Index

p1.
ct
Tutorial
Simulating with FluidSIM
Experiments
Excursus
Mathematical Models
Various
Tutorial
Welcome to the tutorial: "Simulating with FluidSIM Pneumatics" The aim of the
tutorial is to provide an insight into the simulation of electro-pneumatic systems
using the simulation program FluidSIM and practical examples. It is assumed, that
you are familiar with the basic functions and operation of FluidSIM.
Introduction
p1_1.ct
Tutorial < Experiments
Moving a mass
Experiments
Tutorial
A number of experiments shall now be conducted using the simulation in FluidSIM.
Determination of the normal nominal-flow
Conductance and critical pressure ratio
Experiments
Moment of inertia
Measuring and calculating the air requirements
p1_1_1.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass
Horizontal movement of a mass
Vertical movement of a mass
Experiments
Moving a mass
A mass of 50 kg shall be 1. pushed and 2. lifted (installation angle of cylinder
90�) by a cylinder-piston. This experiment shall show, through the choice of
different cylinders (settings in the cylinder-configurator), how much energy a
cylinder requires, in order to move a mass horizontally and vertically. It shall
be shown, � which cylinder is necessary in order to move or lift the 50 kg
mass � what effect the installation angle has over the movement of the same
mass and which cylinder is required
Moving a mass - the problem
Tutorial
p1_1_1_1.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Horizontal movement of a mass
Experiments
Moving a mass
Horizontal movement of a 50 kg mass (pushing)
The following circuit serves as an experimental setup.
Tutorial
p1_1_1_1_1.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Horizontal movement of a mass < The
double-acting cylinder
Experiments
Moving a mass
The double-acting cylinder
Industrial version
Modified version
First of all, the double-acting cylinder, as used in the pneumatic technology
packages from Festo Didactic, shall be evaluated. This is the modified version of
the industrial Festo standard cylinder DSNU-20-100-PPV-A.
The double-acting cylinder
Tutorial
p1_1_1_1_10.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Horizontal movement of a mass < Evaluation
Part 1
Experiments
Moving a mass
Evaluation Part 1
When the pressure is increased, the piston force that the cylinder can exert is
increased. The piston moves faster.
Evaluation Part 1
Tutorial
p1_1_1_1_11.ct
Part 2
When the pressure is decreased, the piston moves slower.
Evaluation Part 2
Experiments
Moving a mass
Evaluation Part 2
Tutorial
p1_1_1_1_12.ct
Part 3
If the pressure is decreased even further, then ultimately the piston does not move
at all. This is due to the fact that the piston force necessary to move the 50 kg
mass diminishes, and at a certain level it is insufficient.
Evaluation Part 3
Experiments
Moving a mass
Evaluation Part 3
Tutorial
p1_1_1_1_2.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Horizontal movement of a mass < Standard
cylinder DSNU - 20 - 100 - PPV - A
Standard cylinder DSNU - 20 - 100 - PPV - A
Data sheet
Standard cylinder conforming to DIN ISO 6432 for contactless scanning. Various
possibilities for mounting, with or without extra mounting-fixtures. With
adjustable end-cushioning.
Standard cylinder DSNU - 20 - 100 - PPV - A
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_1_3.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Horizontal movement of a mass < Preset
cylinder parameters
Preset cylinder parameters
The parameters are set as in the above data sheet. The cylinder parameters can be
set in FluidSIM in the property window for the cylinder. You can access the
properties with a double-click on the relevant cylinder. � piston diameter 20
mm � piston rod diameter 8 mm (see excursus: Calculating the piston rod diameter
p1_2_6_1_5) � installation angle 0� (horizontal mounting position)
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_1_4.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Horizontal movement of a mass < External
load and friction
External load and friction
Please note: the piston area necessary in order to determine the force of the
cylinder piston is calculated automatically by FluidSIM and is displayed in the
cylinder configurator under "derived parameters". In this case, the piston area is
3.14 (qcm). In the test setup, a steel mass shall be moved horizontally along a
steel surface. The following parameters need to be set for this extreme load: �
moving mass 50 kg � friction steel on steel coefficient of static
friction 0.15 coefficient of sliding friction 0.1
External load and friction
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_1_5.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Horizontal movement of a mass < Operating
pressure of the compressed air supply
Operating pressure of the compressed air supply
The operating pressure of the midrange compressed air supply must be set to 0.6 MPa
(6 bar).
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_1_6.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Horizontal movement of a mass < Execution
Execution
� Simulate the circuit diagram and observe the path and speed of the cylinder
piston in the state diagram � Calculate whether the force of a 20 mm diameter
cylinder is sufficient to move a mass of 50 kg (see Cylinder model - Friction
p1_3_7_1_1). � read off the cylinders theoretical piston force from the data
sheet.
Execution
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_1_7.ct
Evaluation
1. The cylinder used can move 50 kg. 2. The theoretical piston force that
the cylinder can apply amounts to 188.5 N. 3. Approximately 74 N are
necessary to put 50 kg in motion.
Evaluation
Show solution
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_1_8.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Horizontal movement of a mass < Solution
Solution
1. In order to the move the mass, we first have to overcome the static friction.
For this, the break-away force FB is calculated as follows (see Cylinder model -
Friction p1_3_7_1_1):
According to the data sheet, the theoretical piston force amounts to 188.5 N (see
excursus Calculating the theoretical and effective piston force p1_2_6 for further
details) which is therefore sufficient to set the cylinder piston (and with it, the
external mass) horizontally in motion.
2. The mass remains in motion, because the sliding friction is less than the
static friction. The sliding friction force FC, which counteracts the motion, is
calculated as follows:
The inertia of the mass affects the acceleration. The larger the mass to be moved,
the lower the acceleration. This needs to be considered for the desired procedural
speed. You can find out more about the influence of the moment of inertia in the
experiment moment of inertia p1_1_4.
Solution
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_1_9.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Horizontal movement of a mass < Additional
exercise
Additional exercise
Additional exercise
Vary the operating pressure of the compressed air supply between 1 MPa and 0.2 MPa.
Simulate these circuit diagrams and describe the effects. Tip: stop the
simulation before you change the pressure values, so that the initial situation
remains constant when you restart the simulation.
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_2.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Vertical movement of a mass
Vertical movement of a 50 kg mass (lifting)
The following circuit shows the amended test setup. The cylinder has now been
installed vertically (installation angle of cylinder 90�). The operating pressure
is set once again to 0.6 MPa. Start the simulation. The cylinder piston does not
move. Obviously, the piston force is less than the force of gravity on the mass to
be lifted.
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_2_1.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Vertical movement of a mass < Choice of
cylinder
A cylinder needs to be chosen with a piston force that is greater than the force of
gravity on the mass to be lifted. Bear in mind, that friction does not play a part
when vertically lifting a mass (cos(90�)=0, see cylinder model - friction
p1_3_7_1_1). The following steps need to be performed when choosing a cylinder:
� calculate the force of gravity on the mass to be lifted. �define, with the
use of data sheets or calculation, (see excursus Calculating the theoretical and
effective piston force p1_2_6) the minimum piston diameter necessary to lift the
mass at an operating pressure of 0.6 MPa.
Choice of cylinder
Choice of cylinder
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_2_10.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Vertical movement of a mass < Evaluation
part 3
Evaluation part 3
If the force falls below a certain value, then the piston actually comes to a
complete standstill.
Evaluation part 3
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_2_2.ct
Evaluation
Change the cylinder parameters in accordance with your calculations and simulate
the circuit diagram. A minimum of 40 mm piston diameter by 0.6 MPa is necessary
to lift 50 kg. In comparison, a 20 mm piston diameter is sufficient to move the
same mass with an external friction of 0.1- 0.15.
Evaluation
Show solution
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_2_3.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Vertical movement of a mass < Solution
Solution
The force of gravity FW of a mass m of 50 kg is calculated using the acceleration
due to gravity g � 9.81 m/s� with the following formula:
The Festo product catalog quotes the theoretical piston force of a 32 mm diameter
cylinder as being 483 N. This force is not enough to move the mass. The next
largest piston is quoted with a 40 mm diameter and a theoretical piston force of
754 N.
Solution
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_2_4.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Vertical movement of a mass < Compact
cylinder ADVU-40-P-A
Compact cylinder ADVU-40-P-A
Compact cylinder ADVU-40-P-A
We select the following compact cylinder from the catalog.
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_2_5.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Vertical movement of a mass < Setting the
parameters
Setting the parameters
The piston rod diameter can be determined from the theoretical force during the
reverse stroke (see excursus calculating the piston rod diameter p1_2_6_1_5) and
measures 12 mm.
Setting the parameters
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_2_6.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Vertical movement of a mass < Function
testing
Function testing
Verify the cylinder parameter settings and simulate the circuit diagram.
Function testing
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_2_7.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moving a mass < Vertical movement of a mass < Additional
exercise
Additional exercise
� Vary the pressure (1 MPa and 0.15 MPa). � Simulate these circuit
diagrams and describe the effects.
Additional exercise
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_2_8.ct
Part 1
Evaluation Part 1
When the pressure is increased, the piston force that the cylinder can exert is
increased. The piston moves faster.
Evaluation Part 1
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_1_2_9.ct
Part 2
Evaluation Part 2
When the pressure is decreased, the piston moves slower because the force needed to
move the mass of 50 kg diminishes.
Evaluation Part 2
Experiments
Moving a mass
Tutorial
p1_1_2.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Determination of the standard nominal-flow
Determination of the standard nominal-flow
Although FluidSIM allows the direct allocation of a standard nominal-flow p1_2_5_2
to each valve, it is also possible to determine the standard nominal-flow with the
following test set up. In the following, the standard nominal-flow of the
directional valve shall be determined.
Determination of the standard nominal-flow: problem and test set up
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_2_1.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Determination of the standard nominal-flow < Execution
Start the simulation and reduce the opening level of the throttle valve until 0.5
MPa is displayed on the right manometer. Please note that in FluidSIM the excess
pressure p1_2_1_1 is shown.
Tip: click on the throttle valve during the simulation, to open the controller for
the opening level settings.
Execution
Execution
Show Evaluation
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_2_2.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Determination of the standard nominal-flow < Evaluation
You can read the standard nominal-flow on the flow-meter as soon as the right
manometer registers 0.5 MPa . It amounts to 60 l/min. After you have stopped the
simulation, you can verify the measured value in the directional valve's dialog
box. Open the properties window for the directional-valve with a double click.
There you can read the standard nominal flow settings.
Evaluation
Evaluation
Tip: the simulation must be terminated with "Execute/Stop" before you can open the
directional valve's properties dialogue. You are now in the edit/processing mode.
In the simulation mode, you would change the valve if you clicked on it.
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_3.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Conductance and critical pressure ratio
The conductance C and the critical pressure ratio b in ISO 6358 are the flow
characteristics of pneumatic components. In ISO 6358 there are two methods
available for conductance measurement [2, 4] p1_4_2. 1. By a constant inlet
pressure p1, p2 is lowered until there is no more increase in volumetric flow rate.
This means that an over-critical flow is present and in doing so the speed of sound
is attained at the narrowest point of the test unit. 2. The second method is
suited for test units where it is not possible to vary the back pressure p2. Here
the inlet pressure is gradually increased until the mass flow rate increases
proportionally to the inlet pressure, hereby also creating an over-critical flow
(see Flow model ISO 6358 p1_2_3).
Conductance and critical pressure ratio - the problem
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_3_1.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Conductance and critical pressure ratio < Calculation
formula
The conductance C can be calculated with both methods using the overcritical mass
flow rate m, the inlet pressure p1, the temperature at the gauge T1 and the
equation for the overcritical flow (see also the approximation ellipse as in ISO
6358 p1_2_3_2 ff).
The critical pressure ratio b can be determined with the help of the conductance C
and every monitoring-point (m, p1, T1) in the below-critical area.
Calculation formula
Calculation formula
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_3_2.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Conductance and critical pressure ratio < Test set up
The determination of the conductance and the critical pressure ratio can also be
conducted in FluidSIM. The following test setup shall serve as an example:
The following component parameters are set: � compressed air supply
operating pressure 0.6 MPa maximum volumetric flow rate1000 l/min �
throttle valve opening level 0% standard nominal-flow 2000 l/min
� flow meter standard nominal-flow 5000 l/min
Test set up
Determining the conductance
Calculating the critical pressure ratio
Test set up
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_3_3.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Conductance and critical pressure ratio < Determining the
conductance
Set the units to be displayed to bar for the pressure and g/s for the volumetric
flow rate and the mass flow rate, respectively. In the following, method 1 will be
used for the determination of the conductance and the critical pressure ratio.
Start the simulation and gradually open the throttle valve until the mass flow
remains constant.
Tip: click on the throttle valve during the simulation to open the controller for
The conductance C can be calculated with the formula p1_1_3_1 below. Please note
that in FluidSIM, the excess pressure p1_2_1_1 is displayed, and the temperature is
assumed to be a constant 293.15 K (20 �C).
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_3_4.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Conductance and critical pressure ratio < Calculating the
critical pressure ratio
For the calculation of the critical pressure ratio b, a measuring-point in the
below-critical area needs to be selected.
Tip: click on the throttle valve during the simulation, to open the controller for
The critical pressure ratio can now be calculated as follows:
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_3_5.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Conductance and critical pressure ratio < Evaluation
Evaluation
The calculated results are consistent with the values used in FluidSIM. In FluidSIM
the critical pressure ratio of b = 0.4 is used for all valves. The conductance C
can then be calculated from the standard nominal-flow with the simple formula:
In the described example, the directional valve has a standard nominal-flow of 60
l/min. Consequently, the conductance of C = 0.24078, which corresponds with the
measurement result, can be calculated.
Evaluation
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_4.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moment of inertia
Moment of inertia
A mass of 500 kg shall be set in motion by cylinder piston. The experiment shall
show how slowly a mass of 500 kg accelerates, when acted upon by a minimal piston
force. Then: � on the basis of behavior of the cylinder piston (distance,
speed and acceleration), the moment of inertia shall be demonstrated and traced, �
the maximum acceleration shall be calculated, � the cylinder parameters
shall be optimized, such that the mass of 500 kg be moved with a sufficiently high
acceleration. An appropriate cylinder shall be described and selected.
Moment of inertia - the problem
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_4_1.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moment of inertia < Law of Inertia
The law of inertia defines the term inertia as follows: "An object at rest tends
to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed
and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force." The cause
of every change of movement (acceleration) is a force. The relationship between
force, mass and acceleration is described by the following equation:
Law of Inertia
i.e. the force is proportional to the product of the mass times the acceleration.
It follows that, the larger the mass, the greater the force must be in order to
achieve the same acceleration.
Law of Inertia
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_4_10.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moment of inertia < Evaluation
Evaluation
The calculated acceleration values correspond very well with the simulated values
p1_1_4_7. The marginal discrepancies are caused by losses of pressure in the valves
and through internal cylinder friction. FluidSIM makes allowance for this during
the simulation. With a constant acceleration a, then simple equations for the
distance x and the speed v during the time f can also be specified:
Evaluation
From the state diagram p1_1_4_7, we can learn that the piston needs approx. 0.75
seconds for the forward stroke. This results in a maximum speed of
and for the distance covered
These estimated values correspond well with the simulated values.
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_4_11.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moment of inertia < Optimizing the cylinder acceleration
Optimizing the cylinder acceleration
We are looking for a cylinder that, with a mass of 500 kg and at an operating
pressure of 0.6 MPa, can accelerate to 1 m/s in approx. 0.5 seconds. A suitable
cylinder can be determined either experimentally or through calculation. For the
experimental determination, we select cylinders of increasing area so long until
the desired values in the simulation or in an actual experiment are reached. For
the calculation we apply the previously used equation for speed at constant
acceleration. At first we calculate the necessary acceleration. By converting the
equation we obtain the acceleration as follows:
The necessary piston force is then
The piston diameter dP necessary to generate a force of 1000 N at 0.6 MPa is
calculated as follows (see Theoretical piston force p1_2_6_1):
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_4_11_1.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moment of inertia < Optimizing the cylinder acceleration <
Cylinder selection
Cylinder selection
The Festo catalog lists cylinders with 40 mm and 50 mm piston diameter for the
calculated piston diameter. Therefore a cylinder with a minimum diameter of 50 mm
needs to be selected.
Cylinder selection
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_4_11_2.ct
Setting the cylinder parameters
We calculate the piston-rod diameter and set the parameters in the properties menu
for the cylinder.
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_4_11_3.ct
Execution
Execution
Simulate the circuit diagram and observe the path, speed and acceleration in the
state diagram. Click on the left or right directional valve, respectively, in
order to toggle the impulse valve. Assess the result during the forward stroke
and the reverse stroke.
Execution
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_4_11_4.ct
Comparison: calculation and simulation
The cylinder piston does not attain the desired speed of 0.5 s. This is due on the
one hand to the piston reaching its end position before attaining the required
speed. A further reason is the fall in pressure in the middle directional valve.
This pressure loss can be reduced through the choice of a directional valve with a
larger standard nominal-flow. The choice of cylinder is easy to gauge through
the use of the previous estimation. An exact interpretation can only be obtained
through further experiments or a dynamic simulation with FluidSIM. The selected
cylinder could also overcome the described static friction of 735.8 N. The, through
the motion, resulting sliding friction would, however, produce a lower
acceleration.
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_4_2.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moment of inertia < Standard cylinder DSNU-20-100-PPV-A
Standard cylinder DSNU-20-100-PPV-A
Standard cylinder DSNU-20-100-PPV-A
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_4_3.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moment of inertia < Test setup
Test setup
The following circuit diagram serves as a test setup:
Test setup
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_4_4.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moment of inertia < Preset cylinder parameters
The parameters are set as in the above data sheet. The cylinder parameters can be
set in FluidSIM in the property menu for the cylinder. You can access the
properties with a double-click on the relevant cylinder icon. � piston
diameter 20 mm � piston-rod diameter 8 mm (see excursus: Calculating the piston-
rod diameter p1_2_6_1_5) � installation angle 0� (horizontal mounting position)
Please note: the piston area required to define the force of the cylinder piston is
automatically calculated by FluidSIM and displayed in the cylinder configurator
under "derived parameters". In this case, the piston area is 3.14(qcm).
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_4_5.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moment of inertia < Setting the moving mass
Setting the moving mass
The moving mass is set at 500 kg. For simplification and clarification, the static
and the sliding-friction, which arises by the horizontal movement according to the
material, will not be considered during this experiment.
