Parallel Port Wikipedia

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Parallel port</h1>
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free
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<div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"
lang="en"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile
noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer interface</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LPT" redirects here.
For other uses, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPT_%28disambiguation
%29" class="mw-disambig" title="LPT (disambiguation)">LPT
(disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Printer port" redirects
here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_port_
%28disambiguation%29" class="mw-disambig" title="Printer port
(disambiguation)">Printer port (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about
the Centronics style port. For the concept in general, see <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_communications" class="mw-redirect"
title="Parallel communications">Parallel communications</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>Parallel
port</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center">
<span class="nowrap"><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parallel_computer_printer_port.jpg"
class="image"><img alt="Parallel computer printer port.jpg" src="Parallel%20port
%20-%20Wikipedia_ficheiros/150px-Parallel_computer_printer_port.jpg"
decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Parallel_computer_print
er_port.jpg/225px-Parallel_computer_printer_port.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Parallel_computer_printer_port.
jpg/300px-Parallel_computer_printer_port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-
height="1340" height="112" width="150"></a></span><div>A <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB-25" class="mw-redirect" title="DB-25">DB-
25</a> connector often used for a parallel printer port on <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC
compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> computers, with the printer
icon.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Type</th><td colspan="3">
Point-to-point</td></tr><tr class="navbox-title"><th colspan="4" style="text-
align:center">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Designer</th><td
colspan="3">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_port#Centronics" title="Parallel
port">Centronics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"
title="IBM">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Designed</th><td colspan="3">
1970–1981</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Manufacturer</th><td colspan="3">
Centronics, Dataproducts, Intel, IBM, Compaq, Nortel, etc</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Superseded by</th><td colspan="3">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> (1996)</td></tr><tr
class="navbox-title"><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center">General
specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Length</th><td colspan="3">
2.3 cm (0.91 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Hot pluggable</th><td
colspan="3">
Usually not</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">External</th><td colspan="3">
Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cable</th><td colspan="3">
Usually up to 25 wires including ground; optionally shielded</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Pins</th><td colspan="3">
8 data, 4 output control, 5 input control, 8 ground</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Connector</th><td colspan="3">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB-25" class="mw-redirect" title="DB-25">DB-
25</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiature" title="D-
subminiature">DB25F</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_ribbon"
class="mw-redirect" title="Micro ribbon">"Centronics" 36-pin Amphenol</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">DC-
37</a>, others</td></tr><tr class="navbox-title"><th colspan="4" style="text-
align:center">Electrical</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Signal</th><td colspan="3">
0 to +5.0 volt <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct
current">DC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Max. voltage</th><td colspan="3">
5 volts DC</td></tr><tr class="navbox-title"><th colspan="4" style="text-
align:center">Data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Data signal</th><td colspan="3">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_communication" title="Parallel
communication">Parallel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Width</th><td colspan="3">
Variable</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Bitrate</th><td colspan="3">
<b>PP:</b> 150 <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_rate_units#Kilobyte_per_second" class="mw-
redirect" title="Data rate units">kB/s</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1">[1]</a></sup><br><b>EPP:</b> 2 <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabyte"
title="Megabyte">MB</a>/s<br><b>ECP:</b> 2.5 MB/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Max.
devices</th><td colspan="3">
2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Protocol</th><td colspan="3">
Application dependent</td></tr><tr class="navbox-title"><th colspan="4"
style="text-align:center">Pin out</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-
align:center">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:25_Pin_D-sub_pinout.svg"
class="image"><img alt="25 Pin D-sub pinout.svg" src="Parallel%20port%20-
%20Wikipedia_ficheiros/200px-25_Pin_D-sub_pinout.png" decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/25_Pin_D-
sub_pinout.svg/300px-25_Pin_D-sub_pinout.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/25_Pin_D-sub_pinout.svg/400px-
25_Pin_D-sub_pinout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="200"
height="143" width="200"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-
align:center">
IBM PC-compatible parallel port pinout</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centronics-36F.jpg" class="image"><img
alt="" src="Parallel%20port%20-%20Wikipedia_ficheiros/220px-Centronics-36F.jpg"
decoding="async" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Centronics-
36F.jpg/330px-Centronics-36F.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Centronics-36F.jpg/440px-
Centronics-36F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="385" height="83"
width="220"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centronics-36F.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Micro
ribbon 36-pin female, such as on printers and on some computers,
particularly industrial equipment and early (pre-1980s) personal
computers.</div></div></div>
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mini-Centronics_36_pin_with_Micro-
Centronics_36_pin.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="Parallel%20port%20-
%20Wikipedia_ficheiros/220px-Mini-Centronics_36_pin_with_Micro-
Centronics_36_pin.jpg" decoding="async" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mini-
Centronics_36_pin_with_Micro-Centronics_36_pin.jpg/330px-Mini-
Centronics_36_pin_with_Micro-Centronics_36_pin.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mini-
Centronics_36_pin_with_Micro-Centronics_36_pin.jpg/440px-Mini-
Centronics_36_pin_with_Micro-Centronics_36_pin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2037" data-
file-height="1131" height="122" width="220"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mini-
Centronics_36_pin_with_Micro-Centronics_36_pin.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Mini-Centronics 36-pin male connector (top) with Micro
ribbon 36-pin male Centronics connector (bottom)</div></div></div>
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_II_Parallel_Printer_Card.jpg"
class="image"><img alt="" src="Parallel%20port%20-%20Wikipedia_ficheiros/220px-
Apple_II_Parallel_Printer_Card.jpg" decoding="async" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Apple_II_Parallel_Print
er_Card.jpg/330px-Apple_II_Parallel_Printer_Card.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Apple_II_Parallel_Printer_Card.jpg
2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="262" height="144" width="220"></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_II_Parallel_Printer_Card.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The
Apple II Parallel Printer Port connected to the printer via a folded
ribbon cable; one end connected to the connector at the top of the card,
and the other end had a 36-pin Centronics connector.</div></div></div>
<p>In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing"
title="Computing">computing</a>, a <b>parallel port</b> is a type of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_interface" class="mw-redirect"
title="Hardware interface">interface</a> found on <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers" class="mw-redirect"
title="Computers">computers</a> (<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal
computer">personal</a> and otherwise) for connecting <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a>.
The name refers to the way the data is sent; parallel ports send multiple <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> of data at once (<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_communication" title="Parallel
communication">parallel communication</a>), as opposed to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_communication" title="Serial
communication">serial communication</a>, in which bits are sent one at a time. To
do this, parallel ports require multiple data lines in their cables and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_port_%28hardware%29" title="Computer
port (hardware)">port</a> connectors and tend to be larger than contemporary <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial
ports</a>, which only require one data line.
