by

(A) Her relative or her friend; or

(B) A special educator
(C) A qualified psychiatrist or psychologist; or
(D) The guardian or authority under whose care she is receiving treatment or care; or

11
Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women, pg. 125( Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition).

19
Where the aggrieved woman for any other reason is unable to make a complaint, a complaint
may be filed by any other person who has knowledge of the incident, with her written consent.

Where the aggrieved woman is dead, a complaint may be filed by any person who has
knowledge of the incident, with the written consent of her legal heir.

Conciliation

 The internal committee or , as the case may be the local committee , may , before
initiating under section 11 and the request of the aggrieved woman take steps to settle the
matter between her and the respondent through conciliation.

Provided that no monetary settlement shall be made as a basis of conciliation

 Where a settlement has been arrived at under sub-section (1) , the internal committee or
the local committee, as the case may be, shall record the settlement so arrived and
forward the same to the employer or the district officer to take action as specified in the
recommendation.
 The internal committee, as the case may be, shall provide the copies of the settlement as
recorded under sub-section, to the aggrieved women and the respondent.
 Where a settlement is arrived at under sub-section (7) no further inquiry shall be
conducted by the internal committee of the local committee, as the case may be.

12
Determination of compensation

For the purpose of determination the sum to be paid to the aggrieved women under the clause (ii)
of sub-section (3) of section 13, the internal committee as the case may be, shall have regard to-

(a) The mental trauma, pain, suffering, and emotional distress caused to the aggrieved
woman;
(b) The loss in the career opportunity due to the incident of sexual harassment;

12
Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women, pg. 127 (Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition 2018).

20
 (c) Medical expenses incurred by the victim for physical or psychiatric treatment;
(d) The income and financial status of the respondent;
(e) Feasibility of such payment in lump sum or in installments.

Prevention of sexual harassment:

1. No woman shall be subjected to sexual harassment at any work place

2. The following circumstances, among other circumstances, if it occurs or is present in
relation to or connected with any act or behaviour of sexual harassment ay amount to
sexual harassment…
(a) Implied or explicit promise of preferential treatment in her employment; or
(b) Implied or explicit threat of detrimental treatment in her employment; or
(c) Implied or explicit threat about her present or future employment status; or
(d) Interference with her work or creating an intimidating or offensive or hostile work
environment for her; or
(e) Humiliating treatment likely to affect her health or safety.

Case Laws

Vishaka vs. State of Rajasthan

Bhanwari Devi became a social employee in a programme initiated by using the state authorities
of Rajasthan aiming to curb the evil of Child Marriage. Amidst, the protest to stop a infant
marriage in one Ramakant Gujjar’s family Bhanwari Devi tried her exceptional to stop that
marriage. However, the wedding was a success in its completion despite the fact that large
protest. In 1992, to are trying to find vengeance upon her, Ramakant Gujjar along together with
his five men gang raped her in the front of her husband. The police department before everything
tried to dissuade them on filing the case on one pretext or different but to her determination; she
lodged a complaint against the accused. They had been but, subjected to harsh cruelty through
the girl police attendants even to the volume that for purchasing proof her lehenga became
demanded from her and she was left with nothing but her husband’s blood – stained dhoti.
Adding to their distress, their request to spend the night time in the police station becomes also
refused.

21
13
The trial court acquitted the accused but she didn’t lose desire and seeing her determination all
woman social workers gave their help. They all filed a writ petition in Supreme Court of India
below the call ‘Vishakha’. The apex court docket turned into referred to as upon to frame
suggestions for preventing Sexual Harassment at Workplace.

The Supreme Court held out recommendations that, the person-in-rate of the unique
organization, enterprise or workplace whether or not be it non-public or public, might be
accountable in taking effective steps to prevent sexual harassment. Penalties will be charged
from the accused people for accomplishing sexual harassment. It had become a very crucial
subject matter to behave upon for the prevention of sexual harassment women at place of job. In
case of private organizations the stern rules regarding the punishment of sexual harassment will
be protected. In case the sexual harassment is performed via the outsiders, the character-in
charge of that group should take strict movement for the conduct of such crime. At last the
defendant was held liable.