Setting the moving mass
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_4_6.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moment of inertia < Operating pressure of the compressed
air supply
The operating pressure of the midrange compressed air supply must be set to 0.6 MPa
(6 bar).
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_4_7.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moment of inertia < Execution
Execution
Simulate the circuit diagram and observe the path, speed and acceleration of the
cylinder piston in the state diagram. Click on the left or right directional
valve, respectively, in order to toggle the impulse valve. Assess the result in
the forward stroke and the reverse stroke.
Execution
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_4_8.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moment of inertia < Evaluation
Evaluation
The experiment shows that, when a minimal force is used to move a large mass, there
is little acceleration and the maximal speed is also low due to the short piston
distance. During the reverse stroke, the acceleration is even less because the
piston ring area is smaller than the piston area and the hereby attained piston
force is low. In order to move larger masses, a larger piston area which exerts a
higher force is necessary. If a coefficient of friction for the static friction
were taken into account for our experiment, then this cylinder would not manage to
move the mass of 500 kg (see experiment: moving a mass p1_1_1). Assuming a
coefficient of static friction of 0.15 (steel on steel), then the static friction
is calculated as follows:
Evaluation
According to the data sheet or the calculation, the 20 mm diameter cylinder
achieves 188.5 Newton during the forward stroke. The piston could not overcome the
static friction of 735.8 N and can therefore not move the mass of 500 kg.
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_4_9.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Moment of inertia < Calculating the maximum acceleration
Calculating the maximum acceleration
For the calculation of distance, speed and acceleration, FluidSIM uses procedures
for the solution of differential equations. These can generally not be calculated
manually. It is however possible to calculate the maximum acceleration by assuming
the force to be constant. By only considering the pressure and the effective
piston area, then a simple relationship can be established (see cylinder model
p1_3_7):
Calculating the maximum acceleration
The equation transposed using a now reads:
Inserting the theoretical force of 0.6 MPa (6 bar) as in the data sheet p1_1_4_2,
the result for the forward stroke is now:
and for the reverse stroke:
Experiments
Tutorial
Moment of inertia
p1_1_5.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Measuring and calculating the air requirements
When considering pneumatics from an economical point of view, the important role
that the production, processing and distribution of the air pressure play is often
underestimated. The production and distribution are so safe and therefore
unobtrusive that the possibilities for cost-reduction in this area are often over-
looked. Investigations in various works have shown that energy losses in
compressed air supply networks exist ranging from 20% to 30% and more. For
example, a leak of 10 mm diameter and a pressure of 600 kPa (6 bar), causes a loss
of 7850 l/min. This corresponds to a compressor performance of approx. 43 kW. A
pressure loss of 100 kPa (7 bar), which needs to be compensated by a higher
pressure generated at the compressor, costs around a tenth of the installed
electrical capacity. Added to this, is the fact that a compressor with a
recommended operating pressure of 700 kPa (7 bar), produces a 1% less volumetric
flow rate at a pressure of 800 kPa. Leaks and a pressure loss in the main
network of >10 kPa (0.1 bar) need not occur, as long as the compressed air network
between the compressed air supply and the machine has been professionally
installed.
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_5_1.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Measuring and calculating the air requirements < The
problem
In a transfer station, packages with a mass of 25 kg are being lifted by a 500 mm
cylinder. A second cylinder pushes the packages onto a conveyor-belt. It shall be
shown, how much air is used and what costs incur.
The problem
The problem
It shall be shown, � how the air-supply can be measured with FluidSIM � how
the air-supply can be estimated with the help of an air consumption diagram �
how leakages affect the air consumption
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_5_2.ct
Tutorial < Experiments < Measuring and calculating the air requirements < Measuring
the air-supply without leakages
The technical data of the cylinder can be derived from the data sheets below.
The theoretical force during the reverse stroke results in a piston-rod diameter of
12 mm (see Calculating the piston-rod diameter p1_2_6_1_5).
Measuring the air-supply without leakages
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_5_2_1.ct
the air-supply without leakages < Execution
The following circuit serves as a test set up. � Start the simulation and set
the machine in motion by switching the directional valve marked "START" on. �
Both cylinders carry out ten forward and return strokes each. � Read off the
compressed air supply at the volumetric flow meter. � Calculate the compressed
air supply using the air consumption diagram.
Execution
Execution
START
Show solution
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_5_2_2.ct
the air-supply without leakages < Evaluation and solution
After ten forward and return strokes (10 transferred packages) approximately 68 l
of compressed air have flowed through the volumetric flow meter (based upon the
physical standard condition p1_2_1_4_1). That is an average of 6.8 l per forward
and return stroke and 8160 l = 8.16 m3/h. The costs are approx. 0.16 �/h by
assumed compressed air costs of 0.02 �/h. With the assistance of the volumetric
flow meter in FluidSIM, the compressed air supply and the related costs can easily
be estimated, without the necessity for diagrams and equations. The volumetric flow
meter can be omitted by a genuine assembly of the equipment. Likewise, the
compressed air supply can be estimated using the air consumption diagram. More
information is available in the textbook "Pneumatics Basic Level p1_4_2". The
cylinders have a piston diameter of 32 mm. An air consumption of approx. 0.05 l/cm
per stroke at 600 kPa (6 bar) can be read off the diagram. The difference in volume
at the forward and reverse stroke is neglected. The cylinder strokes 50 cm und 20
cm result in an air consumption of 2 � 50 � 0.05 + 2 � 20 � 0.05 l = 7 l per
transferred package. The result is consistent with the value of 6.8 l calculated in
FluidSIM.
Evaluation and solution
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_5_3.ct
the air-supply with leakages
Through a leaking gasket, an annular gap of 0.06 mm arose at the circumference of a
valve shaft with a diameter of 20 mm. This annular gap corresponds to a leak with a
diameter of 2 mm and an air loss of approx. 0.2 m3/min. This results in 12 m3/h at
600 kPa (6 bar). A daily air loss of 288 m3 arises due to the air also escaping
during the operating breaks.
Measuring the compressed air supply with leakages
Measuring the air-supply with leakages
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_5_3_1.ct
the air-supply with leakages < Execution
The following circuit serves as a test setup. The leak is simulated in the circuit
by a nozzle. � Simulate the circuit and compare the compressed air supply with
the simulation without leakage. � Calculate the costs that the leak causes daily
and yearly (250 working days) with compressed air costs of 0.02 �/m3.
Execution
Execution
START
LECKAGE
Show solution
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_1_5_3_2.ct
the air-supply with leakages < Evaluation and solution
After ten forward and return strokes (10 transferred packages) approximately 185 l
of compressed air have flowed through the volumetric flow meter. That is almost
three times the volume of air in the simulation without leakage. The circuit works
correctly in spite of the leakage. Therefore, the leakage could remain unnoticed
under working conditions. A comparison with the measured and the simulated values
in FluidSIM can show the existence of a leak. The leakage causes daily extra
costs of 0.02 � 12 � 24 � = 5.76 �. This amounts to 1440 � per year at 250 working
days. The example shows, that leakages can cause high costs and must be avoided
as far as possible. The following diagram shows the relationship between the
leakage amount and the opening cross-section and the diameter and the pressure,
respectively. For example, 0.5 m3/min flows out of a bore hole with a diameter of
3.5 mm at a pressure of 600 kPa (6 bar). This results in an hourly air consumption
of 30 m3.
Experiments
Tutorial
p1_2.ct
Tutorial < Excursus
Calculating the theoretical|and effective piston force
Excursus
Calculating the pressure build-up
The following excursus gives a deeper insight into the physical relationships that
occurred in the previous experiments.
Excursus
All about the gas "air"
Converting mass flow rate in volumetric flow rate
Flow rate specifications
Flow rate model according to ISO 6358
Tutorial
p1_2_1.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < All about the gas "air"
In pneumatics, air is used to convey energy and signals. Air is a gaseous mixture
comprising of: � approx. 78 Vol. % Nitrogen � approx. 21 Vol. % Oxygen
plus additional traces of carbon dioxide, argon, hydrogen, neon, helium, krypton
and xenon. [1] p1_4_2. Characteristic for air is the very low cohesion, i.e. the
forces between the air molecules can be ignored under the standard operating
conditions found in pneumatics. Therefore, air is considered to be an ideal gas and
the physical laws pertaining to ideal gases are applied. As with all gases, air
does not have a definite shape. It changes its form by the slightest exposure to
force and takes up the maximum amount of space that is available to it.
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_1_1.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < All about the gas "air" < Pressure definitions
An important term used in pneumatics is pressure. The unit of measurement for
pressure is 1 Pa (see SI-units p1_4_1). Various pressure sizes are used for which
different descriptions are generally in use [2] p1_4_2. The most important
descriptions, as recommended in the DIN standard 1314, are: � Absolute pressure
the absolute pressure applies to absolute zero (vacuum). � Atmospheric
pressure the atmospheric pressure is the absolute pressure, as ascertained at
the measuring-point. This is not constant and is dependent upon geographical
position or weather. � Excess pressure the excess pressure is the pressure
ascertained at the measuring-point, in relation to the atmospheric pressure as zero
point. Gauges in pneumatic systems usually display the excess pressure. Excess
pressure is also known as effective pressure or relative pressure.
Pressure definitions
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_1_1_1.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < All about the gas "air" < Pressure definitions < Example
An atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa (Kilopascal) is determined at the measuring
point. This is an absolute pressure. A manometer in a pneumatic system displays an
excess pressure of 200 kPa. This pressure relates to the atmospheric pressure. The
absolute pressure at the measuring point is calculated as follows: Absolute
pressure = atmospheric pressure + excess pressure i.e. 101.3 kPa + 200 kPa =
301.3 kPa . Pressures are displayed as excess pressures in FluidSIM. Atmospheric
pressure is assumed at 105 Pa (1 bar) (see also technical standard condition
p1_2_1_4_2).
Example
Example
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_1_2.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < All about the gas "air" < Boyles Law
Air can be compressed and tends to expand. These properties are described by Boyles
Law: the volume of a sample of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure
applied to the gas if the temperature is kept constant, or the product of the
volume and pressure of a fixed quantity of an ideal gas is constant, given constant
temperature [1] p1_4_2. All equations must use the SI-units p1_4_1 .
Boyles Law
Boyles Law
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_1_3.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < All about the gas "air" < The General Gas Equation
The General Gas Equation outlines the relationship between pressure, volume and
temperature as follows:
The General Gas Equation
If the temperature is held constant, we obtain Boyles Law p1_2_1_2 as described
above (isothermic change in state). If the pressure is held constant, (isobaric
change in state), we obtain Gay-Lussac's Law:
If the volume is held constant, (isochoric change in state), we obtain the third
form of the general gas equation:
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_1_3_1.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < All about the gas "air" < The General Gas Equation <
Calculation example
0.8 m3 of air with a temperature T1 = 293 K (20 �C) is heated to 344 K (71 �C). How
high is the expansion? As the pressure needs to be kept constant, we apply the
Gay-Lussac Law. We are searching for V2, therefore the equation has to be converted
to V2:
Calculation example
Expansion = V2 - V1 = 0.94 m3 - 0.8 m3 = 0.14 m3 The air has expanded by 0.14 m3
to 0.94 m3 .
Calculation example
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_1_4.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < All about the gas "air" < Standard condition
In pneumatics, volume and volumetric flow rate specifications are strongly
dependent upon pressure and temperature due to the compressibility of air. To
guarantee comparability, the measured pressures and temperatures are related or
converted to a standard condition. In practice, two standard conditions are
applied.
Standard condition
Physical standard condition
Technical standard condition
Standard condition
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_1_4_1.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < All about the gas "air" < Standard condition < Physical
standard condition
The physical standard condition of air is defined by the DIN standard1343 as
follows [3] p1_4_2: Temperature TN = 273.15 K (0 �C) Pressure pN
= 101325 Pa (1.01325 bar) Gas Constant RN = 286.9 Nm/(kg*K) Relative
humidity 0%
Standard condition
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_1_4_2.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < All about the gas "air" < Standard condition < Technical
standard condition
The technical standard condition is defined in ISO 6358 [4] p1_4_2. The reason for
the definition of a second standard condition, is the fact that technical
measurements are easier to carry out under ISO 6358 conditions than under DIN 1343.
The technical standard condition is defined as follows: Temperature T0 = 293.15
K (20 �C) Pressure p0 = 100000 Pa (1 bar) Gas constant R0 = 288
Nm/(kg*K) Relative humidity 65%
Standard condition
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_1_5.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < All about the gas "air" < Equation of state for ideal gases
With reference to the technical standard condition p1_2_1_4_2 and the general gas
equation p1_2_1_3, we obtain the equation of state for an ideal gas:
Equation of state for ideal gases
Equation of state for ideal gases
with the mass m (kg) and gas constant for air R = 288 Nm/(kg�K)
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_2.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < < Calculating the pressure build-up
with p in Pascal per second [Pa/s] and m in kilogram per second [kg/s]. FluidSIM
assumes a default of V = 10-6 m3, so that the pressure build-up is calculated
according to the following formula:
In FluidSIM models, concentrated volumes are used to calculate the changes in
pressure over a period of time. This means that, the air volumes in the component
connections are combined. Furthermore, temperature changes are not considered, i.e.
the temperature is assumed to be a constant T0 = 293,15 K (20 �C). This results in
an isothermic change in state for the pressure as in the thermic equation of state
p1_2_1_5 as follows:
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_2_1.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < Calculating the pressure build-up < Comparison: calculation
and simulation
This example calculation can be verified simply in FluidSIM. The only requirement
is a compressed air supply with a cover plate fitted to the connection. The
operating pressure must be set to 2 MPa and the maximum volumetric flow rate (to be
exact, the mass flow rate) to 0.1. Start the simulation in single-step mode and
display the pressure and volumetric flow rate at the connection. Carry out single
steps until the operating pressure has reached 2 MPa. According to the example
calculation, the operating pressure will be reached in
This matches the simulation result exactly.
Note: the pressure and flow rate values and their units can be displayed using the
option "View - state values".
This formula will now be verified using a simple test setup. It is assumed that in
a component connection a constant air stream of
flows, without any loss. According to the following equation, the pressure
increase per second amounts to:
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_3.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < Flow rate model according to ISO 6358
In practice, the flow rate of air through complicated valves and other components,
cannot be calculated exactly due to the high compressibility of air and the large
dependence its density has on temperature. Therefore, flow rate characteristics
were introduced for the classification of components. With their help, it is
possible to compare various valves or other devices, without it being necessary to
analyze the, to some extent, quite complicated internal processes. Furthermore,
accurate calculations of cylinder movements are possible [6] p1_4_2.
Unfortunately, the manufacturers use different formulas and characteristics, making
comparability difficult. FluidSIM uses a modern flow rate model according to ISO
6358 with the characteristics conductance C and the critical pressure ratio b.
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_3_1.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < Flow rate model according to ISO 6358 < Over- and
undercritical flow
Over- and undercritical flow
We differentiate by the flow through a component from p1 to p2 (p1 > p2) between
two cases: 1. p2 / p1 = b (overcritical area / overcritical flow) The pressure
ratio p2 / p1 is smaller than the critical pressure ratio b. This means that the
air flow in the narrowest area of the component has reached its maximum speed
(speed of sound) and cannot be increased. The mass flow rate in this so-called
overcritical area can only be increased by an increase in pressure p1, as this
causes a rise in air density. In this case, the mass flow rate is independent of
p2, i.e. a reduction in p2 has no influence on the mass flow. 2. p2 / p1 > b
(undercritical area / undercritical flow) The pressure ratio p2 / p1 is
larger than the critical pressure ratio b. In this area, the mass flow rate is
dependent upon the pressure ratio p2 / p1. This pressure dependence approaches the
equation of an ellipse in ISO 6358. This equation exhibits a maximum relative error
of less than 0.3%, as opposed to the complex mathematically / physically derived
model [2, 4] p1_4_2 , which will not be discussed here further.
Over- and undercritical flow
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_3_2.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < Flow rate model according to ISO 6358 < Ellipse approximation
according to ISO 6358
Ellipse approximation according to ISO 6358
In ISO 6358, the pressures are specified in bar (105 Pa). p1, p2 are the
measured absolute pressures, and T1 is the measured temperature Kelvin. The
technical standard conditions p1_2_1_4_2 are: Temperature T0 = 293.15 K
Pressure p0 = 1 bar Density r0 = 1.1845 kg/m3 Gas Constant R0 = 288 Nm/(kg�K)
The following characteristics of the component must be known: conductance C in
l/(s�bar) critical pressure ratio b With these characteristics and the ellipse
model, the mass flow rate m in g/s is calculated using the following equation.
Ellipse approximation according to ISO 6358
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_3_3.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < Flow rate model according to ISO 6358 < Calculation formula
Calculation formula
The model for the calculation of the mass flow rate from p1 to p2 is as follows:
If p2 / p1 = b the (overcritical) flow is calculated by
Calculation formula
If p2 / p1 > b the (undercritical) flow is calculated by the ellipse equation
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_4.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < Converting mass flow rate in volumetric flow rate
with V in cubic meter per second [m3/s] For V to be comparable, it is necessary
to specify a reference state for R, T and p. Festo and FluidSIM use the physical
standard condition p1_2_1_4_1 and all volumetric flow rates are specified in liter
per minute [l/min]. As the mass of air is relatively small, FluidSIM specifies the
mass in gram [g]. The combination of all constants, with regard to the physical
standard condition, results in the following simple equation for the conversion of
mass flow rate to volumetric flow rate:
FluidSIM calculates internally using mass flows (mass per second). However, in
practice, volumetric flow rates are usually specified. The mass flow rate can be
converted to a volumetric flow rate with the help of the thermic equation of state
p1_2_1_5 as follows:
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_4_1.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < Converting mass flow rate in volumetric flow rate < Changing
the unit in FluidSIM
Changing the unit in FluidSIM
Changing the unit in FluidSIM
Note: the pressure and flow rate values and their units can be displayed using the
option "View - quantity values".
The compressed air supply opposite is set to a mass flow rate of 1 g/s. Set the
state characteristics display in "View" to g/s and start the simulation. Ignore
the warning that an open connection exists; in this case it is deliberate. The
sign specifies the direction of flow: a positive value means that the medium flows
into the component, a negative value means that the medium flows out of the
component. Therefore, the display at the compressed air source connection is -1.
Now switch the display of flow rate units to l/min. The displayed value changes to
the expected (rounded) value -46,41 l/min.