</p><p>There are many types of parallel ports, but the term has become most closely
associated with the <b>printer port</b> or <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_port#Centronics" title="Parallel
port">Centronics port</a> found on most personal computers from the 1970s through
the 2000s. It was an industry <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto
standard"><i>de facto</i> standard</a> for many years, and was finally standardized
as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">IEEE
1284</a> in the late 1990s, which defined the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Parallel_Port" class="mw-redirect"
title="Enhanced Parallel Port">Enhanced Parallel Port</a> (EPP) and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Capability_Port" class="mw-redirect"
title="Extended Capability Port">Extended Capability Port</a> (ECP) bi-directional
versions. Today, the parallel port interface is virtually non-existent because of
the rise of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-
redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">Universal Serial Bus</a> (USB) devices,
along with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_server" title="Print
server">network printing</a> using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet"
title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"
title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> connected printers.
</p><p>The parallel port interface was originally known as the <b>Parallel Printer
Adapter</b> on IBM <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_compatible" class="mw-
redirect" title="PC compatible">PC-compatible</a> computers. It was primarily
designed to operate <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_matrix_printing#Personal_computers"
title="Dot matrix printing">printers</a> that used IBM's eight-bit <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_ASCII" title="Extended ASCII">extended
ASCII</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_set" class="mw-redirect"
title="Character set">character set</a>
to print text, but could also be used to adapt other peripherals.
Graphical printers, along with a host of other devices, have been
designed to communicate with the system.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input
role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"
type="checkbox"><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" lang="en"><h2 id="mw-toc-
heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel"
for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span
class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Centronics"><span
class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Centronics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#IBM"><span
class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">IBM</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Bi-Tronics"><span
class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bi-Tronics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#EPP_and_ECP"><span
class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">EPP and ECP</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Dataproducts"><span
class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Dataproducts</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Historical_uses"><span
class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Historical uses</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Interfaces"><span
class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Interfaces</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Access"><span
class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Access</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Notable_consumer_products"><span
class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notable consumer
products</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Current_use"><span
class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Current use</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#IBM_PC_implementation"><span
class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">IBM PC implementation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Port_addresses"><span
class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Port addresses</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Program_interface"><span
class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Program
interface</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Pinouts"><span
class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Pinouts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span
class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References"><span
class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span
class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-

editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Parallel_port&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section:
History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Centronics">Centronics</span><span class="mw-
Centronics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Wang" title="An Wang">An Wang</a>,
Robert Howard and Prentice Robinson began development of a low-cost printer at <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centronics" title="Centronics">Centronics</a>,
a subsidiary of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Laboratories"
title="Wang Laboratories">Wang Laboratories</a> that produced specialty <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer
terminal">computer terminals</a>. The printer used the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_matrix_printing" title="Dot matrix
printing">dot matrix printing</a> principle, with a print head consisting of a
vertical row of seven metal pins connected to <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoids" class="mw-redirect"
title="Solenoids">solenoids</a>.
When power was applied to the solenoids, the pin was pushed forward to
strike the paper and leave a dot. To make a complete character <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a>,
the print head would receive power to specified pins to create a single
vertical pattern, then the print head would move to the right by a
small amount, and the process repeated. On their original design, a
typical glyph was printed as a matrix seven high and five wide, while
the "A" models used a print head with 9 pins and formed glyphs that were
9 by 7.<sup id="cite_ref-centronics306_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
centronics306-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>This left the problem of sending the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> data to the
printer. While a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial
port">serial port</a>
does so with the minimum of pins and wires, it requires the device to
buffer up the data as it arrives bit by bit and turn it back into
multi-bit values. A parallel port makes this simpler; the entire ASCII
value is presented on the pins in complete form. In addition to the
eight data pins, the system also needed various control pins as well as
electrical grounds. Wang happened to have a surplus stock of 20,000 <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphenol" title="Amphenol">Amphenol</a>
36-pin micro ribbon connectors that were originally used for one of
their early calculators. The interface only required 21 of these pins,
the rest were grounded or not connected. The connector has become so
closely associated with Centronics that it is now popularly known as the
"Centronics connector".<sup id="cite_ref-webster_3-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-webster-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Centronics_101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centronics
101 (page does not exist)">Centronics Model 101</a> printer, featuring this
connector, was released in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-webster_3-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-webster-3">[3]</a></sup>
The host sent ASCII characters to the printer using seven of eight data
pins, pulling them high to +5V to represent a 1. When the data was
ready, the host pulled the <i>STROBE</i> pin low, to 0 V. The printer responded by
pulling the <i>BUSY</i>
line high, printing the character, and then returning BUSY to low
again. The host could then send another character. Control characters in
the data caused other actions, like the <code>CR</code> or <code>EOF</code>. The
host could also have the printer automatically start a new line by pulling the
<i>AUTOFEED</i>
line high, and keeping it there. The host had to carefully watch the
BUSY line to ensure it did not feed data to the printer too rapidly,
especially given variable-time operations like a paper feed.<sup id="cite_ref-
centronics306_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centronics306-
2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-centronics101_4-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-centronics101-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>The printer side of the interface quickly became an industry <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto
standard"><i>de facto</i> standard</a>, but manufacturers used various connectors
on the system side, so a variety of cables were required. For example, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporation" title="NCR
Corporation">NCR</a> used the 36-pin <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_ribbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro
ribbon">micro ribbon</a> connector on both ends of the connection, early <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a> systems used a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-37" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-37">DC-
37</a> connector, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"
title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> used a 25-pin card <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_connector" title="Edge connector">edge
connector</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_General" title="Data
General">Data General</a> used a 50-pin micro ribbon connector. When <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> implemented the
parallel interface on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-
redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a>, they used the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB-25F" class="mw-redirect" title="DB-25F">DB-
25F</a>
connector at the PC-end of the interface, creating the now familiar
parallel cable with a DB25M at one end and a 36-pin micro ribbon
connector at the other.