DP vs. Morgan

Facts

The defendant changed into a Royal Air Force Pilot and he had invited his buddies over to have
sexual sex together with his spouse. He advised them that any signs of war have been now not to
be visible as a loss of consent and that she loved it. The men have been convicted of rape, while
Morgan was convicted of assisting and abetting his spouse. The guys had argued that that they
had the honest perception that the complainant had consented to sexual intercourse.

Issues

The defendant appealed at the course of the trial judge. The trouble in this case was concerning
whether or not there can be a conviction for rape if the defendant without a doubt believed that
the female consented to sexual intercourse, if his belief becomes no longer based totally on
reasonable grounds.

Held

13
Land mark judgments on Sexual Harrassment, blog pleaders,(April 12, 2019, 8:30 pm).
https://blog.ipleaders.in/landmark-judgments-on-sexual-harassment/.

22
It turned into held that as long as a belief turned into proper and honest relating consent, it now
ought not to be an inexpensive belief for a defence to rape. The recognition become on the
mensrea of rape; there needed to be an intention to commit the crime, in addition to a lack of
consent. There became a requirement to recognise the female had not consented or reckless to
whether she did. Despite this decision, the conviction changed into upheld, as no reasonable jury
might have located them no longer guilty, despite the fact that directed successfully via the
choose. The complainant had without a doubt communicated her lack of consent for sexual
hobby in this situation.

THE IMMORAL TRAFFICK (PREVENTION) ACT, 1956

14
Meaning of immoral Trafficking

The definition of trafficking may be observed inside the numerous sections of ITPA. Section 5
speaks approximately procuring, taking and even inducing someone for the sake of prostitution.
According to this segment, even strive you purchased and attempt to take or motive someone to
carry on prostitution amounts to trafficking. Therefore ‘trafficking’ has been given a vast scope.

A designated definition of trafficking is to be had within the Goa Children’s Act 2003. Though it
is focused on infant trafficking, the definition is complete. Under section 2 (z), “toddler
trafficking” means “the procurement, recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of
humans, legally or illegally, within or throughout borders, by means of danger or use of force or
other kinds of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a role of
vulnerability or of giving or receiving payments or advantages to gain the consent of a person
having manage over every other man or woman, for financial gain or otherwise”.

The offence of trafficking, basically, has the following substances:

Displacement of someone from one network to any other

The displacement might be from one house to every other, one village to any other, one district
to another, one kingdom to another or from one united states to another. Displacement is

14
Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women, pg. 294 (Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition 2018).

23
likewise feasible within the same constructing. An instance will clarify the factor. Presume that
the brothel keeper controls several young women who're inmates and that one of the women has
a teenage daughter staying together with her. If the brothel keeper, by duress or bribe, manages
to get the mother to conform to permit the youngster to be used for Prostitution, the teenager has
been moved out of the ‘mother’s network’ and into the ‘brothel community’. This displacement
is good enough to constitute trafficking.

15
Exploitation of the trafficked person.

The ITPA and related legal guidelines envisage sexual exploitation of the trafficked individual.
The method of exploitation may be show up, as in a brothel, or latent, as in certain beauty
parlours, dance bars, etc., in which it takes region below the facade of a legitimate commercial
interest.

Commercialization of the exploitation and commodification of the victim.

The trafficked sufferer is exploited as if she is a commodity (see the particular list of violations
within the following bankruptcy). The exploiters generate sales out of the exploitation. They may
also proportion a part of the sales with the victim too. The victim who is getting a proportion of
the money generated is regularly ‘branded’ as an associate and arrested/price-sheeted and even
convicted. The trafficked victim, whose freedom even to think, let alone circulate out, is dictated
with the aid of the exploiters, ought to in no way be handled as an accomplice. Even if she
receives a share of the ‘earnings’, the truth that she has been trafficked to Commercial Sexual
Exploitation does no longer alter her reputation as a victim.