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_5.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < Flow rate specifications
The flow rate as a characteristic of valves and other components, is extremely
important in pneumatics. The flow rate through pneumatic valves defines pressure
losses and, essentially, the procedural speed of the cylinder pistons. The nominal
flow qN is the flow rate that was measured under typical nominal conditions. For
the determination of qN , we use the following flow rate measuring assembly in
accordance with ISO 6358:
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_5_1.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < Flow rate specifications < Nominal conditions
Nominal conditions
At Festo the following nominal conditions are valid [5] p1_4_2: Test medium air;
temperature (20 � 3) �C = temperature of the medium � test item at room
temperature � the absolute pressures are set as follows: For components with
a constant cross-section (e.g. directional valves): inlet pressure p1 = 0.7 MPa (7
bar); outlet pressure p2 = 0.6 MPa (6 bar); for silencers: inlet pressure p1 =
0.7 MPa (7 bar); outlet pressure p2 = atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa in FluidSIM);
for pressure regulators: inlet pressure p1 = 1.1 MPa (11 bar) (constant) and
outlet pressure p2 = 7 MPa (7 bar) at q=0 l/min are set at the test item.
Subsequently, the flow rate is slowly and continuously increased with the help of
the throttle valve, until the outlet pressure reaches p2 = 0.6 MPa (6 bar).
Nominal conditions
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_5_2.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < Flow rate specifications < Standard nominal flow measurement
Standard nominal flow measurement
The, under nominal conditions, resulting flow rate qN is measured. Since the
nominal flow qN does not require a unique reference state, Festo use the standard
nominal flow qnN, which relates to the physical standard condition p1_2_1_4_1 in
DIN 1314. The conversion can be effected using the following equation, as long as
the reference state p in Pascal and T in Kelvin are known:
If the unit l/min is selected in FluidSIM, then the flow rate always refers to the
physical standard condition. Details regarding the standard nominal flow values
can be found in the manufacturer catalogs (e.g. Festo Product catalog). An
example of the practical determination of the standard nominal flow can be found
under Determining the standard nominal flow p1_1_2.
Standard nominal flow measurement
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_6.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < Calculating the theoretical and effective piston force
Calculating the theoretical and effective piston force
The exerted piston force of a work element is dependent upon air pressure, the
cylinder piston diameter and the frictional resistance of the sealing elements. The
model used in FluidSIM is described in detail under cylinder model p1_3_7.
Theoretical piston force
Effective piston force
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_6_1.ct
Tutorial < Excursus < Calculating the theoretical and effective piston force <
Friction and external influences (forces) are not taken into account when
calculating the theoretical piston force. The back pressure during the forward-
stroke and the reverse-stroke is assumed to be zero (atmospheric pressure
p1_2_1_1). The simplified formula for the theoretical piston force results from the
equilibrium of forces as follows: Fth = p � A with Fth theoretical
piston force A = A1 useable (effective) piston area during the forward-stroke A =
A2 useable (effective) piston-ring area during the reverse-stroke p = p1 operating
pressure as excess pressure during the forward-stroke p = p2 operating pressure as
excess pressure during the reverse-stroke Using the piston diameter dP and the
piston-rod diameter dR,, then the piston area A1 and the piston-ring area A2 can be
calculated as follows:
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_6_1_1.ct
Theoretical piston force < Example
The effective piston area by a piston diameter of 20 mm (0.02 m) is:
The following applies for the piston-ring area with a piston-rod diameter of 8 mm
(0.008 m):
The cylinder configurator in FluidSIM automatically calculates the theoretically
useable piston area and the piston-ring area under "derived parameters".
Example
Open the properties menu of the cylinder with a double-click and vary the values
(under "parameters") for the piston diameter and the piston-rod diameter. Observe
hereby, how the piston area and piston-ring area are derived.
Example
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_6_1_2.ct
Theoretical piston force < Exercise
What is the theoretical piston force of the following cylinder during the forward-
and the reverse-stroke at a pressure of 0.6 MPa (6 bar)?
Show solution
Exercise
Open the properties menu of the cylinder with a double-click and read off the
piston- and piston-ring values under "Parameters".
Exercise
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_6_1_3.ct
Theoretical piston force < Solution
Forward stroke: p1 = 600000 Pa A1 = 0.00031415 m� Fth = p � A = 600000 Pa �
0.00031415 m� � 188.5 N Reverse stroke: p2 = 600000 Pa A2 = 0.000263886
m� Fth = p � A = 600000 Pa � 0. 000263886 m� � 158.3 N
Solution
Solution
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_6_1_4.ct
Theoretical piston force < Note
Note
In general, the theoretical piston force of a cylinder during the forward- and the
reverse-stroke can be found in its data-sheet e.g.
Note
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_6_1_5.ct
Theoretical piston force < Calculating the piston-rod diameter
Calculating the piston-rod diameter
If the piston-rod diameter dR is not explicitly specified in the data-sheet, then
it can be calculated from the theoretical force during the reverse-stroke using the
following formula:
The following calculation results for piston-rod diameter dR of the cylinder in
the previous example:
Calculating the piston-rod diameter
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_2_6_2.ct
In practice, the effective piston force is of importance. The frictional resistance
of the cylinder needs to be taken into account when calculating the effective
piston force. Under normal operating conditions (pressure range 0.4 to 0.8 MPa / 4
to 8 bar), the frictional force (frictional resistance of the sealing elements)
used for the estimation of the effective piston force, can be assumed to be approx.
10% of the theoretical piston force. FluidSIM uses a more complex friction model
for the dynamic simulation (see cylinder model p1_3_7). The following formula
can be used to estimate the effective piston force: Double-acting cylinder
(forward stroke): Feff = A1 � p1 - FF with FF frictional force (approx.
10% from Fth) Double-acting cylinder (reverse stroke): Feff = A2 � p2 -
FF with FF frictional force (approx. 10% from Fth) Single-acting cylinder
with return spring (forward stroke): Feff = A1 � p1 - FF - FS with FF
frictional force (approx. 10% from Fth) FS return spring force
Relationship between piston diameter and piston force
Tutorial
Excursus
p1_3.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models
Model of the cylinder
Mathematical Models
Model of the compressed air source
Mathematical Models
The most important physical models of the components used in FluidSIM are described
below.
Model of the rotary drive
Flow rate model of components|with a constant cross-section
Flow rate model of a silencer
Flow rate model of components with|pressure dependent cross-section
Model of a compressed air accumulator
Model of the configurable directional valve
Simulation methods
Tutorial
p1_3_1.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Model of the compressed air supply
Model of the compressed air supply
Mathematical Models
The compressed air supply model takes two parameters into account: �
operating pressure � maximum volumetric flow rate As long as the
operating pressure has not been reached, the compressed air supply constantly
delivers the pre-set maximum volumetric flow rate. The pressure results from the
resistance of the attached components. Close to the operating pressure, the
volumetric flow rate drops until, at operating pressure, it reaches exactly zero.
The compressed air supply does not have its own accumulator for compressed air.
Model of the compressed air supply
Tutorial
p1_3_2.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Flow rate model of components with a constant
cross-section
Flow rate model of components with a constant cross-section
The flow rate is calculated using the ISO 6358 flow rate model (see flow rate model
ISO 6358 p1_2_3). For these components, the standard nominal flow, which is
internally converted to the conductance C, can be specified. A critical pressure
ratio of b = 0.4 is assumed for all components. Adjustable throttle valves and
orifice plates are also classed as components with a constant cross-section, as the
cross-section can only be changed manually and is not pressure dependent. The
conductance C behaves proportionally to the pre-set opening level with these
components. If Cmax is the conductance, resulting from the specified standard
nominal flow (opening level L 100%), then C is calculated as follows:
Flow rate model of components with a constant cross-section
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_3.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Flow rate model of a silencer
Pneumatic components in FluidSIM can be fitted with a silencer. In order not to
complicate the handling, a conductance of C = 5.47 and a critical pressure ratio
of b = 0.3 is assumed. This is equivalent to a standard nominal flow p1_2_5_2 of
2050 l/min.
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_4.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Flow rate model of components with pressure
dependent cross-section
Flow rate model of components with pressure dependent cross-section
The following items, amongst others, belong to the class of components with
pressure dependent cross-section: non-return valves, pressure control valves and
pressure compensators. The flow rate is calculated using the ISO 6358 flow rate
model (see flow rate model ISO 6358 p1_2_3). The conductance in these components
is not constant, instead it is dependent upon the pressure ratios. With these
components, the standard nominal flow, which is internally converted to the maximum
conductance Cmax, can be specified at the maximum opening. A critical pressure
ratio of b = 0.4 is assumed for all components. The flow is released against a
spring (e.g. non-return valves) or blocked (e.g. pressure control valves). The
adjustable prescribed pressure is internally converted to a spring preload. The
distance covered towards the spring, is proportional to the acting forces that are
defined by the acting pressures and effective areas. The actual conductance C is
proportional to the distance covered. The effects of friction and mass of the
moving components are not considered in FluidSIM.
Flow rate model of components with pressure dependent cross-section
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_5.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Model of a compressed air accumulator
The accumulator in FluidSIM is comprised internally of two components: the actual
accumulator, where the pressure build-up occurs, and a throttle valve with minimum
resistance, through which the compressed air flows into the accumulator. The
pressure build-up in the accumulator is calculated with the following differential
equation (see also calculating the pressure build up p1_2_2). The temperature is
assumed constant.
Thereby R and T relate to the technical standard condition p1_2_1_4_2, m is the
mass flow through the throttle valve and V is the accumulator volume. The nozzle
has a constant conductance p1_1_3 C = 20.
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_6.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Model of the configurable directional valve
The flow rate through a directional valve is modeled similar to a component with
constant cross-section p1_3_2. A complex model was created for the switching
characteristics, which takes the adjacent forces, area ratios, pilot control and
switching times into account. The switching times cannot be changed by the user.
In FluidSIM the following realistic switching times have been permanently set: �
20 ms to activate the valve � 30 ms for the valve to return through
spring tension Whether or not a directional valve switches, depends on the
balance of the adjacent forces that can arise from a solenoid valve, a mechanical
or a pneumatic activation. At the exhaust stage, a force of at least 20 N and for
the pilot stage at least 15 N is necessary. The directional valve can always be
overridden by the user. The spring return is only active when the switching force
exceeds 20 N. The following activation forces are set permanently in FluidSIM:
� 25 N by an electrical activation � 30 N by a mechanical activation � F = p
� A (with A = 1 cm2) by a pneumatic activation with a normal and dominating signal
respectively � F = p � A (with A = 0.5 cm2) by a pneumatic activation with a
non-dominating signal If you have configured a directional valve with a pilot
control, then the activation forces refer to the pre-stage, which switches as from
15 N. The compressed air, which switches the main stage via the pilot stage, can be
applied internally or externally. For an external supply, a separate pressure port
is available. For an internal supply, the compressed air is tapped from the main
stage port. This is port 3 by an 8/n- directional valve; by all others it is port
1.
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_7.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Model of the cylinder
FluidSIM makes use of a complex cylinder model. The model includes the following
effects: � moment of inertia of the moving mass � installation angle,
which affects the force of gravity on the moving mass � friction It is the
static friction, Newton's and Coulomb's sliding friction of the cylinder piston and
a modeled external mass that make it possible to simulate the Stick-Slip-effect. �
by cylinders with a return spring; a spring force proportional to the spring
constant � a user defined force profile � the internal leakage caused by
leaking gaskets � a simplified model for the buffer stop � the piston
distance dependent volumes in the cylinder chamber during the pressure build-up
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_7_1.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Model of the cylinder < Equilibrium of forces
The following equation defines the equilibrium of forces within the cylinder. As
the atmospheric pressure remains the same for the complete cylinder, the pressures
are specified as excess pressures p1_2_1_1.
Equilibrium of forces
p1 excess pressure at connection 1, p2 excess pressure at connection 2,
A1 effective piston area at the side of connection 1, A2 effective piston area
(piston-ring area) at the side of connection 2, m moving cylinder mass, a
acceleration of the moving cylinder mass FF friction depending on speed
p1_3_7_1_1 FW the counteracting force of gravity during the extension
p1_3_7_1_2 FE the user defined force p1_3_7_1_3 FS the spring force of
cylinders with spring return p1_3_7_1_4 Through the model of the equilibrium of
forces in the cylinder, it is possible to observe a number of physical phenomenons:
� moving a mass p1_1_1 � moment of inertia p1_1_4 � calculation of the
theoretical and effective piston force p1_2_6 � Stick-Slip Effect
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_7_1_1.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Model of the cylinder < Equilibrium of forces <
Friction depending on acceleration
It is composed of static friction, Newton's and Coulomb's sliding friction of the
cylinder piston, and the static friction und Coulomb's sliding friction of the
external mass. Considering how complex the piston friction is (and it is different
for every cylinder), the parameters for the piston force can only be defined
exactly through taking measurements. The parameters in FluidSIM are therefore
empirical values. The following diagram shows the typical course of the speed
dependent cylinder friction (Stribeck-curve). The following characteristics for
the friction of the external mass can be defined in FluidSIM by the user: �B
coefficient of static friction (e.g. 0.15 for steel on steel) �C coefficient of
sliding friction (e.g. 0.1 for steel on steel) mm the mass to be moved a
installation angle of cylinder (e.g. 0� horizontal, 90� vertical movement) The
following frictional forces for external masses result under gravitational
acceleration g � 9.81 m/s� : static friction: FB = �B � mm � g � cos(a)
sliding friction: FC = �C � mm � g � cos(a)
A detailed example regarding the movement of an external mass can be found in the
experiment: moving a mass p1_1_1.
The coefficient of friction can be set in the properties window of the cylinder
under "external load".
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_7_1_2.ct
The counteracting force of gravity during the extension
FW = m � g � sin(a) with m moving cylinder mass g � 9.81 m/s�
gravitational acceleration a installation angle of the cylinder (e.g. 0�
horizontal, 90� vertical)
The installation angle of the cylinder can be set in the properties window of the
cylinder under "Parameters". Please note that, the rotation of the component
symbols has no effect on the installation angle as used in the simulation. The
moving mass can be set in the properties window of the cylinder under "external
load".
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_7_1_3.ct
The user-specified force
A user defined force can additionally counteract the extension. It can be set, as a
constant or a variable force during the piston distance, in the properties window
(double click to open) of the cylinder.
A constant force or a force profile can be defined in the properties window of the
cylinder.
User-defined force profile
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_7_1_4.ct
The spring force of cylinders with spring return
The parameters for spring constants and pre-tensioning force are calculated
empirically by FluidSIM.
The spring return for single-acting cylinders can be set under "configuration" in
the properties window (double click to open) of the cylinder.
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_7_2.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Model of the cylinder < Leakage
Leaking gaskets can be simulated in FluidSIM. For this purpose, an internal leak
unequal to zero can be specified. The leakage mass flow rate from connection 1 to 2
is then calculated as follows:
Leakage
with mL leakage- mass flow rate GL conductance in kg/(s*Pa) The acceleration
is calculated from the equilibrium of forces. In time, this can be used to
calculate the speed and the distance covered with the following differential
equation:
From the piston speed and the adjacent pressures, the mass flow rate in, and out of
the cylinder chambers can be calculated. In FluidSIM the temperature is assumed to
be a constant 293.15 K (20 �C) (see technical standard condition p1_2_1_4_2). The
following equations therefore apply to the mass flow in the connections 1 and 2:
The pressure build-up in the cylinder chambers during this period is described
under calculating the pressure build-up p1_2_2. At the same time, the volumes are
calculated corresponding to the piston position.
Leakage
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_8.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Model of the rotary drive
The motor and the swiveling cylinder both occupy the same model, whereby the
swiveling cylinder has a swivel range with limit stop. The following parameters are
considered: � swept volume V [m3] � friction f [N*m*s/rad] with rad as radian
� moment of inertia I [kg*m2] � external torque Mext [Nm] � internal
leakage G [kg/(s*Pa)]
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_8_1.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Model of the rotary drive < Equilibrium of torque
The following equation defines the equilibrium of torque in rotary drive:
Equilibrium of torque
with MPV: pressure- and swept volume dependent torque Mext: external torque n:
angular velocity in rad/s a: angular acceleration in rad/s� The pressure- and
swept volume dependent torque MPV is given through:
Equilibrium of torque
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_8_2.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Model of the rotary drive < Leakage
Leaking gaskets can be simulated in FluidSIM. For this purpose, an internal leak
unequal to zero can be specified. The leakage mass flow rate from connection 1 to 2
is then calculated as follows:
Leakage
with mL: leakage mass flow rate GL: conductance in kg/(s*Pa)
Leakage
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_8_3.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Model of the rotary drive < Angular velocity
The angular acceleration a is calculated from the equilibrium of torque. In time,
this can be used to calculate the angular velocity v with the following
differential equation:
Angular velocity
The mass flow rate from connection 1 to connection 2 is calculated with the
following equation:
Angular velocity
Note that, in FluidSIM, the temperature T0 is assumed to be a constant 293.15 K (20
�C) (see technical standard condition p1_2_1_4_2).
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_3_9.ct
Tutorial < Mathematical Models < Simulation methods
All models in FluidSIM have been created using the modeling language Modelica� [9]
p1_4_2. Modelica is a freely available, object-oriented modeling language for
large, complex and heterogeneous technical systems. Models of different domains can
be described using Modelica e.g. mechanics, electrical engineering, hydraulics and
pneumatics. Models are mathematically described in Modelica using differential,
algebraic and discrete equations. More information can be found at
www.Modelica.org. A separate Modelica-library was especially developed for FluidSIM
which does not use any models contained in the Modelica standard library. A new,
highly efficient, state-of-the-art Modelica simulator was developed for FluidSIM,
for the calculation of the models described with Modelica. The simulator falls back
on a number of symbolic and numerical methods for the solution of linear, non-
linear and differential-algebraic systems of equations. Various integration
algorithms are available to the simulator that can be intelligently selected and
controlled at runtime. Integration algorithms implemented amongst others are: �
explicit single-step method, e.g. Dormand-Prince [7] p1_4_2 � implicit
single-step method, e.g. Radau5 [8] p1_4_2 � explicit multiple-step method, e.g.
Adams [7] p1_4_2 � implicit multiple-step method, e.g. Gear [7, 8] p1_4_2
All algorithms are equipped with an incremental control and facilitate the
selection of any interpolated interim values (Dense-Output).
Simulation methods
Simulation methods
Mathematical Models
Tutorial
p1_4.ct
Tutorial < Various
Various
Various
International System of Units (SI)
Here are the tables and references mentioned in the tutorial.