</p><p>In theory, the Centronics port could transfer data as rapidly as
75,000 characters per second. This was far faster than the printer,
which averaged about 160 characters per second, meaning the port spent
much of its time idle. The performance was defined by how rapidly the
host could respond to the printer's BUSY signal asking for more data. To
improve performance, printers began incorporating <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">buffers</a>
so the host could send them data more rapidly, in bursts. This not only
reduced (or eliminated) delays due to latency waiting for the next
character to arrive from the host, but also freed the host to perform
other operations without causing a loss of performance. Performance was
further improved by using the buffer to store several lines and then
printing in both directions, eliminating the delay while the print head
returned to the left side of the page. Such changes more than doubled
the performance of an otherwise unchanged printer, as was the case on
Centronics models like the 102 and 308.<sup id="cite_ref-centronics101_4-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centronics101-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="IBM">IBM</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span
class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a
IBM">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> released the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal
Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a> in 1981 and included a variant of the
Centronics interface— only IBM logo printers (<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer"
title="Original equipment manufacturer">rebranded</a> from <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a>) could be used
with the IBM PC.<sup id="cite_ref-durda_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
durda-5">[5]</a></sup> IBM standardized the parallel cable with a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiature" title="D-
subminiature">DB25F</a>
connector on the PC side and the 36-pin Centronics connector on the
printer side. Vendors soon released printers compatible with both
standard Centronics and the IBM implementation.
</p><p>The original IBM parallel printer adapter for the IBM PC was designed to
support 8-bit data bidirectionally in 1981.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template
Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"
title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to
reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
This allowed the port to be used for other purposes, not just output to
a printer. This was accomplished by allowing the data lines to be
written to by devices on either end of the cable, which required the
ports on the host to be bidirectional. This feature saw little use, and
was removed in later revisions of the hardware. Years later, in 1987,
IBM reintroduced the bidirectional interface with its <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" title="IBM Personal
System/2">IBM PS/2</a>
series, where it could be enabled or disabled for compatibility with
applications hardwired not to expect a printer port to be bidirectional.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bi-Tronics">Bi-Tronics</span><span class="mw-
title=Parallel_port&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bi-
Tronics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>As the printer market expanded, new types of printing mechanisms
appeared. These often supported new features and error conditions that
could not be represented on the existing port's relatively few status
pins. While the IBM solution could support this, it was not trivial to
implement and was not at that time being supported. This led to the
Bi-Tronics system, introduced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-
Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a> on their <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_LaserJet_4" title="HP LaserJet 4">LaserJet
4</a> in 1992. This used four existing status pins, ERROR, SELECT, PE and BUSY to
represent a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble"
title="Nibble">nibble</a>,
using two transfers to send an 8-bit value. Bi-Tronics mode, now known
as nibble mode, was indicated by the host pulling the SELECT line high,
and data was transferred when the host toggles the AUTOFEED low. Other
changes in the handshaking protocols improved performance, reaching
400,000 cps to the printer, and about 50,000 cps back to the host.<sup
id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
A major advantage of the Bi-Tronics system is that it can be driven
entirely in software in the host, and uses otherwise unmodified hardware
- all the pins used for data transfer back to the host were already
printer-to-host lines.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="EPP_and_ECP">EPP and ECP</span><span class="mw-
title=Parallel_port&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: EPP and
ECP">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The introduction of new devices like <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image
scanner">scanners</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-
function_printer" title="Multi-function printer">multi-function printers</a>
demanded much more performance than either the Bi-Tronics or IBM style
backchannels could handle. Two other standards have become more popular
for these purposes. The Enhanced Parallel Port (EPP), originally defined
by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_Electronics" title="Zenith
Electronics">Zenith Electronics</a>, is similar to IBM's byte mode in concept, but
changes details of the handshaking to allow up to 2 MB/s.<sup id="cite_ref-7"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> The Extended Capability Port
(ECP) is essentially an entirely new port in the same physical housing that also
adds <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct
memory access">direct memory access</a> based on <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry
Standard Architecture">ISA</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-
length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">run-length encoding</a> to compress
the data, which is especially useful when transferring simple images like <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">faxes</a> or black-and-white
scanned images. ECP offers performance up to 2.5 MB/s in both directions.<sup
id="cite_ref-lava_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lava-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>All of these enhancements are collected as part of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">IEEE 1284</a>
standard. The first release in 1994 included original Centronics mode
("compatibility mode"), nibble and byte modes, as well as a change to
the handshaking that was already widely used; the original Centronics
implementation called for the BUSY lead to toggle with each change on
any line of data (busy-by-line), whereas IEEE 1284 calls for BUSY to
toggle with each received character (busy-by-character). This reduces
the number of BUSY toggles and the resulting interruptions on both
sides. A 1997 update standardized the printer status codes. In 2000, the
EPP and ECP modes were moved into the standard, as well as several
connector and cable styles, and a method for <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_chain_%28electrical_engineering%29"
title="Daisy chain (electrical engineering)">daisy chaining</a> up to eight devices
from a single port.<sup id="cite_ref-lava_8-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-lava-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some host systems or print servers may use a strobe signal with a
relatively low voltage output or a fast toggle. Any of these issues
might cause no or intermittent printing, missing or repeated characters
or garbage printing. Some printer models may have a switch or setting to
set busy by character; others may require a handshake adapter.<sup class="noprint
Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dataproducts">Dataproducts</span><span class="mw-
Dataproducts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataproducts"
title="Dataproducts">Dataproducts</a> introduced a very different implementation of
the parallel interface for their printers. It used a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">DC-
37</a> connector on the host side and a 50 pin connector on the printer side—either
a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">DD-
50</a>
(sometimes incorrectly referred to as a "DB50") or the block shaped
M-50 connector; the M-50 was also referred to as Winchester.<sup id="cite_ref-9"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Dataproducts parallel was
available in a short-line for connections up to 50 feet (15 m) and a long-line
version using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_signaling"
title="Differential signaling">differential signaling</a>
for connections to 500 feet (150 m). The Dataproducts interface
was found on many mainframe systems up through the 1990s, and many
printer manufacturers offered the Dataproducts interface as an option.