16
The organized crime of trafficking

Human trafficking is a criminal offense. It is a basket of crimes. In this basket you may dig out
the factors of abduction, kidnapping, unlawful detainment, unlawful confinement, criminal
intimidation, harm, grievous harm, sexual attack, outraging modesty, rape, unnatural offences,
selling and shopping for of humans, servitude, crook conspiracy, abetment and so forth.
Therefore, multiple abuse and abusers positioned at special factors of time and region together

15
Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women, pg. 299( Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition 2018).
16
Human trafficking, vikaspedia, (April 11, 2019, 12:30 pm), http://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/social-
awareness/human-trafficking-1/human-trafficking.

24
represent the organized crime of trafficking. A host of human rights violations like denial of
privateness, denial of justice, denial of get admission to justice, deprivation of basis rights and
dignity and so on represent different part of the exploitation. Therefore, there's absolute
confidence that trafficking is an prepared crime.

The trafficked character

In the context of ITPA (specifically S.5 ITPA) and associated laws, a trafficked man or woman
could be a male or a female of any age who has been trafficked for CSE( commercial sexual
exploitation) in a brothel or any area wherein CSE takes location. ITPA affords punishment
even for try to traffic someone. Therefore, even earlier than the character is bodily trafficked, the
law comes into operation.

Child

Child is a person who has not attained the age of 18 years. Any toddler who is susceptible to
trafficking is taken into consideration a “person in need of care and protection” underneath the
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children)Act, 2000(JJ Act). Law enforcement
businesses are obligation sure to rescue such youngsters, produce them before the Child Welfare
Committee and increase all care and interest.

Trafficked grownup

Regarding adults, the mere consent of the person does not exclude the opportunity of trafficking.
If the consent turned into obtained below duress, coercion, fear or any pressure, then the consent
has no meaning and, consequently, all such instances amount to trafficking. Thus, even when an
adult lady is ‘picked up’ from a brothel on the fee of ‘soliciting’, it can't be presumed that she is
guilty of soliciting except and till the ‘mensrea’ (i.e., the purpose) is investigated. A female
trafficked for CSE is a sufferer of CSE and no longer an accused.

Traffickers and different exploiters

25
  Trafficking is an organized crime. There are numerous people worried at numerous
locations, starting with (a) location of recruitment, (b) places of transit and (c) places of
exploitation. Therefore, the list of exploiters includes the subsequent:
 The brothel in fee and other exploiters in the brothel, or the final area of exploitation,
which would additionally encompass:
 The brothel or the person in price of the ‘dance bar’ or ‘massage parlour’ or such other
area in which exploitation takes vicinity.
 The ‘managers’ and all different dramatis personae in such places.
 The “client” or “consumers”, who are the abuser of the trafficked woman, is absolutely,
an exploiter. He is the one who perpetuates ‘demand’ and CSE and is, therefore
accountable below ITPA and different legal guidelines. The financiers: All those who
finance the diverse tactics worried in trafficking are part of the nexus. This might also
encompass people that finance recruitment, transportation, live, lodging, or even those
who take pleasure in money lending and borrowing on the brothels. The abettors: All
people who abet or aid the exploitation or any method involved in trafficking are triable
under ITPA (sections three, 4, 5, 6, 7, nine ITPA, examine with Chapter V of IPC coping
with abetment of offences).
 Those who're dwelling on the income of CSE: Any person who knowingly lives, utterly
or partly, at the earnings of prostitution is liable (S. 4 ITPA). This consists of all the ones
who have a proportion within the unlawful blessings derived from the exploitation. The
financiers who lend or acquire cash from the brothels (or resorts) and do commercial
enterprise out of such transaction also are dependable under this section. The hotelier
who earnings from the exploitation of ladies is undoubtedly an accused u/s. 4 ITPA.
 The spotter, the recruiter, the vendor, the customer, the contractor, the agent or everybody
acting on their behalf.
 The transporters, the harbourers and those who offer safe haven are also part of the
racket.