Literature
Tutorial
p1_4_1.ct
Tutorial < Various < International System of Units (SI)
Various
SI base units Base quantity Equation- Unit Symbol Conversions
symbol length l meter m decimeter: 1 dm = 0.1 m
centimeter: 1 cm = 0.01 m millimeter: 1 mm = 0.001 m
mass m kilogram kg Gram: 1 g = 0.001 kg time t second s
minute: 1 min = 60 s temperature T kelvin K 0 �C = 273.15 K
Derived units Base quantity Equation- Unit Symbol Conversions
symbol speed, velocity v meter per second m/s acceleration a
meter per second m/s2 squared force F Newton N
1 N = 1 kg�m/s2 kilonewton: 1 kN = 1000 N area A
square meter m2 volume V cubic meter m3 liter: 1 l = 1 dm3 =
0.001 m3 volumetric flow rate q cubic meter per m3/s 1 l/s = 0.001 m3/s
second pressure p pascal Pa 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
kilopascal: 1 kPa = 1000 Pa megapascal: 1 MPa = 1000 kPa
1 bar = 100 kPa = 105 Pa = 0.1 MPa
Tutorial
p1_4_2.ct
Tutorial < Various < Literature
Literature
Literature
[1] Festo, Textbook Pneumatics, Basic level (2003) [2] H. Murrenhoff,
Grundlagen der Fluidtechnik, Teil 2: Pneumatik (1999) [3] DIN 1343,
Ausgabe:1990-01, Referenzzustand, Normzustand, Normvolumen; Begriffe und Werte
[4] ISO 6358:1998, Pneumatic fluid power - Components using compressible fluids -
Determination of flow-rate characteristics [5] Festo Product Catalogue
Online Help [6] Durchflussmessungen und str�mungstechnische Kenngr��en, o +
p ��lhydraulik und pneumatik" 29 (1985) Nr. 7 [7] Hairer E., Norsett S.P.,
Wanner G.: Solving Ordinary Differential Equations I. Nonstiff Problems (Second
Edition 2000) [8] Hairer E., Wanner G.: Solving Ordinary Differential
Equations II. Stiff and Differential-Algebraic Problems (Second Edition 2002)
[9] Modelica Association: Language Specification and Tutorial. www.modelica.org
(2005)
Various
Tutorial
p2.ct
Component library
Component library
Electrical Components
Component library
Electrical Components (American Standard)
Digital Components
GRAFCET Elements
Pneumatic Components
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_1.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components
Component library
Component library
Supply Elements
Configurable Way Valves
Mechanically Operated Directional Valves
Solenoid Operated Directional Valves
Pneumatically Operated Directional Valves
Shutoff Valves and Flow Control Valves
Pressure Control Valves
Pressure Operated Switches
Valve Groups
Continuous valves
Actuators
Measuring Instruments
p2_1_1.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements
Component library
Component library
Supply Elements
Supply Elements
Compressed air supply
Compressor
Compressor, adjustable
Air service unit, simplified representation
Air service unit
Air pressure reservoir
Air pressure reservoir (2 Connections)
Filter
Filter, manual condensate drain
Filter, automatic condensate drain
Water separator
Water separator, automatic condensate drain
Lubricator
Cooler
Adsorption dryer
Connection (pneumatic)
Line (pneumatic)
T-junction (pneumatic)
p2_1_10.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Continuous valves
Component library
Component library
Continuous valves
Continuous valves
5/3-way proportional valve
p2_1_10_1.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Continuous valves < 5/3-way proportional
valve
Component library
Continuous valves
The proportional valve transforms an analog electrical input signal into
corresponding opening cross-sections at the outputs. At half nominal voltage i.e. 5
V, the pneumatic mid-position is taken. Here all leading edges are closed, so that
no air flows through the valve. Beneficial static and dynamic characteristics with
minimal hysteresis (less than 0,3 %), short actuating time (typically 5 ms), and a
higher upper frequency limit (approx. 100 Hz), are achieved through an integrated
electronic position control for the slide distance. Thus the valve, as control
element and especially in combination with a higher ranked position controller, is
suitable for the positioning of a pneumatic cylinder. Adjustable parameters
Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (773)
Related Topics Proportional valve solenoid, position controlled p2_6_1_3 Open-
loop and Closed-loop Control by using Continuous Valves 814
Component library
p2_1_11.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Actuators
Component library
Component library
Actuators
Actuators
Configurable cylinder
Single acting cylinder
Single acting cylinder with return spring
Double acting cylinder
Double acting cylinder with in and out piston rod
Double acting cylinder with two in and out piston rods and single trestle.
Double acting cylinder with two in and out piston rods and double trestle.
Multiple position cylinder
Linear drive with solenoid coupling
Pneumatic linear drive with shape-fitting adaptor
Air motor
Semi-Rotary actuator
Vacuum suction nozzle
Sucker
p2_1_11_1.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Actuators < Configurable cylinder
Component library
Actuators
The configurable cylinder can be customized via its properties dialog 813. Almost
any combination of piston type (single-acting, double-acting), the specification of
the piston rods (double ended, with magnetic coupling or slide) and the number
(none, one, two) is possible. An end position cushioning (without, with,
adjustable) can also be defined. FluidSIM automatically adjusts the symbol
according to the preset configuration. In addition, a load to be moved (including
possible static and sliding friction) and a variable force profile can be defined
in the properties dialog 813. In the component library of FluidSIM there are
several pre-configured cylinders that can be inserted in your circuit and directly
used. Should no suitable symbol be available, then simply choose the component with
the most similarity to the required component, open the properties dialog 813 and
adjust the configuration accordingly. Adjustable parameters Max. stroke:
1 ... 5000 mm (50) Piston position: 0 ... Max. stroke mm (0)
Piston diameter: 1 ... 1000 mm (20) Piston rod diameter: 0 ...
1000 mm (8) Mounting angle: 0 ... 360 Deg (0) Internal leakage: 0 ...
100 l/(min*MPa) (0) Moving mass: 0 ... 10000 kg (0) Static friction
coefficient: 0 ... 2 (0) Sliding friction coefficient: 0 ... 2 (0)
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0)
Related Topics Single acting cylinder p2_1_11_2 Double acting cylinder p2_1_11_4
Double acting cylinder with in and out piston rod p2_1_11_5 Double acting
cylinder with two in and out piston rods and single trestle. p2_1_11_6 Multiple
position cylinder p2_1_11_8 Linear drive with solenoid coupling p2_1_11_9
Displacement encoder p2_2_3_3
Component library
p2_1_11_10.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Actuators < Pneumatic linear drive with
shape-fitting adaptor
Component library
Actuators
The sledge of the double acting cylinder without a piston rod is controlled by
alternating the compressed air input. This type of linear drive conveys forces by
means of a shape-fitting piston-sledge construction. The slitted cylinder prohibits
the torsion of the slider. Adjustable parameters Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000
mm (200) Piston position: 0 ... Max. stroke mm (0) Piston diameter:
1 ... 1000 mm (16) Piston rod diameter: 0 ... 1000 mm (0)
Mounting angle: 0 ... 360 Deg (0) Internal leakage: 0 ... 100
l/(min*MPa) (0) Moving mass: 0 ... 10000 kg (0) Static friction
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0)
Related Topics Configurable cylinder p2_1_11_1 Linear drive with solenoid
coupling p2_1_11_9 Pneumatic linear drive with shape-fitting adaptor p2_1_11_11

Component library
p2_1_11_11.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Actuators < Pneumatic linear drive with
shape-fitting adaptor
Component library
Actuators
The sledge of the double acting cylinder without a piston rod is controlled by
alternating the compressed air input. This type of linear drive conveys forces by
means of a shape-fitting piston-sledge construction. The slitted cylinder prohibits
the torsion of the slider. Adjustable parameters Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0)
Related Topics Configurable cylinder p2_1_11_1 Linear drive with solenoid
coupling p2_1_11_9 Pneumatic linear drive with shape-fitting adaptor p2_1_11_10

Component library
p2_1_11_12.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Actuators < Air motor
Component library
Actuators
The air motor transforms pneumatic energy into mechanical energy. Adjustable
parameters Displacement: 0.01 ... 1000 Liter (0.1) Friction:
0.01 ... 100 N*m*s/rad (3) Moment of inertia: 0.00001 ... 1 kg*m2
(0.0001) External torque: -1000 ... 1000 Nm (0)
Related Topic [35] Air motor p3_1_3_14
Air motor
Air motor
Component library
p2_1_11_13.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Actuators < Semi-Rotary actuator
Component library
Actuators
The semi-rotary actuator is controlled by a reciprocal input of compressed air. In
the end positions the semi-rotary actuator can activate switches or valves via
labels. Adjustable parameters Rotation angle: 1 ... 360 Deg (180)
Displacement: 0.01 ... 1000 Liter (0.1) Friction: 0.01 ... 100
N*m*s/rad (0.1) Moment of inertia: 0.00001 ... 1 kg*m2 (0.0001)
External torque: -1000 ... 1000 Nm (0) Initial position: Left, Right
(Left)
Related Topic [34] Semi-rotary actuator p3_1_3_13
Component library
p2_1_11_14.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Actuators < Vacuum suction nozzle
Component library
Actuators
The vacuum suction nozzle creates its vacuum based on the ejector principle. In
this case, compressed air flows from connection 1 to 3, creating a vacuum at
connection 1v. A sucker p2_1_11_15 can be connected to the vacuum connection 1v.
Stopping the input of compressed air at connection 1 stops any suction also.
Related Topic Adjustable vacuum actuator valve p2_1_9_2
Component library
p2_1_11_15.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Actuators < Sucker
Component library
Actuators
The sucker can be used in connection with the vacuum suction nozzle p2_1_11_14 to
suck in objects. The sucking in of objects can be simulated in FluidSIM-P by
clicking on the component 473 when in the Simulation Mode.
Sucker
Sucker
Component library
p2_1_11_2.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Actuators < Single acting cylinder
Component library
Actuators
The piston rod of a single acting cylinder is operated by the input of compressed
air at the front end position. When the compressed air is shut off, the piston
returns to its starting position via a return spring. The piston of the cylinder
contains a permanent solenoid which can be used to operate a proximity switch.
Adjustable parameters Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm (50) Piston
position: 0 ... Max. stroke mm (0) Piston diameter: 1 ... 1000 mm (20)
Piston rod diameter: 0 ... 1000 mm (8) Mounting angle: 0 ... 360
Deg (0) Internal leakage: 0 ... 100 l/(min*MPa) (0) Moving mass: 0 ...
10000 kg (0) Static friction coefficient: 0 ... 2 (0) Sliding friction
coefficient: 0 ... 2 (0) Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0)
Related Topics Configurable cylinder p2_1_11_1 [26] Single acting cylinder
p3_1_3_5 Distance rule p2_6_1_5 Double acting cylinder p2_1_11_4 Linear drive
with solenoid coupling p2_1_11_9
Component library
p2_1_11_3.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Actuators < Single acting cylinder with
return spring
Component library
Actuators
The piston of the single acting cylinder is extended to its back position by the
input of compressed air. When the compressed air is switched off, a return spring
moves the piston back to its front position. Adjustable parameters Max. stroke:
1 ... 5000 mm (50) Piston position: 0 ... Max. stroke mm (50)
Piston diameter: 1 ... 1000 mm (20) Piston rod diameter: 0 ...
1000 mm (8) Mounting angle: 0 ... 360 Deg (0) Internal leakage: 0 ...
100 l/(min*MPa) (0) Moving mass: 0 ... 10000 kg (0) Static friction
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0)
Related Topics Configurable cylinder p2_1_11_1 Single acting cylinder p2_1_11_2
[24] Control of a single acting cylinder p3_1_3_3 [22] Symbols for actuators,
linear actuators p3_1_3_1 [26] Single acting cylinder p3_1_3_5 [25] Single
acting cylinder p3_1_3_4
Component library
p2_1_11_4.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Actuators < Double acting cylinder
Component library
Actuators
The piston rod of a double acting cylinder is operated by the reciprocal input of
compressed air at the front and back of the cylinder. The end position damping is
adjustable via two regular screws. The piston of the cylinder contains a permanent
solenoid which can be used to operate a proximity switch. Adjustable parameters
Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm (100) Piston position: 0 ... Max.
stroke mm (0) Piston diameter: 1 ... 1000 mm (20) Piston rod
diameter: 0 ... 1000 mm (8) Mounting angle: 0 ... 360 Deg (0)
Internal leakage: 0 ... 100 l/(min*MPa) (0) Moving mass: 0 ... 10000
kg (0) Static friction coefficient: 0 ... 2 (0) Sliding friction
coefficient: 0 ... 2 (0) Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0)
Related Topics Configurable cylinder p2_1_11_1 [30] Cushioned double acting
cylinder p3_1_3_9 Distance rule p2_6_1_5 Single acting cylinder p2_1_11_2
Linear drive with solenoid coupling p2_1_11_9
Component library
p2_1_11_5.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Actuators < Double acting cylinder with
in and out piston rod
Component library
Actuators
The in and out piston rod of the double acting cylinder is controlled by
alternating the compressed air input. The cushioning can be adapted with two
adjustment screws. Adjustable parameters Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm
(100) Piston position: 0 ... Max. stroke mm (0) Piston diameter:
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0)
Related Topics Configurable cylinder p2_1_11_1 Double acting cylinder p2_1_11_4
[22] Symbols for actuators, linear actuators p3_1_3_1
Component library
p2_1_11_6.ct
two in and out piston rods and single trestle.
Component library
Actuators
This twin cylinder has two in and out piston rods that move in parallel and that
are coupled by a trestle. The construction guarantees minimum torsion when
positioning and moving tools or assemblies. Moreover, coming along with the same
construction height, the double piston rod conveys the double force as compared to
standard cylinders. Adjustable parameters Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm
1 ... 1000 mm (28.28) Piston rod diameter: 0 ... 1000 mm (10.5)
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0)
p2_1_11_7
Component library
p2_1_11_7.ct
two in and out piston rods and double trestle.
Component library
Actuators
This twin cylinder has two in and out piston rods that move in parallel and that
are coupled by a double trestle. The construction guarantees minimum torsion when
positioning and moving tools or assemblies. Moreover, coming along with the same
construction height, the double piston rod conveys the double force as compared to
standard cylinders. Adjustable parameters Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000 mm
1 ... 1000 mm (28.28) Piston rod diameter: 0 ... 1000 mm (10.5)
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0)
p2_1_11_6
Component library
p2_1_11_8.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Actuators < Multiple position cylinder
Component library
Actuators
By connecting two cylinders of same piston diameter but different maximum stroke
three piston stop positions can be realized. From the first stop position the third
stop can be reached either directly or via the intermediate stop. Note that the
maximum stroke of the second piston must be larger than the preceding one. When
moving back, an intermediate stop requires a particular control. The shorter
maximum stroke is half of the other maximum stroke. Adjustable parameters Force:
-1000 ... 1000 N (0) Max. stroke: 1 ... 2000 mm (200) Piston
position: 0 ... Max. stroke mm (0) Intermediate Stop: 0 ... Piston
position mm (0) Piston Area: 0,25 ... 810 qcm (3,14) Piston Ring Area:
0,1 ... 750 qcm (2,64)
Related Topic Double acting cylinder p2_1_11_4
Component library
p2_1_11_9.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Actuators < Linear drive with solenoid
coupling
Component library
Actuators
The sliding of the piston in the double rod cylinder is controlled by a reciprocal
input of compressed air. Adjustable parameters Max. stroke: 1 ... 5000
Force: -10000 ... 10000 N (0)
Related Topics Configurable cylinder p2_1_11_1 Distance rule p2_6_1_5 Single
acting cylinder p2_1_11_2 Double acting cylinder p2_1_11_4
Component library
p2_1_12.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Measuring Instruments
Component library
Component library
Manometer
Differential pressure gauge
Pressure indicator
Pressure sensor, analog
Flow meter
Flow meter, analog
p2_1_12_1.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Measuring Instruments < Manometer
Component library
The manometer displays the pressure at its connection.
Related Topics Differential pressure gauge p2_1_12_2 Pressure regulator valve
with manometer p2_1_7_3 Pressure indicator p2_1_12_3 Flow meter p2_1_12_5
[21] Absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure p3_1_2_15
Manometer
Manometer
Component library
p2_1_12_2.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Measuring Instruments < Differential
pressure gauge
Component library
The differential pressure gauge displays the pressure difference between the
adjacent pressures at the left and the right connection.
Related Topic Manometer p2_1_12_1
Component library
p2_1_12_3.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Measuring Instruments < Pressure
indicator
Component library
An optical signal is activated when the pressure at the connection to the pressure
indicator exceeds the preset switching pressure. Adjustable parameters
Switching pressure: 0.0001 ... 2 MPa (0.3) Color: 16 standard
colors (Blue)
Related Topics Manometer p2_1_12_1 Flow meter p2_1_12_5
Pressure indicator
Pressure indicator
Component library
p2_1_12_4.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Measuring Instruments < Pressure
sensor, analog
Component library
This symbol represents the pneumatic part of the analog pressure sensor. The analog
pressure sensor measures the adjacent pressure and transforms it into a
proportional electrical voltage signal. In the process, only pressures in the
specified pressure ranges are considered. Within this range, the pressure in the
voltage range from 0 V to 10 V is represented, i.e. the minimum pressure delivers 0
V and the maximum pressure 10 V.