</p><p>A wide variety of devices were eventually designed to operate on a
parallel port. Most devices were uni-directional (one-way) devices,
only meant to respond to information sent from the PC. However, some
devices such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_drive" title="Zip
drive">Zip drives</a>
were able to operate in bi-directional mode. Printers also eventually
took up the bi-directional system, allowing various status report
information to be sent.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_uses">Historical uses</span><span
class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a
title=Parallel_port&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical
uses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HP_C4381A_CD-Writer_Plus_7200_Series-
4077.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="Parallel%20port%20-
%20Wikipedia_ficheiros/220px-HP_C4381A_CD-Writer_Plus_7200_Series-4077.jpg"
decoding="async" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HP_C4381A_CD-
Writer_Plus_7200_Series-4077.jpg/330px-HP_C4381A_CD-Writer_Plus_7200_Series-
4077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HP_C4381A_CD-
Writer_Plus_7200_Series-4077.jpg/440px-HP_C4381A_CD-Writer_Plus_7200_Series-
4077.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3309" data-file-height="2482" height="165"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HP_C4381A_CD-Writer_Plus_7200_Series-
4077.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>
C4381A CD-Writer Plus 7200 Series</i>, showing parallel ports to connect between a
printer and the computer.</div></div></div>
<p>Before the advent of <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect"
title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a>,
the parallel interface was adapted to access a number of peripheral
devices other than printers. One early use of the parallel port was for <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongle" title="Dongle">dongles</a> used as
hardware keys which were supplied with application software as a form of software
copy protection. Other uses included <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc
drive">optical disc drives</a> such as <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a>
readers and writers, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iomega_Zip_drive"
class="mw-redirect" title="Iomega Zip drive">Zip drives</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image
scanner">scanners</a>, external <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem"
title="Modem">modems</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamepad"
title="Gamepad">gamepads</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystick"
title="Joystick">joysticks</a>. Some of the earliest portable <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_players" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3
players">MP3 players</a> required a parallel port connection for transferring songs
to the device.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
11">[11]</a></sup> Adapters were available to run <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> devices via
parallel. Other devices such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROM"
title="EPROM">EPROM</a> programmers and hardware controllers could be connected via
the parallel port.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Interfaces">Interfaces</span><span class="mw-
Interfaces">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Most PC-compatible systems in the 1980s and 1990s had one to three ports, with
communication interfaces defined like this:
</p>
<ul><li>Logical parallel port 1: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory-
mapped_I/O" title="Memory-mapped I/O">I/O port</a> 0x3BC, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_request" class="mw-redirect"
title="Interrupt request">IRQ</a> 7 (usually in monochrome graphics adapters)</li>
<li>Logical parallel port 2: I/O port 0x378, IRQ 7 (dedicated IO cards or using a
controller built into the mainboard)</li>
<li>Logical parallel port 3: I/O port 0x278, IRQ 5 (dedicated IO cards or using a
controller built into the mainboard)</li></ul>
<p>If no printer port is present at 0x3BC, the second port in the row
(0x378) becomes logical parallel port 1 and 0x278 becomes logical
parallel port 2 for the BIOS. Sometimes, printer ports are jumpered to
share an interrupt despite having their own IO addresses (i.e. only one
can be used interrupt-driven at a time). In some cases, the BIOS
supports a fourth printer port as well, but the base address for it
differs significantly between vendors. Since the reserved entry for a
fourth logical printer port in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=BIOS_Data_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIOS Data
Area (page does not exist)">BIOS Data Area</a>
(BDA) is shared with other uses on PS/2 machines and with S3 compatible
graphics cards, it typically requires special drivers in most
environments.
Under DR-DOS 7.02 the BIOS port assignments can be changed and
overridden using the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPT1_
%28CONFIG.SYS_directive%29" class="mw-redirect" title="LPT1 (CONFIG.SYS
directive)">LPT1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPT2_
directive)">LPT2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPT3_
directive)">LPT3</a> (and optionally <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPT4_
directive)">LPT4</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONFIG.SYS"
title="CONFIG.SYS">CONFIG.SYS</a> directives.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Access">Access</span><span class="mw-
Access">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>DOS-based systems make the logical parallel ports detected by the BIOS available
under device names such as <i>LPT1</i>, <i>LPT2</i> or <i>LPT3</i>
(corresponding with logical parallel port 1, 2, and 3, respectively).
These names derive from terms like Line Print Terminal, Local Print
Terminal, or Line PrinTer. A similar naming convention was used on <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatible_Timesharing_System"
title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital
Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> systems, as well as in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a> (<i>LST</i>).
</p><p>In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>, the
parallel printers could be accessed directly on the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_line" class="mw-redirect"
title="Command line">command line</a>. For example, the command "<tt>TYPE
C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT > LPT1:</tt>" would redirect the contents of the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUTOEXEC.BAT"
title="AUTOEXEC.BAT">AUTOEXEC.BAT</a> file to the printer port. A <b>PRN</b> device
was also available as an alias for LPT1. Some operating systems (like <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser
DOS</a>)
allow to change this fixed assignment by different means. Some DOS
versions use resident driver extensions provided by MODE, or users can
change the mapping internally via a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONFIG.SYS" title="CONFIG.SYS">CONFIG.SYS</a>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRN_%28CONFIG.SYS_directive%29" class="mw-
redirect" title="PRN (CONFIG.SYS directive)">PRN</a>=n directive (as under DR-DOS
7.02 and higher). DR-DOS 7.02 also provides optional built-in support for
<i>LPT4</i> if the underlying BIOS supports it.
</p><p>PRN, along with CON, AUX and a few others are invalid file and
directory names in DOS and Windows, even in Windows XP. There is even
an MS-DOS device in path name vulnerability in Windows 95 and 98, which
causes the computer to crash if the user types "C:\CON\CON",
"C:\PRN\PRN" or "C:\AUX\AUX" in the Windows Explorer address bar.<sup
class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> has
released a patch to fix this bug, but newly installed Windows 95 and 98 operating
systems will still have the bug.
</p><p>A special "<tt>PRINT</tt>" command also existed to achieve the same effect.
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft
Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> still refers to the ports in this manner in many
cases, though this is often fairly hidden.