Immoral Traffic Prevention Act, 1986

26
  17
In 1950 the Government of India ratified the International Convention for the
Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of the Prostitution of
others. In 1956 India exceeded the Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls
Act, 1956 (SITA). The act turned into in addition amended and modified in 1986,
ensuing in the Immoral Traffic Prevention Act additionally called PITA. Immoral Traffic
Prevention Act, 1986 PITA simplest discusses trafficking when it comes to prostitution
and now not in terms of different functions of trafficking along with domestic work, child
labour, organ harvesting, etc. The following is an define of the provisions in this
regulation that pertains to youngsters underneath the age of 18.
 The act defines child as any person who has finished eighteen years of age. The first
segment of the act has provisions that outline the illegality of prostitution and the
punishment for proudly owning a brothel or a comparable established order, or for
dwelling of income of prostitution as is in the case of a pimp. Section 5 of the act states
that if someone procures, induces or takes a infant for the cause of prostitution then the
jail sentence is a minimum of seven years however can be extended to life. To make
certain that the human beings in the chain of trafficking are also held accountable the act
has a provision that states that any man or woman worried inside the recruiting,
transporting, moving, harbouring, or receiving of folks for the reason of prostitution if
guilty of trafficking. In addition any character trying to dedicate trafficking or discovered
inside the brothel or traveling the brothel is punishable under this law.
 If a person if located with a child it's far assumed that he has detained that infant there for
the reason of sexual sex and subsequently shall be punishable to seven yr. in jail as much
as life imprisonment, or a time period which may enlarge to 10 year and additionally a
most pleasant of 1 lakh rupees. If a child is discovered in a brothel and after scientific
examination has been located to had been sexually abused, it's miles assumed that the
child has been detained for the motive of prostitution.
 Any character committing prostitution in public with a child shall be punishable to seven
12 months in jail as much as life imprisonment, or a time period which may additionally
extend to ten yr. and also a maximum satisfactory of 1 lakh rupees. If prostitution of a

17
Human trafficking, vikaspedia, (April 11, 2019, 12:30 pm), http://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/social-
awareness/human-trafficking-1/human-trafficking.

27
 child is being dedicated with information of an established order proprietor such as a
resort the license of the hotel is likely to be cancelled alongside the given jail sentence
and/or fines.
 Any child determined in a brothel or being abused for the purpose of prostitution can be
placed in an organization for his or her safety with the aid of a magistrate. Landlords,
leasers, owner, agent of the owner who unknowingly formerly rented their assets to
someone determined responsible of prostituting a child, should get approval from a
magistrate before re-leasing their assets for 3 years after the order is surpassed.
 In 2006, the Ministry of Women and Child Development proposed an amendment bill
that has yet to be passed. The amendment does not really concern any of the provisions
related to the child but has many important consequences for the right of women sex
workers.

18
Initiatives to fight trafficking of Women and Children

 .The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) in an attempt to stop the
trafficking of women and children has undertaken a number of initiatives.
 National Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of
Women and Children 1998, become formulated with the aim of mainstreaming and
reintegrating victims of trafficking.

 Central Advisory Committee (CAB) was constituted to advise on methods and tactic to
address the problem.
 Pre-rescue, Rescue and Post-rescue operations of infant victims of trafficking for the
purpose of Commercial Sexual Exploitation protocol was published as pointers for all
stakeholders
 Ministry of Home Affairs has installation of a devoted nodal Cell in the MHA for
prevention of trafficking. The cell is chargeable for providing country governments with
the essential studies, research and information.

18
Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women, pg. 312( Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition 2018).

28
  The ministry organizes workshops for NGOs on issues relating to trafficking of kids for
business sexual exploitation. A unique module for counselors of trafficked victims has
been formulated.
 Suggested amendment of the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 to widen its scope,
awareness on traffickers, human rights of victims and attention on proper
implementation.
 Training to all stake holders together with police, authorities’ officers, and so on. To
better understand the situation and subsequently reply nicely to a suspicious interest or
person.
 The MWCD runs Shelter based homes Short Stay Homes, Swadhar Homes for girls in
difficult instances
 Three pilot tasks were carried out i)Pilot challenge to combat trafficking ladies and kids
for business sexual exploitation beneath the sanction of tradition ii) Pilot venture to
combat trafficking of women and kids for business, sexual exploitation in source regions
and iii) Pilot project to combat trafficking of women and youngsters for
commercialsexual exploitation in destination areas. The tasks are in the procedure of
being converted into a complete scheme.
 With the Ministry of External Affairs, MWCD has endeavored to create special mission
forces to combat pass border trafficking.
 Tackle trafficking of girls and women with the aid of addressing problems of poverty,
illiteracy, lack of get entry to training and schools, loss of vocational skill and
employment possibilities, incidence of age vintage evil practices like child marriages,
low reputation of ladies and girls in society and so on.