Related Topics Pressure sensor, analog p2_2_3_4 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics
and Mechanics 49 Open-loop and Closed-loop Control by using Continuous Valves 814

Component library
p2_1_12_5.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Measuring Instruments < Flow meter
Component library
The flow meter measures the flow rate. Either the current flow or the total
quantity flowed can be displayed. The component image is automatically adjusted
accordingly. Adjustable parameters Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000
l/min (2000)
Related Topics Manometer p2_1_12_1 Pressure indicator p2_1_12_3
Flow meter
Flow meter
Component library
p2_1_12_6.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Measuring Instruments < Flow meter,
analog
Component library
This symbol represents the pneumatic part of the analog flow meter. The analog flow
meter measures the volumetric flow and transforms it into a proportional electrical
voltage signal. In the process, only flow rates in the specified pressure ranges
are considered. Within this range, the flow rate in the voltage range from 0 V to
10 V is represented, i.e. the minimum volumetric flow delivers 0 V and the maximum
volumetric flow 10 V. Adjustable parameters Standard nominal flow rate:
0.1 ... 5000 l/min (2000)
Related Topics Flow meter p2_1_12_5 Flow meter, analog p2_2_3_5
Flow meter, analog
Flow meter, analog
Component library
p2_1_1_1.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Compressed air supply
Component library
Supply Elements
The compressed air supply provides the needed compressed air. It contains a
pressure control valve p2_1_7_3 that can be adjusted to output the desired
operating pressure. Adjustable parameters Operating pressure: 0 ... 2 MPa
(0.6) Max. flow rate: 0 ... 5000 l/min (1000)
Related Topics Compressor p2_1_1_2 Compressor, adjustable p2_1_1_3 [18]
Piston compressor p3_1_2_12 [19] Axial flow compressor p3_1_2_13
Component library
p2_1_1_10.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Filter, automatic
condensate drain
Component library
Supply Elements
The compressed air filter removes contamination from the compressed air. The size
of the filterable particles is dependent upon the filter class. Condensation, which
can occur through sinking temperatures or the expansion of the compressed air, is
automatically drained off. Adjustable parameters Standard nominal flow rate:
0.1 ... 5000 l/min (1000)
Related Topics Filter p2_1_1_8 Filter, manual condensate drain p2_1_1_9 Water
separator p2_1_1_11 Water separator, automatic condensate drain p2_1_1_12 [10]
Compressed air filter p3_1_2_4
Component library
p2_1_1_11.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Water separator
Component library
Supply Elements
The water separator drains off accrued water. Adjustable parameters Standard
nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (1000)
Related Topics Water separator, automatic condensate drain p2_1_1_12 Filter,
manual condensate drain p2_1_1_9 Filter, automatic condensate drain p2_1_1_10
Water separator
Water separator
Component library
p2_1_1_12.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Water separator,
automatic condensate drain
Component library
Supply Elements
The water separator drains off accrued water and is automatically emptied.
Adjustable parameters Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (1000)
Related Topics Water separator p2_1_1_11 Filter, manual condensate drain

p2_1_1_9 Filter, automatic condensate drain p2_1_1_10
Component library
p2_1_1_13.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Lubricator
Component library
Supply Elements
The lubricator enriches the compressed air with oil. Adjustable parameters
Related Topics [14] Air lubricator p3_1_2_8 [15] Air lubricator p3_1_2_9
Lubricator
Lubricator
Component library
p2_1_1_14.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Cooler
Component library
Supply Elements
The cooler cools the compressed air. Adjustable parameters Standard nominal
flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (1000)
Cooler
Cooler
Component library
p2_1_1_15.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Adsorption dryer
Component library
Supply Elements
The adsorption dryer reduces the humidity in the compressed air. Adjustable
parameters Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (1000)
Related Topics [13] Air drying, adsorption p3_1_2_7 [12] Air drying,
absorption p3_1_2_6 [11] Air drying, low temperature p3_1_2_5
Adsorption dryer
Adsorption dryer
Component library
p2_1_1_16.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Connection (pneumatic)
Component library
Supply Elements
A pneumatic connection is a place where a pneumatic line can be attached to. To
simplify the line drawing process, a connection appears as a small circle in Edit
Mode. Pneumatic connections can be shut by means of a blind plug. An open
pneumatic connection may result in leaking air; FluidSIM-P thus pops up a warning
message, if some pneumatic connection was left open. Note that at each pneumatic
connection values for the flow and pressure can be displayed.
Related Topics Line (pneumatic) p2_1_1_17 T-junction (pneumatic) p2_1_1_18
Creating new Circuit Diagrams 19 Insertion of T-connections 43 Connecting
Components in Series 44 Connection Descriptors, Blind Plugs, and Exhausts 34
Drawing Errors 452 Displaying Quantity Values 45
Component library
p2_1_1_17.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Line (pneumatic)
Component library
Supply Elements
A pneumatic line links two pneumatic connections. Note that a pneumatic connection
may be a simple pneumatic connection p2_1_1_16 or a T-junction p2_1_1_18. A
pneumatic line causes no pressure drop, i. e., it has no fluidic resistance. From
a drawing point of view, FluidSIM distinguishes between control lines and main
lines. The former is represented by a dashed line, the latter is represented by a
solid line and establishes the default case. Adjustable parameters Line Type:
Main Line or Control Line (Main Line)
Related Topics Creating new Circuit Diagrams 19 Setting Line Type 33
Line (pneumatic)
Line (pneumatic)
Component library
p2_1_1_18.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < T-junction (pneumatic)
Component library
Supply Elements
A T-junction joins up to four pneumatic lines p2_1_1_17, thus having a single
pressure potential. Note that T-junctions are introduced automatically by FluidSIM
when dropping the line drawing cursor onto another line in Edit Mode.
Related Topics Connection (pneumatic) p2_1_1_16 Creating new Circuit Diagrams 19
Component library
p2_1_1_2.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Compressor
Component library
Supply Elements
The compressor provides the necessary compressed air. The pressure is restricted to
the preset operating pressure. Adjustable parameters Operating pressure:
0 ... 2 MPa (0.6) Max. flow rate: 0 ... 5000 l/min (1000)
Related Topics Compressed air supply p2_1_1_1 Compressor, adjustable p2_1_1_3
Compressor
Compressor
Component library
p2_1_1_3.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Compressor, adjustable
Component library
Supply Elements
The adjustable compressor provides the necessary compressed air, whereby the
maximum flow rate can be adjusted under actual operating conditions and in the
simulation. The pressure is restricted to the preset operating pressure.
Adjustable parameters Operating pressure: 0 ... 2 MPa (0.6) Max. flow
rate: 0 ... 5000 l/min (1000)
Related Topics Compressed air supply p2_1_1_1 Compressor p2_1_1_2
Component library
p2_1_1_4.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Air service unit,
simplified representation
Component library
Supply Elements
The service unit is made up of a compressed air filter with water separator and a
pressure control valve p2_1_7_3. Adjustable parameters Nominal pressure: 0 ...
2 MPa (0.6) Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (750)
Related Topics Filter, automatic condensate drain p2_1_1_10 [9] Air service
unit p3_1_2_3 [10] Compressed air filter p3_1_2_4
Component library
p2_1_1_5.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Air service unit
Component library
Supply Elements
The service unit is made up of a compressed air filter with water separator and a
pressure control valve p2_1_7_3. Adjustable parameters Nominal pressure: 0 ...
2 MPa (0.6) Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (750)
Related Topics Filter, automatic condensate drain p2_1_1_10 [9] Air service
unit p3_1_2_3 [10] Compressed air filter p3_1_2_4
Air service unit
Air service unit
Component library
p2_1_1_6.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Air pressure reservoir
Component library
Supply Elements
The air pressure reservoir serves as compensation for pressure fluctuations and is
utilized (as a reservoir) for abruptly occurring air consumption. Large time delays
can be attained when used in conjunction with time delay- und throttle valves.
Adjustable parameters Volume: 0.001 ... 1000 Liter (1)
Related Topic Air pressure reservoir (2 Connections) p2_1_1_7
Component library
p2_1_1_7.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Air pressure reservoir
(2 Connections)
Component library
Supply Elements
The air pressure reservoir serves as compensation for pressure fluctuations and is
utilized (as a reservoir) for abruptly occurring air consumption. Large time delays
can be attained when used in conjunction with time delay- und throttle valves.
Adjustable parameters Volume: 0.001 ... 1000 Liter (1)
Related Topic Air pressure reservoir p2_1_1_6
Component library
p2_1_1_8.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Filter
Component library
Supply Elements
of the filterable particles is dependent upon the filter class. Adjustable
parameters Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (1000)
Related Topics Filter, manual condensate drain p2_1_1_9 Filter, automatic
condensate drain p2_1_1_10 [10] Compressed air filter p3_1_2_4
Filter
Filter
Component library
p2_1_1_9.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Supply Elements < Filter, manual
condensate drain
Component library
Supply Elements
of the filterable particles is dependent upon the filter class. Condensation, which
can occur through sinking temperatures or the expansion of the compressed air, can
be manually drained off. Adjustable parameters Standard nominal flow rate:
0.1 ... 5000 l/min (1000)
Related Topics Filter p2_1_1_8 Filter, automatic condensate drain p2_1_1_10
[10] Compressed air filter p3_1_2_4
Component library
p2_1_2.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Configurable Way Valves
Component library
Component library
Configurable 2/n way valve
p2_1_2_1.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Configurable Way Valves < Configurable
2/n way valve
Component library
The configurable 2/n way valve is a way valve with two connections, where both its
body elements 32 and its operation modes 32 are user-definable. Additionally, the
pneumatic connections can be closed with either blind plugs 34 or exhausts 34.
Related Topics [36] Symbols for directional control valves (1) p3_1_4_1 [39]
Methods of actuation (1) p3_1_4_4 [40] Methods of actuation (2) p3_1_4_5
Component library
p2_1_2_2.ct
3/n way valve
Component library
The configurable 3/n way valve is a way valve with three connections, where both
its body elements 32 and its operation modes 32 are user-definable. Additionally,
the pneumatic connections can be closed with either blind plugs 34 or exhausts 34.
Related Topics [36] Symbols for directional control valves (1) p3_1_4_1 [39]
Methods of actuation (1) p3_1_4_4 [40] Methods of actuation (2) p3_1_4_5 [41]
3/2-way valve, ball seat p3_1_4_6 [42] 3/2-way valve, ball seat p3_1_4_7 [43]
3/2-way valve, disc seat, normally closed p3_1_4_8 [44] 3/2-way valve, disc
seat, normally open p3_1_4_9 [45] 3/2-way valve, single pilot, normally closed
p3_1_4_10 [46] 3/2-way valve, single pilot p3_1_4_11 [48] 3/2-way valve,
internal pilot, normally closed p3_1_4_13 [47] 3/2-way valve, internal pilot,
roller operated p3_1_4_12
Component library
p2_1_2_3.ct
4/n way valve
Component library
The configurable 4/n way valve is a way valve with four connections, where both its
Related Topics [37] Symbols for directional valves (2) p3_1_4_2 [39] Methods
of actuation (1) p3_1_4_4 [40] Methods of actuation (2) p3_1_4_5 [50] 4/2-way
valve, disc seat p3_1_4_15 [49] 4/2-way valve, disc seat p3_1_4_14 [51] 4/3-
way valve, mid-position closed p3_1_4_16
Component library
p2_1_2_4.ct
5/n way valve
Component library
The configurable 5/n way valve is a way valve with five connections, where both its
Related Topics [37] Symbols for directional valves (2) p3_1_4_2 [39] Methods
of actuation (1) p3_1_4_4 [40] Methods of actuation (2) p3_1_4_5 [55] 5/3-way
valve p3_1_4_20 [53] 5/2-way valve, longitudinal slide valve p3_1_4_18 [52]
5/2-way valve, longitudinal slide valve p3_1_4_17 [54] 5/2-way valve, suspended
disc seat p3_1_4_19
Component library
p2_1_2_5.ct
6/n way valve
Component library
The configurable 6/n way valve is a way valve with six connections, where both its
Component library
p2_1_2_6.ct
8/n way valve
Component library
The configurable 8/n way valve is a way valve with eight connections, where both
its body elements 32 and its operation modes 32 are user-definable. Additionally,
the pneumatic connections can be closed with either blind plugs 34 or exhausts 34.
Component library
p2_1_3.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Mechanically Operated Directional Valves
Component library
Component library
3/2-way roller lever valve, normally closed
3/2-way roller lever valve, normally open
3/2-way idle return roller valve, normally closed
Pressurizing valve
Pneumatic proximity switch, solenoid operated
3/2-way valve with pushbutton, normally closed
3/2-way valve with pushbutton, normally open
3/2-way valve with selection switch or striking button
5/2-way valve, with selection switch
p2_1_3_1.ct
< 3/2-way roller lever valve, normally closed
Component library
The roller lever valve is operated by pressing on the lever, for example through
the use of a switching cam 52 of a cylinder. The flow passes through from 1 to 2.
After releasing the lever, the valve returns to its initial position through the
use of a return spring. Connection 1 is shut. In the Simulation Mode, the valve
can be switched manually by clicking on the component 473, thus not requiring a
cylinder to operate the valve. This valve is derived from a configurable 3/n way
valve p2_1_2_2. You find this valve in the component library �Frequently used Way
Valves�, under the Library menu.
Related Topics 3/2-way roller lever valve, normally open p2_1_3_2 Distance rule
p2_6_1_5 [47] 3/2-way valve, internal pilot, roller operated p3_1_4_12 [42]
3/2-way valve, ball seat p3_1_4_7
Component library
p2_1_3_2.ct
< 3/2-way roller lever valve, normally open
Component library
The roller lever valve is operated by pressing on the lever, for example through
the use of a switching cam 52 of a cylinder. Connection 1 is shut. After releasing
the lever, the valve returns to its initial position through the use of a return
spring. The flow may pass through freely from 1 to 2. In the Simulation Mode, the
valve can be switched manually by clicking on the component 473, thus not requiring
a cylinder to operate the valve. This valve is derived from a configurable 3/n
way valve p2_1_2_2. You find this valve in the component library �Frequently used
Way Valves�, under the Library menu.
Related Topics 3/2-way roller lever valve, normally closed p2_1_3_1 Distance
rule p2_6_1_5 [47] 3/2-way valve, internal pilot, roller operated p3_1_4_12
[42] 3/2-way valve, ball seat p3_1_4_7
Component library
p2_1_3_3.ct
< 3/2-way idle return roller valve, normally closed
Component library
The idle return roller valve is operated when the roller is driven in a specific
direction by the switching cam 52 of a cylinder. After releasing the roller, the
valve returns to its initial position through the use of a return spring.
Connection 1 is shut. When the roller is driven in the opposite direction, the
valve is not operated. In the Simulation Mode, the valve can be switched manually
by clicking on the component 473, thus not requiring a cylinder to operate the
valve. This valve is derived from a configurable 3/n way valve p2_1_2_2. You find
this valve in the component library �Frequently used Way Valves�, under the Library
menu. Adjustable parameters Operation: Extension, Retraction (Retraction)
Related Topics Distance rule p2_6_1_5 [42] 3/2-way valve, ball seat p3_1_4_7
[119] Idle return roller valve solution p3_1_9_7
Component library
p2_1_3_4.ct
< Pressurizing valve
Component library
The pressurizing valve with plunger control is operated by the surface of the
cylinder cam 52. When the plunger is operated, compressed air flows freely until
the nozzle is closed. A signal up to the level of the boost pressure is assembled
at exit connection 2. In the Simulation Mode, the valve can be switched manually
by clicking on the component 473, thus not requiring a cylinder to operate the
valve. Adjustable parameters Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min
(16)
Pressurizing valve
Pressurizing valve
Component library
p2_1_3_5.ct
< Pneumatic proximity switch, solenoid operated
Component library
A permanent solenoid found on the piston 52 of a cylinder drives this 3/2 pneumatic
directional valve and triggers the control signal. The flow passes freely from 1 to
2. In the Simulation Mode, the valve can be switched manually by clicking on the
component 473, thus not requiring a cylinder to operate the valve. This valve is
derived from a configurable 3/n way valve p2_1_2_2. You find this valve in the
component library �Frequently used Way Valves�, under the Library menu.
Component library
p2_1_3_6.ct
< 3/2-way valve with pushbutton, normally closed
Component library
Pressing the pushbutton 473 operates the valve. The flow passes freely from 1 to 2.
Releasing the pushbutton allows the valve to return to its starting position
through the use of a return spring. Connection 1 is shut. By holding down the
Shift key and simultaneously clicking on the component with the mouse cursor,
FluidSIM keeps the valve in permanent operating position. Simply clicking on the
component cancels the operated state and returns the valve to its starting
position. This valve is derived from a configurable 3/n way valve p2_1_2_2. You
find this valve in the component library �Frequently used Way Valves�, under the
Library menu.
Related Topics 3/2-way valve with pushbutton, normally open p2_1_3_7 [42] 3/2-
way valve, ball seat p3_1_4_7 [61] Direct control, unactuated p3_1_4_26
Component library
p2_1_3_7.ct
< 3/2-way valve with pushbutton, normally open
Component library
Pressing the pushbutton 473 operates the valve. Connection 1 is shut. Releasing the
pushbutton allows the valve to returns to its starting position through the use of
a return spring. The passes freely from 1 to 2. By holding down the Shift key and
simultaneously clicking on the component with the mouse cursor, FluidSIM keeps the
valve in permanent operating position. Simply clicking on the component cancels the
operated state and returns the valve to its starting position. This valve is
Related Topics 3/2-way valve with pushbutton, normally closed p2_1_3_6 [42]
3/2-way valve, ball seat p3_1_4_7
Component library
p2_1_3_8.ct
< 3/2-way valve with selection switch or striking button
Component library
Pressing the red striking button operates the valve. The flow passes freely from 1
to 2. Releasing the button has no effect; the valve remains in its operating
position. Turning the button to the right sets the striking button back to its
original position and the valve returns to its starting position through the use of
a return spring. Connection 1 is shut. This valve is derived from a configurable
3/n way valve p2_1_2_2. You find this valve in the component library �Frequently
used Way Valves�, under the Library menu.
Related Topic [42] 3/2-way valve, ball seat p3_1_4_7
Component library
p2_1_3_9.ct
< 5/2-way valve, with selection switch
Component library
Turning the selection switch operates the valve. The flow passes freely from 1 to
4. Releasing the switch has no effect; the valve remains in its operating position.
Turning the switch back to its original position allows the flow to pass freely
from 1 to 2. This valve is derived from a configurable 5/n way valve p2_1_2_4.
You find this valve in the component library �Frequently used Way Valves�, under
the Library menu.
Related Topic 5/2-way solenoid valve p2_1_4_3
Component library
p2_1_4.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Solenoid Operated Directional Valves
Component library
Component library
3/2-way solenoid valve, normally closed
3/2-way solenoid valve, normally open
5/2-way solenoid valve
5/2-way solenoid impulse valve
5/3-way solenoid valve, mid-Position closed
p2_1_4_1.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Solenoid Operated Directional Valves <
Component library
The solenoid valve is controlled by applying a voltage signal at the solenoid coil.