</p><p>In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_UNIX" class="mw-redirect"
title="SCO UNIX">SCO UNIX</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"
title="Linux">Linux</a>, the first parallel port is available via the filesystem as
<tt>/dev/lp0</tt>. Linux IDE devices can use a <i>paride</i> (parallel port IDE)
driver.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
12">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_consumer_products">Notable consumer
products</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Parallel_port&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable
consumer products">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accton-etherpocket-sp-parallel-port-
ethernet-adapter.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="Parallel%20port%20-
%20Wikipedia_ficheiros/220px-Accton-etherpocket-sp-parallel-port-ethernet-
adapter.jpg" decoding="async" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Accton-etherpocket-sp-
parallel-port-ethernet-adapter.jpg/330px-Accton-etherpocket-sp-parallel-port-
ethernet-adapter.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Accton-etherpocket-sp-parallel-
port-ethernet-adapter.jpg/440px-Accton-etherpocket-sp-parallel-port-ethernet-
adapter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1737" data-file-height="1412" height="179"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accton-etherpocket-sp-parallel-port-
ethernet-adapter.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accton" class="mw-redirect"
title="Accton">Accton</a> Etherpocket-SP parallel port <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">ethernet</a> adaptor
(circa 1990, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>
drivers). Supports both coax and 10 Base-T. Supplementary power is drawn from a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a>
passthrough cable.</div></div></div>
<ul><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_drive" title="Zip
drive">Iomega ZIP drive</a></li>
<li>The Snappy Video SnapShot video capture device<sup id="cite_ref-13"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS_6.22" class="mw-redirect"
title="MS-DOS 6.22">MS-DOS 6.22's</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTERLNK" class="mw-redirect"
title="INTERLNK">INTERLNK</a> and INTERSRV drive sharing utility</li>
<li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covox_Speech_Thing" title="Covox
Speech Thing">Covox Speech Thing</a> audio device</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Current_use">Current use</span><span class="mw-
title=Parallel_port&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Current
use">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>For consumers, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus"
class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a> and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer
network">computer networks</a> have replaced the parallel printer port, for
connections both to printers and to other devices.
</p><p>Many manufacturers of personal computers and laptops consider parallel to be
a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_port" title="Legacy port">legacy
port</a>
and no longer include the parallel interface. Smaller machines have
less room for large parallel port connectors. USB-to-parallel adapters
are available that can make parallel-only printers work with USB-only
systems.
There are PCI (and PCI-express) cards that provide parallel ports. There
are also some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_server" title="Print
server">print servers</a>
that provide an interface to parallel ports through a network.
USB-to-EPP chips can also allow other non-printer devices to continue to
work on modern computers without a parallel port.<sup id="cite_ref-14"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>For electronics hobbyists the parallel port is still often the
easiest way to connect to an external circuit board. It is faster than
the other common legacy port (serial port), requires no
serial-to-parallel converter, and requires far less interface logic and
software than a USB target interface. However, Microsoft operating
systems later than Windows 95/98 prevent user programs from directly
writing to or reading from the LPT without additional software (kernel
extensions).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>Current <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milling_machine" class="mw-
redirect" title="Milling machine">CNC Milling Machines</a> also often make use of
the parallel port to directly control the machine's motors and attachments.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="IBM_PC_implementation">IBM PC
implementation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Parallel_port&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: IBM PC
implementation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Port_addresses">Port addresses</span><span
title=Parallel_port&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Port
addresses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Traditionally IBM PC systems have allocated their first three
parallel ports according to the configuration in the table below (if all
three printer ports exist).
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th><small>PORT NO</small></th>
<th><small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt"
title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a> #</small></th>
<th><small>Starting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O_Address" class="mw-
redirect" title="I/O Address">I/O</a></small></th>
<th><small>Ending <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O_Address" class="mw-
redirect" title="I/O Address">I/O</a></small>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>#1</code></td>
<td><code><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_Request" class="mw-
redirect" title="Interrupt Request">IRQ</a> 7</code></td>
<td><code>0x3BC</code><sup id="cite_ref-Gilluwe_1994_16-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Gilluwe_1994-16">[16]</a></sup></td>
<td><code>0x3BF</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>0x378</code><sup id="cite_ref-Gilluwe_1994_16-1" class="reference"><a
<td><code>0x37F</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>0x278</code><sup id="cite_ref-Gilluwe_1994_16-2" class="reference"><a
<td><code>0x27F</code>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>If there is an unused slot, the port addresses of the others are
moved up. (For example, if a port at 0x3BC does not exist, the port at
0x378 will then become the first logical parallel port.)<sup id="cite_ref-
Gilluwe_1994_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilluwe_1994-
16">[16]</a></sup>
The base address 0x3BC is typically supported by printer ports on MDA
and Hercules display adapters, whereas printer ports provided by the
mainboard chipset or add-on cards rarely allow to be configured to this
base address. Therefore, in absence of a monochrome display adapter, a
common assignment for the first logical parallel port (and therefore
also for the corresponding LPT1 DOS device driver) today is 0x378, even
though the default is still 0x3BC (and would be selected by the BIOS if
it detects a printer port at this address). The IRQ lines are typically
configurable in the hardware as well. Assigning the same interrupt to
more than one printer port should be avoided and will typically cause
one of the corresponding ports to work in polled mode only. The port
addresses assigned to slot can be determined by reading the <a
title=BIOS_Data_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIOS Data
Area (page does not exist)">BIOS Data Area</a> (BDA) at 0000h:0408h.
</p><p>Bit-to-pin mapping for the Standard Parallel Port (SPP):
</p>
<tbody><tr>
<th><small>Address</small></th>
<th></th>
<th><small> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_significant_bit" class="mw-
redirect" title="Most significant bit">MSB</a> </small></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th><small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_significant_bit" class="mw-
redirect" title="Least significant bit">LSB</a></small>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>Bit:</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Base (Data port)</code></td>
<td>Pin:</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Base+1 (Status port)</code></td>
<td>Pin:</td>
<td>~11</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>15</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Base+2 (Control port)</code></td>
<td>Pin:</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>~17</td>
<td>16</td>
<td>~14</td>
<td>~1
<p>~ indicates a hardware inversion of the bit.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Program_interface">Program interface</span><span
title=Parallel_port&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Program
interface">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In versions of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"
title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> that did not use the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>
kernel (as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>
and some other operating systems), programs could access the parallel
port with simple outportb() and inportb() subroutine commands. In
operating systems such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT"
title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"
title="Unix">Unix</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD"
title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD"
title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_
%28operating_system%29" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>, <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a>,
etc.), the microprocessor is operated in a different security ring, and
access to the parallel port is prohibited, unless using the required
driver. This improves security and arbitration of device contention. On
Linux, inb() and outb() can be used when a process is run as root and an
ioperm() command is used to allow access to its <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_address" title="Base address">base
address</a>; alternatively, ppdev allows shared access and can be used from
userspace if the appropriate permissions are set.
</p><p>The cross-platform library for parallel port access, libieee1284,
also is available on many Linux distributions and provides an abstract
interface to the parallel ports of the system. Access is handled in an
open-claim-release-close sequence, which allows for concurrent access in
userspace.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Pinouts">Pinouts</span><span class="mw-
Pinouts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The older parallel printer ports had an 8-bit data bus and four pins
for control output (Strobe, Linefeed, Initialize, and Select In), and
five more for control input (ACK, Busy, Select, Error, and Paper Out).