Case Laws
19
PreranaVersus State of Maharashtra and Ors

This case come to be a petition filed in public interest with the resource of NGO Prerana, to
protect children and minor women rescued from the flesh alternate in opposition to the brothel
19
Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women, pg. 315( Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition 2018).

29
keepers eager on re-acquiring possession of the women. In a raid completed with the resource of
the Mumbai Police (Social Service Branch) at a brothel, 4 men and women speculated to be
brothel keepers/pimps had been arrested, and twenty-4 women have been rescued. The 4 accused
were charged underneath Sections three, 4, and 7(2) (a) of the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act,
1956 ("PITA" for brief) and remanded to police custody. The 4 women were not charged,
however have been taken into custody below Sections 15 and 17 of PITA for the features of
ascertaining their age and own family historical beyond and have been sent to the Government
Special Rehabilitation Centre for Girls. The 4 accused had been launched on bail on 24-five-
2002. By order dated 27-5 -2002, the Magistrate released the adult women and directed that the
juvenile women be produced earlier than the Juvenile Court. Subsequently, the minor ladies have
been produced earlier than the Juvenile Justice Board from wherein they have been discharged. It
became in the ones events, and the way in which the rescued minor women have been released
contrary to the provisions of law, that the petitioner approached the court.

The High Court after hearing precise submissions from all worried held that during nearly all
instances, where ladies are rescued from a brothel, it's miles determined that they are forced to
submit to prostitution via brothel keepers. The court laid down the criminal provisions of the
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 (for brief Juvenile Justice Act) and
the PITA as had been relevant to this example. The court exceeded the following directions inter
alia

– No Magistrate can exercising jurisdiction over any person underneath 18 years of age whether
that man or woman is a ‘juvenile in struggle with regulation’ or a ‘child in want of care and
safety’, as defined by means of Sections 2(1) and a couple of(d) of the Juvenile Justice Act. At
the first possible example, the Magistrate have to take steps to check the age of a person who
appears to be below 18 years of age. When such someone is located to be beneath 18 years of
age, the Magistrate ought to switch the case to the Juvenile Justice Board if such character is a
‘juvenile in conflict with law’, or to the Child Welfare Committee if such a person is a ‘child in
need of care and protection’.

Sahyog Mahila Mandal and Anr. Versus State of Gujarat and Ors.

30
Two petitions (Special Civil Application No. 15195 of 2003 and Special Civil Application No.
4594 of 2003) elevating common questions sought to undertaking the provisions of Sections 7(1)
(b), 14 and 15 of the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (for short ITPA) at the floorthat
they violate the essential rights guaranteed under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution of
India. The petitions additionally challenged the notification dated 23.2.2000 issued via the
Commissioner of Police under the provisions of Section 7(1)(b) of ITPA via which the regions
inside the jurisdiction of Chakla Bazaar Police Station, Surat had been notified rendering
wearing on prostitution in any premises inside the ones regions as an offence.

The petitions mentioned the beginning of the Red Light Area, the alleged atrocities dedicated by
means of the police at the girls there, arresting the women in that area without following the
technique installed by using law, and inflicting forcible evictions from their houses. The petition
contented that the women in prostitution/sex work are entitled to right to privateness, and equal
safety of regulation. A route become additionally sought on the respondents to formulate a
rehabilitation plan of a everlasting nature which did now not separate these women from their
circle of relatives members and which could be finalized after a thorough study and with their
participation and consent.