The flow passes freely from 1 to 2. By stopping the signal the valve is set back to
its starting position through the use of a return spring. Connection 1 is shut. If
no signal is applied to the valve, it can be manually operated 473. This valve is
Related Topics 3/2-way solenoid valve, normally open p2_1_4_2 Coupling
Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics 49 Valve solenoid p2_6_1_2 [43] 3/2-way
valve, disc seat, normally closed p3_1_4_8
Component library
p2_1_4_2.ct
Component library
Connection 1 is shut. By stopping the signal the valve is set back to its starting
position through the use of a return spring. The flow passes freely from 1 to 2. If
no signal is applied to the valve, it can be manually operated 473. This valve is
Related Topics 3/2-way solenoid valve, normally closed p2_1_4_1 Coupling
Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics 49 Valve solenoid p2_6_1_2 [43] 3/2-way
valve, disc seat, normally closed p3_1_4_8
Component library
p2_1_4_3.ct
Component library
its starting position through the use of a return spring. The flow passes freely
from 1 to 2. If no signal is applied to the valve, it can be manually operated 473.
This valve is derived from a configurable 5/n way valve p2_1_2_4. You find this
valve in the component library �Frequently used Way Valves�, under the Library
menu.
Related Topics Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics 49 Valve solenoid
p2_6_1_2 5/2-way valve, with selection switch p2_1_3_9
Component library
p2_1_4_4.ct
Component library
The solenoid valve is controlled by applying a voltage signal at the solenoid coil
(flow passes from 1 to 4) and remains in this operating position even when the
signal is cut off. Only by applying an opposite signal will the valve return to its
starting position (flow passes freely from 1 to 2). If no signal is applied to the
valve, it can be manually operated 473. This valve is derived from a configurable
5/n way valve p2_1_2_4. You find this valve in the component library �Frequently
used Way Valves�, under the Library menu.
p2_6_1_2 5/2-way impulse valve, pneumatically operated p2_1_5_4
Component library
p2_1_4_5.ct
Component library
The solenoid valve is controlled by applying a voltage signal at the solenoid coil
(flow passes from 1 to 4 or from 1 to 2). By stopping the signal the valve is set
back to its starting position through the use of a return spring. Connections 1, 2,
and 4 are shut. If no signal is applied to the valve, it can be manually operated
473. This valve is derived from a configurable 5/n way valve p2_1_2_4. You find
this valve in the component library �Frequently used Way Valves�, under the Library
menu.
p2_6_1_2 5/3-way pneumatic valve, mid-Position closed p2_1_5_5
Component library
p2_1_5.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Pneumatically Operated Directional
Valves
Component library
Component library
3/2-way valve, pneumatically operated, normally closed
3/2-way valve, pneumatically operated, normally open
5/2-way valve, pneumatically operated
5/2-way impulse valve, pneumatically operated
5/3-way pneumatic valve, mid-Position closed
Low pressure amplifier unit, 2 compartments
p2_1_5_1.ct
Valves < 3/2-way valve, pneumatically operated, normally closed
Component library
The pneumatic valve is controlled by applying a pilot pressure at connection 12.
its starting position through the use of a return spring. Connection 1 is shut.
menu.
Related Topics 3/2-way valve, pneumatically operated, normally open p2_1_5_2
[45] 3/2-way valve, single pilot, normally closed p3_1_4_10 [46] 3/2-way valve,
single pilot p3_1_4_11 [43] 3/2-way valve, disc seat, normally closed p3_1_4_8
[62] Indirect control (unactuated) p3_1_4_27
Component library
p2_1_5_2.ct
Valves < 3/2-way valve, pneumatically operated, normally open
Component library
Connection 1 is shut. By stopping the signal the valve is set back to its starting
position through the use of a return spring. The flow passes freely from 1 to 2.
menu.
Related Topics 3/2-way valve, pneumatically operated, normally closed p2_1_5_1
[46] 3/2-way valve, single pilot p3_1_4_11 [43] 3/2-way valve, disc seat,
normally closed p3_1_4_8
Component library
p2_1_5_3.ct
Valves < 5/2-way valve, pneumatically operated
Component library
its starting position through the use of a return spring. The flow passes freely
from 1 to 2. This valve is derived from a configurable 5/n way valve p2_1_2_4.
You find this valve in the component library �Frequently used Way Valves�, under
the Library menu.
Related Topic 5/2-way impulse valve, pneumatically operated p2_1_5_4
Component library
p2_1_5_4.ct
Valves < 5/2-way impulse valve, pneumatically operated
Component library
The pneumatic valve is controlled by applying reciprocal pilot pressures at
connection 14 (flow passes from 1 to 4) and connection 12 (flow passes from 1 to
2). The valve's operating position remains until an opposite signal is received by
the valve. This valve is derived from a configurable 5/n way valve p2_1_2_4. You
find this valve in the component library �Frequently used Way Valves�, under the
Library menu.
Related Topics 5/2-way valve, pneumatically operated p2_1_5_3 [53] 5/2-way
valve, longitudinal slide valve p3_1_4_18 [60] Memory circuit, 5/2-way bistable
valve p3_1_4_25
Component library
p2_1_5_5.ct
Valves < 5/3-way pneumatic valve, mid-Position closed
Component library
The pneumatic valve is controlled by applying reciprocal pilot pressures at
connection 14 (flow passes from 1 to 4) and connection 12 (flow passes from 1 to
2). By stopping the signals the valve is set back to its starting position through
the use of a return spring. Connections 1, 2, and 4 are shut. This valve is
Related Topics 5/2-way impulse valve, pneumatically operated p2_1_5_4 5/3-way
solenoid valve, mid-Position closed p2_1_4_5
Component library
p2_1_5_6.ct
Valves < Low pressure amplifier unit, 2 compartments
Component library
Each of the two double-level low pressure amplifier units has the function of a 3/2
directional valve that is normally closed p2_1_5_1. The signal at connection 12 is
raised to a higher boost pressure level through the use of a double-level amplifier
and is put out by connection 2. Adjustable parameters Standard nominal flow
rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (60)
Related Topic Ring sensor p2_1_6_18
Component library
p2_1_6.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Shutoff Valves and Flow Control Valves
Component library
Component library
Shuttle valve
Quick exhaust valve
Two pressure valve
Check valve
Check valve, spring loaded
Check valve with pilot control
Check valve with pilot control, spring loaded
Pilot to close check valve
Pilot to close check valve, spring loaded
Nozzle
Throttle valve
Orifice
Orifice, adjustable
One-way flow control valve
Pneumatic counter
Pneumatic timer, normally closed
Pneumatic timer, normally open
Ring sensor
p2_1_6_1.ct
< Shuttle valve
Component library
The shuttle valve is switched based on the compressed air entering into either
input connection 1 and leaving via an output connection 2. Should both input
connections begin receiving compressed air, the connection with the higher pressure
takes precedence and is put out (OR function). Adjustable parameters
Related Topics [78] Shuttle valve p3_1_5_10 [82] Circuit: Shuttle valve IV
p3_1_5_14
Shuttle valve
Shuttle valve
Component library
p2_1_6_10.ct
< Nozzle
Component library
The nozzle represents a pneumatic resistance. Adjustable parameters Standard
Related Topics Throttle valve p2_1_6_11 Orifice p2_1_6_12
Nozzle
Nozzle
Component library
p2_1_6_11.ct
< Throttle valve
Component library
The setting of the throttle valve is set by means of a rotary knob. Please note
that by the rotary knob no absolute resistance value can be set. This means that,
in reality, different throttle valves can generate different resistance values
despite identical settings. Adjustable parameters Opening level: 0 ... 100 %
(100) Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (100)
Related Topics Orifice, adjustable p2_1_6_13 One-way flow control valve
p2_1_6_14
Throttle valve
Throttle valve
Component library
p2_1_6_12.ct
< Orifice
Component library
The orifice represents a pneumatic resistance. Adjustable parameters
Related Topics Orifice, adjustable p2_1_6_13 Nozzle p2_1_6_10
Orifice
Orifice
Component library
p2_1_6_13.ct
< Orifice, adjustable
Component library
The orifice represents a variable pneumatic resistance. Adjustable parameters
Opening level: 0 ... 100 % (100) Standard nominal flow rate:
0.1 ... 5000 l/min (100)
Related Topics Orifice p2_1_6_12 Throttle valve p2_1_6_11
Orifice, adjustable
Orifice, adjustable
Component library
p2_1_6_14.ct
< One-way flow control valve
Component library
The one-way flow control valve is made up of a throttle valve and a check valve.
The check valve stops the flow from passing in a certain direction. The flow then
passes though the throttle valve. The cross-section of the throttle is adjustable
via a regular screw. In the opposite direction the flow can pass through the check
valve. Adjustable parameters Opening level: 0 ... 100 % (100)
Related Topics [94] One-way flow control valve p3_1_6_3 [95] Throttle valve
p3_1_6_4 Throttle valve p2_1_6_11 Check valve with pilot control p2_1_6_6
Component library
p2_1_6_15.ct
< Pneumatic counter
Component library
The counter registers pneumatic signals starting at a predetermined number and
counting backwards. If zero is reached, then the counter releases an output signal.
This output signal continues until the counter is reset either by hand or from at
signal at connection 10. Adjustable parameters Counter: 0 ... 9999 pulses
Related Topic Relay counter p2_2_10_4
Pneumatic counter
Pneumatic counter
Component library
p2_1_6_16.ct
< Pneumatic timer, normally closed
Component library
The pneumatic timer switches input pressure applied to port 1 to port 2 after the
preset delay time has expired. If the supply of compressed air is interrupted at
port 1, working port 2 is once again switched to the unpressurised state. Delay
time is automatically reset within 200 ms. Starting pressure must be at least 160
kPa (1.6 bar). Delay time is infinitely adjustable with the help of an adjusting
knob. Adjustable parameters Delay time: 0.1 ... 100 s (3) Standard
Related Topics Pneumatic timer, normally open p2_1_6_17 Time delay valve,
normally closed p2_1_9_3 Time delay valve, normally open p2_1_9_4
Component library
p2_1_6_17.ct
< Pneumatic timer, normally open
Component library
The pneumatic timer is reversed by a pneumatic signal at port 10 after the selected
delay time has elapsed, and it blocks flow from port 1 to working port 2. When the
signal is deactivated, the timer is returned to its initial position by means of a
reset spring. Delay time is automatically reset within 200 ms. Starting pressure
must be at least 160 kPa (1.6 bar). Delay time is infinitely adjustable with the
help of an adjusting knob. Adjustable parameters Delay time: 0.1 ... 100 s
Related Topics Pneumatic timer, normally closed p2_1_6_16 Time delay valve,
normally closed p2_1_9_3 Time delay valve, normally open p2_1_9_4
Component library
p2_1_6_18.ct
< Ring sensor
Component library
The ring sensor is a non-contact pneumatic signal output module. It is supplied
with low pressure at connection 1. If, due to an object, the entering air flow is
disturbed, a low pressure signal will be put out by connection 2. To simulate an
object in the air flow, as presented above, simply click on the component 473
during FluidSIM Simulation Mode.
Related Topic Low pressure amplifier unit, 2 compartments p2_1_5_6
Ring sensor
Ring sensor
Component library
p2_1_6_2.ct
< Quick exhaust valve
Component library
The compressed air passes from connection 1 to connection 2. If the pressure should
decrease at connection 1, then the compressed air from connection 2 will escape to
the outside via the installed silencer. Adjustable parameters Standard nominal
flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (550)
Related Topics [87] Quick exhaust valve p3_1_5_19 [88] Circuit: Quick exhaust
valve p3_1_5_20
Quick exhaust valve
Quick exhaust valve
Component library
p2_1_6_3.ct
< Two pressure valve
Component library
The two pressure valve is switched based on the compressed air entering into both
input connections 1 and leaving via an output connection 2. Should both input
connections begin receiving compressed air, the connection with the lower pressure
takes precedence and is put out (AND function). Adjustable parameters
Related Topics [71] Two pressure valve p3_1_5_3 [74] Circuit: Two pressure
valve III p3_1_5_6
Two pressure valve
Two pressure valve
Component library
p2_1_6_4.ct
< Check valve
Component library
If the inlet pressure at 1 is higher than the outlet pressure at 2, then the check
valve allows the flow to pass, otherwise it blocks the flow. Adjustable parameters
Related Topics [70] Non return valve p3_1_5_2 Check valve, spring loaded
p2_1_6_5 Check valve with pilot control p2_1_6_6 Pilot to close check valve
p2_1_6_8 One-way flow control valve p2_1_6_14
Check valve
Check valve
Component library
p2_1_6_5.ct
< Check valve, spring loaded
Component library
If the inlet pressure at 1 is higher than the outlet pressure at 2 and the nominal
pressure, then the check valve allows the flow to pass, otherwise it blocks the
flow. Adjustable parameters Nominal pressure: 0.001 ... 2 MPa (0.1)
Related Topics [70] Non return valve p3_1_5_2 Check valve p2_1_6_4 Check
valve with pilot control, spring loaded p2_1_6_7 Pilot to close check valve,
spring loaded p2_1_6_9
Component library
p2_1_6_6.ct
< Check valve with pilot control
Component library
If the entering pressure at connection 1 is higher that the outgoing pressure at 2,
the check valve allows the flow to pass freely. Otherwise, the valve stops the
flow. Additionally, the check valve can be opened via the control line 12. This
action allows the flow to pass freely in both directions. Adjustable parameters
Area ratio: 1 ... 10 (5) Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min
(108)
Related Topics Check valve p2_1_6_4 One-way flow control valve p2_1_6_14 Pilot
to close check valve p2_1_6_8
Component library
p2_1_6_7.ct
< Check valve with pilot control, spring loaded
Component library
pressure, then the check valve allows the flow to pass, otherwise it blocks the
flow. Additionally, the check valve can be released using the pilot line 12, thus
enabling the flow in both directions. Adjustable parameters Nominal pressure:
0.001 ... 2 MPa (0.1) Area ratio: 1 ... 10 (5) Standard nominal
flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (108)
Related Topics Check valve p2_1_6_4 Check valve, spring loaded p2_1_6_5 Pilot
to close check valve, spring loaded p2_1_6_9
Component library
p2_1_6_8.ct
< Pilot to close check valve
Component library
If the inlet pressure at 1 is higher than the outlet pressure at 2, then the non-
return valve allows the flow to pass, otherwise it blocks the flow. Additionally,
the non-return valve can be closed using the pilot line 10. Adjustable parameters
Area ratio: 1 ... 10 (5) Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min
(108)
Related Topics Check valve p2_1_6_4 Pilot to close check valve, spring loaded
p2_1_6_9
Component library
p2_1_6_9.ct
< Pilot to close check valve, spring loaded
Component library
pressure, then the non-return valve allows the flow to pass, otherwise it blocks
the flow. Additionally, the non-return valve can be closed using the pilot line 10.
Adjustable parameters Nominal pressure: 0.001 ... 2 MPa (0.1) Area ratio:
1 ... 10 (5) Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (108)
Related Topics Check valve p2_1_6_4 Check valve, spring loaded p2_1_6_5 Check
valve with pilot control, spring loaded p2_1_6_7
Component library
p2_1_7.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Pressure Control Valves
Component library
Component library
2-way pressure regulator valve
2-way pressure regulator valve, adjustable
Pressure regulator valve with manometer
Closing pressure compensator
Closing pressure compensator, adjustable
Opening pressure compensator
Opening pressure compensator, adjustable
p2_1_7_1.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Pressure Control Valves < 2-way pressure
regulator valve
Component library
The pressure regulator valve regulates the compressed air supply to the preset
nominal pressure and equalizes pressure fluctuations. The valve closes when the
pressure at connection 2 exceeds the nominal pressure. The setting for the real
components is component dependent and cannot be changed. Adjustable parameters
Nominal pressure: 0.01 ... 2 MPa (0.4) Standard nominal flow rate:
0.1 ... 5000 l/min (300)
Related Topics 2-way pressure regulator valve, adjustable p2_1_7_2 3-way
pressure regulator valve p2_1_7_4 Closing pressure compensator p2_1_7_6 [16]
Pressure regulator with vent hole p3_1_2_10
Component library
p2_1_7_2.ct
regulator valve, adjustable
Component library
nominal pressure and equalizes pressure fluctuations. The valve closes when the
pressure at connection 2 exceeds the nominal pressure. Adjustable parameters
Nominal pressure: 0.01 ... 2 MPa (0.4) Standard nominal flow rate:
0.1 ... 5000 l/min (300)
Related Topics 2-way pressure regulator valve p2_1_7_1 3-way pressure regulator
valve, adjustable p2_1_7_5 Closing pressure compensator, adjustable p2_1_7_7
[16] Pressure regulator with vent hole p3_1_2_10
Component library
p2_1_7_3.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Pressure Control Valves < Pressure
regulator valve with manometer
Component library
The pressure control valve regulates the supplied pressure based on the adjustable
operating pressure and the variations in the pressure. The manometer p2_1_12_1
displays the pressure at connection 2. Adjustable parameters Nominal pressure:
0.01 ... 2 MPa (0.4) Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min
(300)
pressure regulator valve, adjustable p2_1_7_2 Closing pressure compensator,
adjustable p2_1_7_7 [16] Pressure regulator with vent hole p3_1_2_10
Component library
p2_1_7_4.ct
regulator valve
Component library
nominal pressure and equalizes pressure fluctuations. The compressed air is
discharged via connection 3 when the pressure at connection 2 exceeds the nominal
pressure. The setting for the real components is component dependent and cannot be
changed. Adjustable parameters Nominal pressure: 0.01 ... 2 MPa (0.4)
pressure regulator valve p2_1_7_1 Closing pressure compensator p2_1_7_6 [16]
Pressure regulator with vent hole p3_1_2_10
Component library
p2_1_7_5.ct
regulator valve, adjustable
Component library
nominal pressure and equalizes pressure fluctuations. The compressed air is
discharged via connection 3 when the pressure at connection 2 exceeds the nominal
pressure. Adjustable parameters Nominal pressure: 0.01 ... 2 MPa (0.4)
Related Topics Pressure regulator valve with manometer p2_1_7_3 3-way pressure
regulator valve p2_1_7_4 2-way pressure regulator valve, adjustable p2_1_7_2
Closing pressure compensator, adjustable p2_1_7_7 [16] Pressure regulator with
vent hole p3_1_2_10
Component library
p2_1_7_6.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Pressure Control Valves < Closing
pressure compensator
Component library
The pressure compensator represents a pressure dependent pneumatic resistance. The
pressure compensator closes when the pressure difference p3-p4 exceeds the nominal
pressure. A pressure regulating valve is implemented by the combination of
connections 2 and 3. The nominal pressure setting of the real components is
component dependent and cannot be changed. Adjustable parameters Nominal
pressure: 0.01 ... 2 MPa (0.4) Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000
l/min (300)
Related Topics Closing pressure compensator, adjustable p2_1_7_7 Opening
pressure compensator p2_1_7_8 [16] Pressure regulator with vent hole p3_1_2_10

Component library
p2_1_7_7.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Pressure Control Valves < Closing
pressure compensator, adjustable
Component library
pressure compensator closes when the pressure difference p3-p4 exceeds the nominal
pressure. A pressure regulating valve is implemented by the combination of
connections 2 and 3. Adjustable parameters Nominal pressure: 0.01 ... 2 MPa
(0.4) Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (300)
Related Topics Closing pressure compensator p2_1_7_6 Opening pressure
compensator, adjustable p2_1_7_9 [16] Pressure regulator with vent hole
p3_1_2_10
Component library
p2_1_7_8.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Pressure Control Valves < Opening
pressure compensator
Component library
pressure compensator opens when the pressure difference p3-p4 exceeds the nominal
pressure. A sequence valve is implemented by the combination of connections 1 and
3. The nominal pressure setting of the real components is component dependent and
cannot be changed. Adjustable parameters Nominal pressure: 0.01 ... 2 MPa
(0.4) Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (300)
Related Topics Opening pressure compensator, adjustable p2_1_7_9 Closing
pressure compensator p2_1_7_6
Component library
p2_1_7_9.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Pressure Control Valves < Opening
pressure compensator, adjustable
Component library
pressure compensator opens when the pressure difference p3-p4 exceeds the nominal
pressure. A sequence valve is implemented by the combination of connections 1 and
3. Adjustable parameters Nominal pressure: 0.01 ... 2 MPa (0.4)
Related Topics Opening pressure compensator p2_1_7_8 Closing pressure
compensator, adjustable p2_1_7_7
Component library
p2_1_8.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Pressure Operated Switches
Component library
Component library
Analog pressure sensor
Differential pressure switch
p2_1_8_1.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Pressure Operated Switches < Analog
pressure sensor
Component library
The pressure sensor measures the pressure and operates the pressure switch p2_2_8_2
when the adjustable switching pressure has been exceeded. Adjustable parameters
Switching pressure: 0.0001 ... 2 MPa (0.3)
Related Topic Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics 49
Component library
p2_1_8_2.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Pressure Operated Switches <
Component library
The differential pressure switch can be employed as a pressure switch (connection
P1), a vacuum switch (connection P2) or as a differential pressure switch (P1-P2).