Its data transfer speed is at 150 kB/s.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The newer EPPs (Enhanced Parallel Ports) have an 8-bit data bus,
and the same control pins as the normal parallel printer port. Newer
ports reach speeds of up to 2 MB/s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint
noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect"
title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources.
(February 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinout" title="Pinout">Pinouts</a>
for parallel port connectors are:
</p>
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parallel_port_pinouts.svg"
class="image"><img alt="" src="Parallel%20port%20-%20Wikipedia_ficheiros/350px-
Parallel_port_pinouts.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Parallel_port_pinouts.s
vg/525px-Parallel_port_pinouts.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Parallel_port_pinouts.svg/700px
-Parallel_port_pinouts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="390"
height="315" width="350"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parallel_port_pinouts.svg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinout" title="Pinout">Pinouts</a> for parallel
port connectors.</div></div></div>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Pin No (DB25)
</th>
<th>Pin No (36 pin)
</th>
<th>Signal name
</th>
<th>Direction
</th>
<th>Register - bit
</th>
<th>Inverted
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1
</td>
<td>1
</td>
<td>Strobe
</td>
<td>In/Out
</td>
<td>Control-0
</td>
<td>Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2
</td>
<td>2
</td>
<td>Data0
</td>
<td>Out
</td>
<td>Data-0
</td>
<td>No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3
</td>
<td>3
</td>
<td>Data1
</td>
<td>Out
</td>
<td>Data-1
</td>
<td>No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4
</td>
<td>4
</td>
<td>Data2
</td>
<td>Out
</td>
<td>Data-2
</td>
<td>No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>5
</td>
<td>5
</td>
<td>Data3
</td>
<td>Out
</td>
<td>Data-3
</td>
<td>No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>6
</td>
<td>6
</td>
<td>Data4
</td>
<td>Out
</td>
<td>Data-4
</td>
<td>No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>7
</td>
<td>7
</td>
<td>Data5
</td>
<td>Out
</td>
<td>Data-5
</td>
<td>No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>8
</td>
<td>8
</td>
<td>Data6
</td>
<td>Out
</td>
<td>Data-6
</td>
<td>No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>9
</td>
<td>9
</td>
<td>Data7
</td>
<td>Out
</td>
<td>Data-7
</td>
<td>No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>10
</td>
<td>10
</td>
<td>Ack
</td>
<td>In
</td>
<td>Status-6
</td>
<td>No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>11
</td>
<td>11
</td>
<td>Busy
</td>
<td>In
</td>
<td>Status-7
</td>
<td>Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>12
</td>
<td>12
</td>
<td>Paper-Out
</td>
<td>In
</td>
<td>Status-5
</td>
<td>No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>13
</td>
<td>13
</td>
<td>Select
</td>
<td>In
</td>
<td>Status-4
</td>
<td>No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>14
</td>
<td>14
</td>
<td>Linefeed
</td>
<td>In/Out
</td>
<td>Control-1
</td>
<td>Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>15
</td>
<td>32
</td>
<td>Error
</td>
<td>In
</td>
<td>Status-3
</td>
<td>No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>16
</td>
<td>31
</td>
<td>Reset
</td>
<td>In/Out
</td>
<td>Control-2
</td>
<td>No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>17
</td>
<td>36
</td>
<td>Select-Printer
</td>
<td>In/Out
</td>
<td>Control-3
</td>
<td>Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>18-25
</td>
<td>19-30,33,17,16
</td>
<td>Ground
</td>
<td>-
</td>
<td>-
</td>
<td>-
<p>Inverted lines are true on logic low. If they are not inverted, then logic high
is true.
</p><p>Pin 25 on the DB25 connector might not be connected to ground on modern
computers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"
title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is
possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2015)">dubious</span></a> <span
class="metadata"> – <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Parallel_port#Pin_25_not_connected?"
title="Talk:Parallel port">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-
title=Parallel_port&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See
also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file" title="Device
file">Device file</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial
port</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_communication" title="Parallel
communication">Parallel communication</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/Output_Base_Address" class="mw-
redirect" title="Input/Output Base Address">Input/Output Base Address</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">IEEE
1284</a> which is sometimes called an "Enhanced Parallel Port"</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostar" title="Biostar">Biostar</a>, a
Taiwanese computer component manufacturer partly known for having parallel port
connectivity on their motherboards</li></ul>
<p>Hardware IC chips:
</p>
<ul><li>For host computer, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_I/O"
title="Super I/O">Super I/O</a></li>
<li>For peripheral side, parallel port interface chips: PPC34C60 (SMSC) and
W91284PIC (Warp Nine)</li>
<li>For USB-printer purpose, example USB chips: PL-2305 (Prolific) and CH341
(QinHeng)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-
References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-James-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
James_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James, Kevin.
<i>PC interfacing and data acquisition : techniques for measurement,
instrumentation and control</i>. Oxford ; Boston : Newnes, 2000. <style
data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r982806391">.mw-parser-output
cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation
q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output
.citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6
5/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-
limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation
.cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration
a{background:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d
6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-
subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription
a{background:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a
a/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px
dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4
c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output
code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-
parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-
format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-
wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output
.cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-
selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_
%28identifier%29" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750646246"
title="Special:BookSources/9780750646246">9780750646246</a>. p. 256</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-centronics306-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-centronics306_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-centronics306_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_centronicschnicalManualMar76_13986426/37
400040F_Model_306_Technical_Manual_Mar76_djvu.txt"><i>Centronics model 306
Technical Manual</i></a>. Centronics. 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centronics+model+306+Technical+Manual&amp
;rft.pub=Centronics&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream
%2Fbitsavers_centronicschnicalManualMar76_13986426%2F37400040F_Model_306_Technical_
Manual_Mar76_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+port"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-webster-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
webster_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-webster_3-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFWebster,_Edward_C.2000" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Edward C.