20
After discussing in element the affidavits filed by all worried, the High Court said that there
was a full-size acrimonious debate over the question: Is prostitution a shape of exploitation to be
abolished or an career to be regulated? The query is not approximately morality: is prostitution a
vice and are those worried evil or lacking in morals? There are essentially camps, the ones
looking for to eliminate prostitution and those who view the girls worried as sex workers. The
Court said that it has to steer via the non-prison aspects of the talk, due to the fact, what social
standards need to be meditated within the laws within the matter of prostitution is inside the
legislative area. The Court referred to International Conventions and Protocols, Constitutional
provisions and provisions of the ITPA.

The court did not accept the rivalry raised on behalf of the petitioners concerning the proper to
prostitution as a fundamental proper of ladies or ladies in it. The Court stated that it needed to be
wary of the vested pastimes in the prostitution of others, thriving on the commercial gains from

20
Judgement search, legal crystal, (April 13, 2019, 5:00 pm), https://www.legalcrystal.com/case/737664/sahyog-
mahila-mandal-vs-state-gujarat.

31
exploitation of prostitutes while posing as champions of their rights. Prostitution, in short, will
become an hobby that is degrading to person dignity of the prostitute and it is a car for pimps and
clients to take advantage of the deprived position of ladies in our society.The Court held that
purpose of Sections 7 and eight of ITPA is to proscribe prostitution in public places and they're
neither discriminatory nor arbitrary and, therefore, do not violate the proper to equality by
criminalizing prostitution in public places. Therefore, there's no violation of the essential right to
existence and private liberty of folks assured by Article 21 of the Constitution.

Referring to ITPA the High Court held that its provisions, in reality call for figuring out the
sufferer-prostitutes, girls or other people, who're trafficked people or are below the manipulate of
pimps and procurers or brothel proprietors. A failure to correctly identify a trafficked person or a
woman or woman or other individual in respect of whom offence punishable below the Act is
committed, i.e. A sufferer-prostitute, is probable to bring about denial of that character's human
rights. The law is needed to be strictly enforced towards traffickers and people worried in
controlling and exploiting prostitutes and committing offences in admire of prostitutes.

Conclusion

In conclusion, ladies may be powerful actors for peace, security, and prosperity. When they
participate in peace tactics and other formal decision-making approaches, they could play an
essential function in beginning and galvanizing progress on human rights, justice, national
reconciliation and monetary revitalization. They can also build coalitions across ethnic and
sectarian traces and talk up for marginalized and minority groups. Investing in women's
leadership is consequently clever safety in addition to smart improvement.

Peace Women Consolidated Themes:

 Participation
 Peace Processes
 Reconstruction and Peace building
 Human Rights
 Justice, Rule of Law and Security Sector Reform

32
Developing medium-time period responses for people consists of partnerships and moves to:

screen on an ongoing basis tasks eager about regard to man or woman safety, properly-being and
desires and make sure responsibility for movements taken;assist to get right of entry to of women
and girls at risk to justice and reduce impunity, together with by using advising, accompanying
and helping them through tasks consisting of women’s legal clinics, neighborhood girl’s
institutions, witness relocation programmes and mobile courts in far off regions; and fortify
recognized people’ access to education, vocational education and recreational programmes with
childcare and sell network-primarily based livelihood strategies which target ladies and women
at chance, mainly in prolonged displacement conditions.

Bibliography

1. Preethi Misra, Law Relating to Protection of Women( Shriniwas Gupta, 1st edition
2018).

33
2. AfsarBano , Indian woman, 2003.

3. Judgments on Domestic Violence, Vakilno.1.com ( April 10, 2019, 10:00 pm),

https://www.vakilno1.com/legal-news/important-judgments-on-domestic-violence-
act-2005.html.

4. Human trafficking, vikaspedia, (April 11, 2019, 12:30 pm), http://vikaspedia.in/social-

welfare/social-awareness/human-trafficking-1/human-trafficking.

5. Land mark judgments on Sexual Harrassment, blog pleaders,(April 12, 2019, 8:30
pm).https://blog.ipleaders.in/landmark-judgments-on-sexual-harassment/.

6. Bharat Jhunjhunwale ,Indian Approach to women’s Empowerment.

34