The respective pneumatic to electric converter p2_2_8_1 is operated when the
difference in pressure between P1-P2 exceeds the adjustable switching pressure.
Adjustable parameters Differential pressure: -2 ... 2 MPa (0.3)
Component library
p2_1_9.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Valve Groups
Component library
Component library
Valve Groups
Valve Groups
Pressure sequence valve
Adjustable vacuum actuator valve
Time delay valve, normally closed
Time delay valve, normally open
Stepper module, type TAA
Stepper module, type TAB
Quickstepper
p2_1_9_1.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Valve Groups < Pressure sequence valve
Component library
Valve Groups
The sequence valve is operated when the control pressure at connection 12 has been
reached. The flow passes freely from 1 to 2. Removing the signal allows the valve
to return to its starting position through the use of a return spring. Connection 1
is shut. The pressure of the control signal is infinitely adjustable via a pressure
setting screw. Adjustable parameters Nominal pressure: 0 ... 2 MPa (0.1)
Related Topics [99] Adjustable pressure sequence valve (unactuated) p3_1_7_3
[100] Circuit: Pressure sequence valve p3_1_7_4 Adjustable vacuum actuator valve
p2_1_9_2
Component library
p2_1_9_2.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Valve Groups < Adjustable vacuum
actuator valve
Component library
Valve Groups
The vacuum actuator valve is employed through the conversion of a vacuum signal. As
soon as the vacuum reaches the adjustable value at connection 1v, the attached
valve body is switched. Adjustable parameters Nominal pressure: -0.06 ...
-0.025 MPa (-0.025) Standard nominal flow rate: 0.1 ... 5000 l/min (100)
Related Topics Vacuum suction nozzle p2_1_11_14 Pressure sequence valve p2_1_9_1

Component library
p2_1_9_3.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Valve Groups < Time delay valve,
normally closed
Component library
Valve Groups
The time delay valve is made up of a pneumatically operated 3/2-way valve, a one-
way flow control valve, and small air accumulator. When the necessary pressure is
reached at the control connection 12 of the unit, the 3/2-way valve switches and
the flow passes freely from 1 to 2. Adjustable parameters Opening level:
0 ... 100 % (100) Volume: 0.001 ... 100 Liter (0.01)
Related Topics Time delay valve, normally open p2_1_9_4 [105] Time delay valve,
normally closed p3_1_8_2 One-way flow control valve p2_1_6_14 3/2-way valve,
pneumatically operated, normally closed p2_1_5_1 [106] Circuit: Time delay valve
p3_1_8_3
Component library
p2_1_9_4.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Valve Groups < Time delay valve,
normally open
Component library
Valve Groups
The time delay valve is made up of a pneumatically operated 3/2-way valve, a one-
way flow control valve, and small air accumulator. When the necessary pressure is
reached at the control connection 10 of the unit, the 3/2-way valve switches and
stops the flow from passing between 1 and 2. Adjustable parameters Opening
level: 0 ... 100 % (100) Volume: 0.001 ... 100 Liter (0.01)
Related Topics Time delay valve, normally closed p2_1_9_3 One-way flow control
valve p2_1_6_14 3/2-way valve, pneumatically operated, normally open p2_1_5_2
Component library
p2_1_9_5.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Valve Groups < Stepper module, type TAA
Component library
Valve Groups
The stepper module is made up of a memory unit (3/2-way impulse valve), an AND
p2_1_6_3 and an OR p2_1_6_1 component, a viewable announcement, and an auxiliary
manual operation. Adjustable parameters Initial position: Left, Right
(Left)
Related Topic Stepper module, type TAB p2_1_9_6
Component library
p2_1_9_6.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Valve Groups < Stepper module, type TAB
Component library
Valve Groups
The stepper module is made up of a memory unit (3/2-way impulse valve), an AND
p2_1_6_3 and an OR p2_1_6_1 component, a viewable announcement, and an auxiliary
manual operation. Adjustable parameters Initial position: Left, Right
(Right)
Related Topic Stepper module, type TAA p2_1_9_5
Component library
p2_1_9_7.ct
Component library < Pneumatic Components < Valve Groups < Quickstepper
Component library
Valve Groups
The Quickstepper is a ready to be fitted, mechanical/pneumatic control device with
12 in- and outputs. The outputs are successively synchronized with the input
signals.
Quickstepper
Quickstepper
Component library
p2_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components
Component library
Component library
Power Supply
Actuators / Signal Devices
Measuring Instruments / Sensors
General Switches
Delay Switches
Limit Switches
Manually Operated Switches
Pressure Switches
Proximity Switches
Relays
Controller
EasyPort/OPC/DDE Components
p2_2_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Power Supply
Component library
Component library
Power Supply
Power Supply
Electrical connection 0V
Function generator
Setpoint value card
Connection (electrical)
Line (electrical)
T-junction (electrical)
p2_2_10.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Relays
Component library
Component library
Relays
Relays
Relay
Relay with switch-on delay
Relay with switch-off delay
Relay counter
Starting current limiter
p2_2_10_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Relays < Relay
Component library
Relays
The relay picks up immediately when current is supplied and drops out immediately
when current is removed.
Related Topics Break switch p2_2_4_1 Make switch p2_2_4_2 Changeover switch
p2_2_4_3 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics 49
Relay
Relay
Component library
p2_2_10_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Relays < Relay with switch-on delay
Component library
Relays
The relay picks up after a preset time when current is supplied and drops out
immediately when current is removed. Adjustable parameters Delay time: 0 ...
100 s (5)
Related Topics Break switch (switch-on delayed) p2_2_5_1 Make switch (switch-on
delayed) p2_2_5_2 Changeover switch (switch-on delayed) p2_2_5_3 Coupling
Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics 49
Component library
p2_2_10_3.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Relays < Relay with switch-off delay
Component library
Relays
The relay picks up immediately when current is supplied and drops out after a
preset time when current is removed. Adjustable parameters Delay time: 0 ...
100 s (5)
Related Topics Break switch (switch-off delayed) p2_2_5_4 Make switch (switch-
off delayed) p2_2_5_5 Changeover switch (switch-off delayed) p2_2_5_6 Coupling
Component library
p2_2_10_4.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Relays < Relay counter
Component library
Relays
The relay picks up after a predefined number of current pulses has/have been
counted between the connections A1 and A2. If a potential is supplied between the
connections R1 and R2, the counter is reset to its predefined value. In the
Simulation Mode the relay counter can also be reset by clicking on it. Adjustable
parameters Counter: 0 ... 9999 pulses (5)
Related Topics Break switch p2_2_4_1 Make switch p2_2_4_2 Changeover switch
p2_2_4_3 Pneumatic counter p2_1_6_15 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and
Mechanics 49
Relay counter
Relay counter
Component library
p2_2_10_5.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Relays < Starting current limiter
Component library
Relays
The starting current limiter consists essentially of a relay, whose coil is
situated between the connections IN and 0V, and whose switch contact is situated
between the connections 24V and OUT. An electronic longitudinal controller
restricts, with a switched relay contact, the current flow to the preset value for
the specified duration. The starting current limiter is usually deployed in
combination with the electric motor p2_2_2_1. Adjustable parameters
Duration: 1 ... 10000 ms (50) Max. current: 0.1 ... 100 A
(2)
Related Topic DC motor p2_2_2_1
Component library
p2_2_11.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Controller
Component library
Component library
Controller
Controller
Comparator
PID controller
Status controller
p2_2_11_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Controller < Comparator
Component library
Controller
The comparator is a discontinuous (switching) two-step action controller with
differential gap (hysteresis). When activated, it delivers a predefined voltage
signal. The switch-on value for the activation is defined by nominal value + 1/2
hysteresis and the switch-off value by nominal value - 1/2 hysteresis. The
comparator requires a power supply of 24 V. Adjustable parameters Set value
voltage: -10 ... 10 V (5) Hysteresis: 0 ... 5 V (1)
Comparator
Comparator
Component library
p2_2_11_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Controller < PID controller
Component library
Controller
The PID-Controller is a continuous controller consisting of three control elements:
Proportional, Integral and Derivative. The adjustable parameters refer to the PID-
Controller in the Technology Package TP111 pneumatic control from Festo Didactic.
The output voltage restriction can be set within the range (i) -10 V to + 10 V or
(ii) 0 V to +10 V. In the range (i), a manipulated variable offset from -7 V to + 7
V can be specified, and in the range (ii) a manipulated variable offset from 1.5 V
to 8.5 V can be specified. The PID-controller requires a power supply of 24 V.
Adjustable parameters Proportional gain: 0 ... 1000 (1) Integral gain:
0 ... 1000 1/s (0) Derivation gain: 0 ... 1000 ms (0)
Related Topics Status controller p2_2_11_3 Open-loop and Closed-loop Control by
using Continuous Valves 814
PID controller
PID controller
Component library
p2_2_11_3.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Controller < Status controller
Component library
Controller
The status controller is especially suitable for controlling pneumatic positioning
circuits. A pneumatic positioning circuit counts to the controlled systems that can
only be unsatisfactorily controlled with a standard controller. Three parameters
can be attributed to the present status controller: position, speed and
acceleration of the piston. The controller is therefore referred to as a �triple
loop� controller. Speed and acceleration are not measured with sensors out of cost
reasons. They are calculated by the controller from the differences in position.
The adjustable parameters refer to the status controller in the Technology Package
TP111 Closed-loop pneumatics from Festo Didactic. The output voltage restriction
can be set within the range (i) -10 V to + 10 V or (ii) 0 V to +10 V. In the range
(i), a manipulated variable offset from -7 V to + 7 V can be specified, and in the
range (ii) a manipulated variable offset from 1.5 V to 8.5 V can be specified. The
status controller requires a power supply of 24 V. Adjustable parameters
Deviation gain: 0 ... 10 (1) Velocity damping: 0 ... 100 ms (0)
Acceleration damping: 0 ... 10 ms2 (0) Total gain: 0 ... 1000 (1)
Related Topics PID controller p2_2_11_2 Open-loop and Closed-loop Control by
using Continuous Valves 814
Status controller
Status controller
Component library
p2_2_12.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < EasyPort/OPC/DDE Components
Component library
Component library
FluidSIM Output Port
FluidSIM Input Port
Multi-pin plug distributor
Universal-I/O
p2_2_12_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < EasyPort/OPC/DDE Components < FluidSIM
Output Port
Component library
Communication with the EasyPort-Hardware and other applications is implemented with
the FluidSIM-Output.
Related Topics FluidSIM Input Port p2_2_12_2 OPC and DDE communication with
Other Applications 59
Component library
p2_2_12_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < EasyPort/OPC/DDE Components < FluidSIM
Input Port
Component library
The FluidSIM input realizes the communication with other applications.
Communication with the EasyPort-Hardware and other applications is implemented with
the FluidSIM-Output.
Related Topics FluidSIM Output Port p2_2_12_1 OPC and DDE communication with
Other Applications 59
FluidSIM Input Port
FluidSIM Input Port
Component library
p2_2_12_3.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < EasyPort/OPC/DDE Components < Multi-pin
plug distributor
Component library
Communication with EasyPort hardware, as well as with other applications, is
carried out with the multi-pin plug distributor. The contacts on the right-hand
side (1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11) represent the digital outputs, and the contacts on the
left-hand side (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) the digital inputs. If the �priority in
case of connected hardware� switch is activated, only the input signals from the
external sensors are taken into consideration, if an EasyPort has been connected.
Related Topic Universal-I/O p2_2_12_4
Component library
p2_2_12_4.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < EasyPort/OPC/DDE Components <
Universal-I/O
Component library
The universal input/output-unit is connected with the multi-pin plug distributor by
a label. The component is a input if the label refers to a input channel of the
multi-pin plug distributor. The component is an output if the label refers to an
output channel of the multi-pin plug distributor. If used as an input the
universal I/O-component is a voltage source. If the correspondent input channel of
the multi-pin plug distributor on high level, the universal I/O-Component delivers
24 V, otherwise 0V. If used an an output channel, the universal I/O-component
sets the correspondent output channel of the multi-pin plug distributor on high
level, if there is a higher voltage than 20 V.
Related Topic Multi-pin plug distributor p2_2_12_3
Universal-I/O
Universal-I/O
Component library
p2_2_1_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Power Supply < Electrical connection 0V
Component library
Power Supply
0V connection of the power supply.
Related Topic Electrical connection 24V p2_2_1_2
Component library
p2_2_1_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Power Supply < Electrical connection
24V
Component library
Power Supply
Related Topic Electrical connection 0V p2_2_1_1
Component library
p2_2_1_3.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Power Supply < Function generator
Component library
Power Supply
The function generator is a voltage source that can create constant, rectangle,
sine and triangle signals. The voltage range is restricted to -10 V to +10 V. The
frequency, the amplitude and the Y-offset of the signal can be set within this
range. A voltage profile can be additionally specified. Data points can be set
interactively with a mouse-click in the relevant graphic field. These can then be
combined to a closed polygon. Alternatively, existing data points can be marked and
both numeric values for the time and the corresponding voltage can be entered in
the input fields. If the option �loop� is selected, then the voltage profile is
started again. Adjustable parameters Frequency: 0 ... 100 Hz (1)
Amplitude: 0 ... 10 V (5) y offset: -10 ... 10 V (5)
Related Topic Setpoint value card p2_2_1_4
Function generator
Function generator
Component library
p2_2_1_4.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Power Supply < Setpoint value card
Component library
Power Supply
Voltage profiles in the range -10 V to +10 V can be created using the setpoint
value card. Up to 8 setpoints W1 to W8 can be specified in the voltage range -10 V
to +10 V. The setpoint card requires a power supply of 24 V. The increase from
the current setpoint to the next setpoint is defined using 4 ramps R1 to R4 with
values between 0 s/V and 10 s/V, i.e. a low ramp value signifies a large increase,
whereas a high ramp value results in a small increase. The active ramp is defined
as follows: R1 by a positive increase of 0 V, R2 by a negative increase up to 0 V,
R3 by a negative increase of 0 V and R4 by a positive increase up to 0 V. Three
operating modes can be selected: �Wait for switching time�, �Advance setpoints� and
�External control�. In operating mode �Wait for switching time� the setpoints are
sequentially advanced when the preset change over time has expired. If �Advance
setpoints� is selected then, upon attaining the active setpoint, the next setpoint
is started without delay. In operating mode �External control� the selection of
the active setpoint is effected by gating the inputs I1, I2 and I3 with at least 15
V. The corresponding setpoint is selected by means of the specified bit table.
During the process, the internal switching time is inactive. W1: I1= 0, I2= 0,
I3= 0 W2: I1= 1, I2= 0, I3= 0 W3: I1= 0, I2= 1, I3= 0 W4: I1= 1, I2= 1, I3= 0
W5: I1= 0, I2= 0, I3= 1 W6: I1= 1, I2= 0, I3= 1 W7: I1= 0, I2= 1, I3= 1 W8: I1=
1, I2= 1, I3= 1
Related Topic Function generator p2_2_1_3
Setpoint value card
Setpoint value card
Component library
p2_2_1_5.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Power Supply < Connection (electrical)
Component library
Power Supply
An electric connection is a place where an electric line can be attached to. To
Mode. Note that at each electric connection values for the voltage and current
can be displayed.
Related Topics Line (electrical) p2_2_1_6 T-junction (electrical) p2_2_1_7
Creating new Circuit Diagrams 19 Insertion of T-connections 43 Drawing Errors
452 Displaying Quantity Values 45
Component library
p2_2_1_6.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Power Supply < Line (electrical)
Component library
Power Supply
A electrical line links two electrical connections. Note that a electrical
connection may be a simple electrical connection p2_2_1_5 or a T-junction p2_2_1_7.
A electrical line causes no voltage drop, i. e., it has no electrical resistance.
Related Topic Creating new Circuit Diagrams 19
Line (electrical)
Line (electrical)
Component library
p2_2_1_7.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Power Supply < T-junction (electrical)
Component library
Power Supply
A T-junction joins up to four electrical lines p2_2_1_6, thus having a single
voltage potential. Note that T-junctions are introduced automatically by FluidSIM
when dropping the line drawing cursor onto another line in Edit Mode.