(2000). <i>Print Unchained: Fifty Years of Digital Printing: A Saga of Invention
and Enterprise</i>. West Dover, VT: DRA of Vermont. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_%28identifier%29" class="mw-redirect"
title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9702617-0-5"
title="Special:BookSources/0-9702617-0-5"><bdi>0-9702617-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Print+Unchained
%3A+Fifty+Years+of+Digital+Printing
%3A+A+Saga+of+Invention+and+Enterprise&rft.place=West+Dover
%2C+VT&rft.pub=DRA+of+Vermont&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9702617-0-
5&rft.au=Webster%2C+Edward+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AParallel+port" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"
href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-centronics101-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-centronics101_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-centronics101_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow"
href="http://chiclassiccomp.org/docs/content/computing/Centronics/101_101A_101AL_10
2A_306_SpecificationsInterfaceInformation.pdf"><i>Centronics 101, 120A, 101AL,
102A, 306 Printers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003124447/http://chiclassiccomp.org/docs/con
tent/computing/Centronics/101_101A_101AL_102A_306_SpecificationsInterfaceInformatio
n.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on
2016-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centronics+101%2C+120A
%2C+101AL%2C+102A%2C+306+Printers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchiclassiccomp.org%2Fdocs
%2Fcontent%2Fcomputing%2FCentronics
%2F101_101A_101AL_102A_306_SpecificationsInterfaceInformation.pdf&rfr_id=info
%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+port" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-durda-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
durda_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFDurda_IV2004" class="citation web cs1">Durda IV, Frank (2004). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070913082745/http://nemesis.lonestar.org/refere
nce/computers/interfaces/centronics.html">"Centronics and IBM Compatible Parallel
Printer Interface Pin Assignment Reference"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://nemesis.lonestar.org/reference/computers/interfaces/centronics.html">t
he original</a> on 2007-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">2007-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centronics+and+IBM+Compatible+Parallel
+Printer+Interface+Pin+Assignment+Reference&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Durda+
IV&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnemesis.lonestar.org%2Freference
%2Fcomputers%2Finterfaces%2Fcentronics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+port" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170406082832/http://madang.ajou.ac.kr/
%7Eydpark/archive/computer/ppi/fapo/nibble.htm">"Nibble Mode"</a>. <i>Department of
Chemistry, Ajou University</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text"
href="http://madang.ajou.ac.kr/%7Eydpark/archive/computer/ppi/fapo/nibble.htm">the
original</a> on 2017-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Chemistry
%2C+Ajou+University&rft.atitle=Nibble+Mode&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fmadang.ajou.ac.kr%2F~ydpark%2Farchive%2Fcomputer%2Fppi%2Ffapo
%2Fnibble.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+port"
</li>
7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?
DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0640229">EP 0640229</a></span><span class="Z3988"
%3Apatent&rft.number=0640229&rft.cc=EP&rft.title="><span
style="display: none;"> </span></span> Buxton, C.L. / Kohtz, R.A. / Zenith
Data Systems Corp.: <i>Enhanced parallel port.</i> filing date 15 May 1992</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-lava-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
lava_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lava_8-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
class="citation techreport cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060523125620/http://www.nor-
tech.com/solutions/dox/ieee1284_parallel_ports.pdf"><i>IEEE 1284: Parallel
Ports</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report). Lava. 2002.
Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nor-
tech.com/solutions/dox/ieee1284_parallel_ports.pdf">the original</a> <span
class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">.
Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=IEEE+1284%3A+Parallel+Ports&rft.pub
=Lava&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nor-tech.com%2Fsolutions%2Fdox
%2Fieee1284_parallel_ports.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
href="http://www.hardwarebook.info/Dataproducts_D-Sub_50_Parallel">"Dataproducts D-
Sub 50 Parallel"</a>. <i>Hardware Book</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214155050/http://www.hardwarebook.info/Datap
roducts_D-Sub_50_Parallel">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-12-14<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-
25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hardware+Book&rft.atitle=Datapr
oducts+D-Sub+50+Parallel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hardwarebook.info
%2FDataproducts_D-Sub_50_Parallel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
href="http://www.hardwarebook.info/Dataproducts_M/50_Parallel">"Dataproducts M/50
Parallel"</a>. <i>Hardware Book</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214105905/http://www.hardwarebook.info/Datap
roducts_M/50_Parallel">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-12-14<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hardware+Book&rft.atitle=Datapr
oducts+M%2F50+Parallel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hardwarebook.info
%2FDataproducts_M%2F50_Parallel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMitskaniouk2000"
class="citation web cs1">Mitskaniouk, Oleg (2000-06-19). <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://www.targetpc.com/hardware/audio/mp3/dlink_dmp100/index2.shtml">"The D-
Link DMP-100 MP3 Player"</a>. Target PC Magazine. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501140844/http://www.targetpc.com/hardware/a
udio/mp3/dlink_dmp100/index2.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-
01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+D-Link+DMP-
100+MP3+Player&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Target+PC+Magazine&rft.date=2000-06-
19&rft.aulast=Mitskaniouk&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.targetpc.com%2Fhardware%2Faudio
%2Fmp3%2Fdlink_dmp100%2Findex2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite id="CITEREFBarkakati2006" class="citation book cs1">Barkakati, Naba (2006).
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?
id=1BPAJhqtsQwC"><i>Linux All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies</i></a>. For
dummies (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 482. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_%28identifier%29" class="mw-redirect"
title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471793137"
title="Special:BookSources/9780471793137"><bdi>9780471793137</bdi></a><span
11</span></span>. <q>Some IDE devices use a parallel port IDE adapter — that's what
the PARIDE option refers to.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linux+All-in-
One+Desk+Reference+For+Dummies&rft.series=For+dummies&rft.pages=482&rft
.edition=2&rft.pub=John+Wiley+
%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780471793137&rft.aulast=Barkakati&
rft.aufirst=Naba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid
%3D1BPAJhqtsQwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+port"
</li>
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/products/play-
snappy-video-snapshot-still-image-capture-adapter-series/specs/">"Play Snappy Video
SnapShot still-image capture adapter Series Specifications"</a>. <i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a></i>. <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806181332/https://www.cnet.com/products/play
-snappy-video-snapshot-still-image-capture-adapter-series/specs/">Archived</a> from
the original on 2017-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Play+Snappy+Vid
eo+SnapShot+still-image+capture+adapter+Series+Specifications&rft_id=https%3A
%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fproducts%2Fplay-snappy-video-snapshot-still-image-capture-
adapter-series%2Fspecs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+port"
</li>
href="https://archive.today/20120630214557/http://myweb.polyu.edu.hk/
%7E06900664r/ch341epp.htm">"Parallel port flatbed scanner works under USB on Win9x
(Archive)"</a>. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30<span class="reference-
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parallel+port+flatbed+scanner+works+un
der+USB+on+Win9x+%28Archive%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyweb.polyu.edu.hk
%2F~06900664r%2Fch341epp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AParallel+port" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1
maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-
url_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status
unknown">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314200553/http://www.logix4u.net/parallel-
port/16-inpout32dll-for-windows-982000ntxp">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logix4u.net/parallel-port/16-
inpout32dll-for-windows-982000ntxp">the original</a> on 2014-03-14<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.logix4u.net%2Fparallel-port%2F16-inpout32dll-for-windows-
982000ntxp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParallel+port"
class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: archived
copy as title (<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title"
title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gilluwe_1994-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Gilluwe_1994_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Gilluwe_1994_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Gilluwe_1994_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Gilluwe_1994_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span
class="reference-text">Frank Van Gilluwe, The Undocumented PC, 1994, page 703,
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_
title="Special:BookSources/0-201-62277-7">0-201-62277-7</a></span>
</li>
17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.techopedia.com/definition/3658/parallel-port">Parallel Port
Definition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130103055347/http://www.techopedia.com/definiti
on/3658/parallel-port">Archived</a> 2013-01-03 at the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback
Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Techopedia</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047268">.mw-parser-output
.refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-
indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-
indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-
left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output
.refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin reflist" style="">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Axelson" title="Jan
Axelson">Axelson, Jan</a> (2000). <i>Parallel Port Complete</i>. <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.janaxelson.com/parport.htm">Jan Axelson's
Lakeview Research</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_
title="Special:BookSources/0-9650819-1-5">0-9650819-1-5</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://kernelbook.sourceforge.net/parportbook.pdf">The (Linux) Parallel Port
Subsystem by Tim Waugh</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span
title=Parallel_port&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External
links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox"
style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="Parallel%20port%20-
%20Wikipedia_ficheiros/30px-Commons-logo.png" decoding="async" class="noviewer"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-
Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-
logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-
height="1376" height="40" width="30"></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parallel_port" class="extiw"
title="commons:Category:Parallel port"><span style="">Parallel
port</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li>Parallel Port (from <i>BeyondLogic.org</i>) <a rel="nofollow"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301022928/http://retired.beyondlogic.org/spp
/parallel.pdf">standard</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306000230/http://retired.beyondlogic.org/epp
/epp.pdf">enhanced (EPP)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305192341/http://retired.beyondlogic.org/ecp
/ecp.pdf">extended (ECP)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://retired.beyondlogic.org/parlcd/parlcd.pdf">examples</a><sup
class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link
rot"><span title=" Dead link since March 2018">permanent dead
link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503071916/http://electra.altervista.org/">EP
P parallel printer port data capture project</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-
mini/IO-Port-Programming.html">Linux I/O port programming mini-HOWTO</a></li>
href="http://people.redhat.com/twaugh/parport/html/parportguide.html">The Linux 2.4
Parallel Port Subsystem</a></li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031213301/http://logix4u.net/Legacy_Ports/Pa
rallel_Port/A_tutorial_on_Parallel_port_Interfacing.html">Parallel Port interfacing
with Windows NT/2000/XP</a></li>
href="https://archive.org/details/parallelportcomp0000axel">Parallel port complete:
programming, interfacing & using the PC's parallel printer port</a></li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124173622/http://pyserial.sourceforge.net/py
parallel.html">PyParallel</a> - API for Python programming language</li>
href="http://people.redhat.com/twaugh/parport/html/parportguide.html">Linux ppdev
reference</a></li>
href="http://cyberelk.net/tim/software/libieee1284/">libieee1284 homepage</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-
us/library/windows/hardware/ff544788%28v=VS.85%29.aspx">MSDN: Roadmap for
Developing Parallel Device Drivers</a></li></ul>
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hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_device" title="Input
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<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer
keyboard">Keyboard</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image
scanner">Image scanner</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone"
title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing
device">Pointing device</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics
tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game
controller">Game controller</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light
pen</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer
mouse">Mouse</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical
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Catalan" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="ca">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a
href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraleln%C3%AD_port" title="Paralelní port –
Czech" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="cs">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a
href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallele_Schnittstelle" title="Parallele
Schnittstelle – German" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a
href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6pv%C3%A4rat" title="Rööpvärat –
Estonian" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="et">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a
href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_paralelo" title="Puerto paralelo –
Spanish" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a
href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataka_paralelo" title="Ataka paralelo – Basque"
hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="eu">Euskara</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a
href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_
%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="‫ – درگاه موازی‬Persian" hreflang="fa"
class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="fa">‫<فارسی‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-
link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_parall%C3%A8le"
title="Port parallèle – French" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a
href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_paralelo" title="Porto paralelo –
Galician" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="gl">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a
href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%ED%8F%AC%ED%8A%B8"
title="병렬 포트 – Korean" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="ko">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a
href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_paralel" title="Porta paralel –
Indonesian" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="id">Bahasa
Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a
href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_parallela" title="Porta parallela –
Italian" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a
href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB
%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Қатарлас порт – Kazakh" hreflang="kk"
class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="kk">Қазақша</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a
href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paral%C4%93l%C4%81_piesl%C4%93gvieta"
title="Paralēlā pieslēgvieta – Latvian" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-
target" lang="lv">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a
href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1rhuzamos_port" title="Párhuzamos port –
Hungarian" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a
href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BD_
%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="പാരലൽ
പോർട്ട് – Malayalam" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a
href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_selari" title="Port selari – Malay"
hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a
href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelle_poort" title="Parallelle poort –
Dutch" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a
href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9D
%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="パラレルポート – Japanese" hreflang="ja"
class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-
link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_r%C3%B3wnoleg
%C5%82y" title="Port równoległy – Polish" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-
target" lang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a
href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_paralela" title="Interface paralela –
Portuguese" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a
href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_paralel" title="Port paralel – Romanian"
hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="ro">Română</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a
href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB
%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Параллельный
порт – Russian" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="ru">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a
href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port –
Simple English" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="en-
simple">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a
href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraleln%C3%BD_port" title="Paralelný port –
Slovak" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a
href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralelna_vrata_%28LPT%29" title="Paralelna
vrata (LPT) – Slovenian" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target"
lang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a
href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB
%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Паралелни порт – Serbian"
hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="sr">Српски /
srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a
href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinnakkaisliit%C3%A4nt%C3%A4"
title="Rinnakkaisliitäntä – Finnish" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-
target" lang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a
href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallellport" title="Parallellport – Swedish"
hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a
href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralel_port" title="Paralel port – Turkish"
hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="tr">Türkçe</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C
%E1%BB%95ng_song_song" title="Cổng song song – Vietnamese" hreflang="vi"
class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a
href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B6%E8%A1%8C%E7%AB%AF%E5%8F%A3" title="并
行端口 – Chinese" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target" lang="zh">中文
</a></li></ul>
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