Related Topics Connection (electrical) p2_2_1_5 Creating new Circuit Diagrams 19
Component library
p2_2_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Actuators / Signal Devices
Component library
Component library
DC motor
Solenoid
Indicator light
Buzzer
p2_2_2_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Actuators / Signal Devices < DC motor
Component library
The DC motor transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy. DC motors produce
the continual rotation through repeated changes in the direction of current. The
characteristics of the 24 V Dc motor relate to the motor used by the Festo Didactic
conveyor belts. Adjustable parameters No load speed: 10 ... 20000 1/min
(75) Torque: 0 ... 20 Nm (0)
Related Topics Electrical connection 24V p2_2_1_2 Starting current limiter
p2_2_10_5
DC motor
DC motor
Component library
p2_2_2_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Actuators / Signal Devices < Solenoid
Component library
The solenoid converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. An iron core is
pulled when a current flows through a coil. The iron core is returned to its
neutral position by a spring after electrical current to the coil has been switched
off. The solenoid can be used as a gate or a stopper.
Solenoid
Solenoid
Component library
p2_2_2_3.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Actuators / Signal Devices < Indicator
light
Component library
If current flows, the indicator light is displayed in the user-defined color.
Adjustable parameters Color: 16 standard colors (Yellow)
Related Topic Buzzer p2_2_2_4
Indicator light
Indicator light
Component library
p2_2_2_4.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Actuators / Signal Devices < Buzzer
Component library
If current flows, a flashing ring around the buzzer is shown. Moreover, if �buzzer�
is activated in the menu under Options- Sound..., the buzzer is activated if a
sound hardware is installed.
Related Topics Indicator light p2_2_2_3 Sound Parameters 58 Technical
Requirements 7
Buzzer
Buzzer
Component library
p2_2_3.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Measuring Instruments / Sensors
Component library
Component library
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Displacement encoder
Flow meter, analog
p2_2_3_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Measuring Instruments / Sensors <
Voltmeter
Component library
With a voltmeter, the voltage between two positions in a circuit can be measured.
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Component library
p2_2_3_2.ct
Ammeter
Component library
With an ammeter, the amperage (current strength) of the current between two
positions in a circuit can be measured.
Ammeter
Ammeter
Component library
p2_2_3_3.ct
Component library
The displacement encoder is a slide potentiometer with longitudinal contact and no
connecting-rods. It delivers a voltage signal that is proportional to the pick up
position. The pick up position is determined by the piston stroke. The voltage
range, which will depict the minimal and maximal piston position, can be defined
within the range -10 V to +10 V by the user. The displacement encoder requires a
power supply of at least 13 V.
Related Topics Configurable cylinder p2_1_11_1 Open-loop and Closed-loop Control
by using Continuous Valves 814
Component library
p2_2_3_4.ct
Component library
This symbol represents the electrical part of the Analog-pressure sensor p2_1_12_4


Component library
p2_2_3_5.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Measuring Instruments / Sensors < Flow
meter, analog
Component library
This symbol represents the electrical part of the Analog-flow meter p2_1_12_6
Flow meter, analog

Flow meter, analog
Component library
p2_2_4.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < General Switches
Component library
Component library
General Switches
General Switches
Break switch
Make switch
Changeover switch
p2_2_4_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < General Switches < Break switch
Component library
General Switches
General break switch that is tailored depending on the type of component that
actuates it. For example, if the break switch is linked via a label to a switch-
off delay relay p2_2_10_3, the break switch changes to a switch-off delay break
switch p2_2_5_4 in the circuit diagram.
Related Topics Relay p2_2_10_1 Break switch (switch-on delayed) p2_2_5_1 Break
switch (switch-off delayed) p2_2_5_4 Limit switch (break) p2_2_6_1 Switch with
roll (break) p2_2_6_2 Reed contact (break) p2_2_6_3 Pressure switch (break)
p2_2_8_2 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics 49 Automatic Switch
Altering 54
Break switch
Break switch
Component library
p2_2_4_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < General Switches < Make switch
Component library
General Switches
General make switch that is tailored according to the component that actuates it.
For example, if the make switch is linked via a label to a switch-on delayed relay
p2_2_10_2, the make switch changes to a switch-on delayed make switch p2_2_5_2 in
the circuit diagram.
Related Topics Relay p2_2_10_1 Make switch (switch-on delayed) p2_2_5_2 Make
switch (switch-off delayed) p2_2_5_5 Limit switch (make) p2_2_6_4 Switch with
roll (make) p2_2_6_5 Reed contact (make) p2_2_6_6 Pressure switch (make)
p2_2_8_3 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics 49 Automatic Switch
Altering 54
Make switch
Make switch
Component library
p2_2_4_3.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < General Switches < Changeover switch
Component library
General Switches
General changeover switch that is tailored according to the component that actuates
it. For example, if the changeover switch is linked via a label to a switch-on
delayed relay p2_2_10_2, the changeover switch changes to a switch-on delayed
p2_2_5_3 changeover switch p2_2_5_3 in the circuit diagram.
Related Topics Relay p2_2_10_1 Changeover switch (switch-on delayed) p2_2_5_3
Changeover switch (switch-off delayed) p2_2_5_6 Limit switch (changeover)
p2_2_6_7 Switch with roll (changeover) p2_2_6_8 Reed contact (changeover)
p2_2_6_9 Pressure switch (changeover) p2_2_8_4 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics
and Mechanics 49 Automatic Switch Altering 54
Changeover switch
Changeover switch
Component library
p2_2_5.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Delay Switches
Component library
Component library
Delay Switches
Delay Switches
Break switch (switch-on delayed)
Make switch (switch-on delayed)
Changeover switch (switch-on delayed)
Break switch (switch-off delayed)
Make switch (switch-off delayed)
Changeover switch (switch-off delayed)
p2_2_5_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Delay Switches < Break switch (switch-
on delayed)
Component library
Delay Switches
Switch with delayed opening after pickup. Switch-on delayed break switches are
created by using a general break switch p2_2_4_1 and setting a label.
Related Topics Relay with switch-on delay p2_2_10_2 Break switch (switch-off
delayed) p2_2_5_4 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics 49
Component library
p2_2_5_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Delay Switches < Make switch (switch-on
delayed)
Component library
Delay Switches
Switch with delayed closing after pickup. Switch-on delayed make switches are
created by using a general make switch p2_2_4_2 and setting a label.
Related Topics Relay with switch-on delay p2_2_10_2 Make switch (switch-off
Component library
p2_2_5_3.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Delay Switches < Changeover switch
(switch-on delayed)
Component library
Delay Switches
Changeover switch with delayed changeover after pickup. Switch-on delayed
changeover switches are created by using a general changeover switch p2_2_4_3 and
setting a label.
Related Topics Relay with switch-on delay p2_2_10_2 Changeover switch (switch-
off delayed) p2_2_5_6 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics 49
Component library
p2_2_5_4.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Delay Switches < Break switch (switch-
off delayed)
Component library
Delay Switches
Switch with delayed closing after dropout. Switch-off delayed break switches are
Related Topics Relay with switch-off delay p2_2_10_3 Break switch (switch-on
Component library
p2_2_5_5.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Delay Switches < Make switch (switch-
off delayed)
Component library
Delay Switches
Switch with delayed opening after dropout. Switch-off delayed make switches are
Related Topics Relay with switch-off delay p2_2_10_3 Make switch (switch-on
Component library
p2_2_5_6.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Delay Switches < Changeover switch
(switch-off delayed)
Component library
Delay Switches
Changeover switch with delayed changeover after dropout. Switch-off delayed
changeover switches are created by using a general changeover switch p2_2_4_3 and
setting a label.
Related Topics Relay with switch-off delay p2_2_10_3 Changeover switch (switch-
on delayed) p2_2_5_3 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics 49
Component library
p2_2_6.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Limit Switches
Component library
Component library
Limit Switches
Limit Switches
Limit switch (break)
Switch with roll (break)
Reed contact (break)
Limit switch (make)
Switch with roll (make)
Reed contact (make)
Limit switch (changeover)
Switch with roll (changeover)
Reed contact (changeover)
p2_2_6_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Limit Switches < Limit switch (break)
Component library
Limit Switches
Switch that is opened by a cam attached to the cylinder rod. The switch closes
immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Limit switches are created by using
a general break switch p2_2_4_1 and setting a label.
Related Topics Switches at Cylinders 52 Distance rule p2_6_1_5
Component library
p2_2_6_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Limit Switches < Switch with roll
(break)
Component library
Limit Switches
immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Switches with roll are created by
using a general break switch p2_2_4_1, setting a label and selecting the switch
type in the component's properties dialog.
Related Topics Switches at Cylinders 52 Automatic Switch Altering 54 Distance
rule p2_6_1_5
Component library
p2_2_6_3.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Limit Switches < Reed contact (break)
Component library
Limit Switches
immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Reed contacts are created by using
a general break switch p2_2_4_1, setting a label and selecting the switch type in
the component's properties dialog.
rule p2_6_1_5
Component library
p2_2_6_4.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Limit Switches < Limit switch (make)
Component library
Limit Switches
Switch that is closed by a cam attached to the cylinder rod. The switch opens
a general make switch p2_2_4_2 and setting a label.
Limit switch (make)
Limit switch (make)
Component library
p2_2_6_5.ct
(make)
Component library
Limit Switches
immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Switches with roll are created by
using a general make switch p2_2_4_2, setting a label and selecting the switch type
in the component's properties dialog.
rule p2_6_1_5
Component library
p2_2_6_6.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Limit Switches < Reed contact (make)
Component library
Limit Switches
immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Reed contacts are created by using
a general make switch p2_2_4_2, setting a label and selecting the switch type in
the component's properties dialog.
rule p2_6_1_5
Reed contact (make)
Reed contact (make)
Component library
p2_2_6_7.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Limit Switches < Limit switch
(changeover)
Component library
Limit Switches
Switch that is changed over by a cam attached to the cylinder rod. The switch
changes back immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Limit switches are
created by using a general changeover switch p2_2_4_3 and setting a label.
Component library
p2_2_6_8.ct
(changeover)
Component library
Limit Switches
changes back immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Switches with roll are
created by using a general changeover switch p2_2_4_3, setting a label and
selecting the switch type in the component's properties dialog.
rule p2_6_1_5
Component library
p2_2_6_9.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Limit Switches < Reed contact
(changeover)
Component library
Limit Switches
changes back immediately when the cam has passed the switch. Reed contacts are
created by using a general changeover switch p2_2_4_3, setting a label and
selecting the switch type in the component's properties dialog.
rule p2_6_1_5
Component library
p2_2_7.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Manually Operated Switches
Component library
Component library
Pushbutton (break)
Pushbutton (make)
Pushbutton (changeover)
Detent switch (break)
Detent switch (make)
Detent switch (changeover)
p2_2_7_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Manually Operated Switches < Pushbutton
(break)
Component library
Switch that opens when actuated and closes immediately when released. In FluidSIM
switches can be actuated permanently (locked) when continuing to hold down the
mouse button and pushing the Shift key. This permanent actuation is released by a
simple click on the component.
Related Topics Detent switch (break) p2_2_7_4 Simultaneous Actuation of Several
Components 39
Pushbutton (break)
Pushbutton (break)
Component library
p2_2_7_2.ct
(make)
Component library
Switch that closes when actuated and opens immediately when released. In FluidSIM
Related Topics Detent switch (make) p2_2_7_5 Simultaneous Actuation of Several
Components 39
Pushbutton (make)
Pushbutton (make)
Component library
p2_2_7_3.ct
(changeover)
Component library
Switch that changes over when actuated and changes back immediately when released.
In FluidSIM switches can be actuated permanently (locked) when continuing to hold
down the mouse button and pushing the Shift key. This permanent actuation is
released by a simple click on the component.
Related Topics Detent switch (changeover) p2_2_7_6 Simultaneous Actuation of
Several Components 39
Component library
p2_2_7_4.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Manually Operated Switches < Detent
switch (break)
Component library
Switch that opens and locks when actuated.
Related Topics Pushbutton (break) p2_2_7_1 Simultaneous Actuation of Several
Components 39
Component library
p2_2_7_5.ct
switch (make)
Component library
Switch that closes and locks when actuated.
Related Topics Pushbutton (make) p2_2_7_2 Simultaneous Actuation of Several
Components 39
Component library
p2_2_7_6.ct
switch (changeover)
Component library
Switch that changes over and locks when actuated.
Related Topics Pushbutton (changeover) p2_2_7_3 Simultaneous Actuation of
Several Components 39
Component library
p2_2_8.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Pressure Switches
Component library
Component library
Pressure Switches
Pressure Switches
Pneumatic to electric converter
Pressure switch (break)
Pressure switch (make)
Pressure switch (changeover)
Pressure switch
p2_2_8_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Pressure Switches < Pneumatic to
electric converter
Component library
Pressure Switches
The converter produces an electrical signal, if the preset differential pressure of
the differential pressure switch p2_1_8_2 is exceeded.
Component library
p2_2_8_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Pressure Switches < Pressure switch
(break)
Component library
Pressure Switches
Switch that opens when the preset switching pressure of the analog pressure sensor
p2_1_8_1 is exceeded. Pressure switches are created by using a general break switch
p2_2_4_1 and setting a label.
Component library
p2_2_8_3.ct
(make)
Component library
Pressure Switches
The switch closes when the preset switching pressure of the analog pressure sensor
p2_1_8_1 is exceeded. Pressure switches are created by using a general make switch
Component library
p2_2_8_4.ct
(changeover)
Component library
Pressure Switches
The switch changes over when the preset switching pressure of the analog pressure
sensor p2_1_8_1 is exceeded. Pressure switches are created by using a general
changeover switch p2_2_4_3 and setting a label.
Component library
p2_2_8_5.ct
Component library
Pressure Switches
The switch relays an electrical signal when the preset switching pressure at the
pneumatic pressure switch p2_1_8_1 is exceeded.
Pressure switch
Pressure switch
Component library
p2_2_9.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Proximity Switches
Component library
Component library
Proximity Switches
Proximity Switches
Magnetic proximity switch
Inductive proximity switch
Capacitive proximity switch
Optical proximity switch
p2_2_9_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Proximity Switches < Magnetic proximity
switch
Component library
Proximity Switches
Switch that closes when a solenoid is brought near by. In the Simulation Mode the
proximity switch can also be actuated by clicking 473 on it.
Related Topics Inductive proximity switch p2_2_9_2 Capacitive proximity switch
p2_2_9_3 Optical proximity switch p2_2_9_4 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and
Mechanics 49
Component library
p2_2_9_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Proximity Switches < Inductive
proximity switch
Component library
Proximity Switches
Switch that closes when the induced electro-magnetic field is changed. In the
Simulation Mode the proximity switch can also be actuated by clicking 473 on it.
Related Topics Magnetic proximity switch p2_2_9_1 Capacitive proximity switch
Mechanics 49
Component library
p2_2_9_3.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Proximity Switches < Capacitive
proximity switch
Component library
Proximity Switches
Switch that closes when its electrostatic field is changed. In the Simulation
Mode the proximity switch can also be actuated by clicking 473 on it.
Related Topics Magnetic proximity switch p2_2_9_1 Inductive proximity switch
Mechanics 49
Component library
p2_2_9_4.ct
Component library < Electrical Components < Proximity Switches < Optical proximity
switch
Component library
Proximity Switches
Switch that closes when the light barrier is interrupted. In the Simulation Mode
the proximity switch can also be actuated by clicking 473 on it.
Related Topics Magnetic proximity switch p2_2_9_1 Inductive proximity switch
p2_2_9_2 Capacitive proximity switch p2_2_9_3 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics
and Mechanics 49
Component library
p2_3.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard)
Component library
Component library
Power Supply
General Switches
Delay Switches
Limit Switches
Pressure Switches
Relays
p2_3_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Power Supply
Component library
Component library
Power Supply
Power Supply
Electrical connection 0V (ladder)
p2_3_1_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Power Supply <
Component library
Power Supply
Related Topic Electrical connection 24V (ladder) p2_3_1_2
Component library
p2_3_1_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Power Supply <
Component library
Power Supply
Related Topic Electrical connection 0V (ladder) p2_3_1_1
Component library
p2_3_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < General Switches
Component library
Component library
General Switches
General Switches
Break switch (ladder)
Make switch (ladder)
p2_3_2_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < General Switches <
Component library
General Switches
General break switch that is tailored depending on the type of component that
actuates it. For example, if the break switch is linked via a label to a switch-
off delay relay p2_3_7_3, the break switch changes to a switch-off delay break
switch p2_3_3_3 in the circuit diagram.
Related Topics Relay (ladder) p2_3_7_1 Break switch (switch-on delayed, ladder)
p2_3_3_1 Break switch (switch-off delayed, ladder) p2_3_3_3 Limit switch
(break, ladder) p2_3_4_1 Pressure switch (break, ladder) p2_3_6_1 Coupling
Component library
p2_3_2_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < General Switches <
Component library
General Switches
General make switch that is tailored according to the component that actuates it.
For example, if the make switch is linked via a label to a switch-on delayed relay
p2_3_7_2, the make switch changes to a switch-on delayed make switch p2_3_3_2 in
the circuit diagram.
Related Topics Relay (ladder) p2_3_7_1 Make switch (switch-on delayed, ladder)
p2_3_3_2 Make switch (switch-off delayed, ladder) p2_3_3_4 Limit switch (make,
ladder) p2_3_4_2 Pressure switch (make, ladder) p2_3_6_2 Coupling Pneumatics,
Electrics and Mechanics 49
Component library
p2_3_3.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Delay Switches
Component library
Component library
Delay Switches
Delay Switches
Break switch (switch-on delayed, ladder)
Make switch (switch-on delayed, ladder)
Break switch (switch-off delayed, ladder)
Make switch (switch-off delayed, ladder)
p2_3_3_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Delay Switches <
Component library
Delay Switches
Switch with delayed opening after pickup. Switch-on delayed break switches are
Related Topics Relay with switch-on delay (ladder) p2_3_7_2 Break switch
(switch-off delayed, ladder) p2_3_3_3 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and
Mechanics 49
Component library
p2_3_3_2.ct
Component library
Delay Switches
Switch with delayed closing after pickup. Switch-on delayed make switches are
Related Topics Relay with switch-on delay (ladder) p2_3_7_2 Make switch (switch-
off delayed, ladder) p2_3_3_4 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics 49
Component library
p2_3_3_3.ct
Component library
Delay Switches
Switch with delayed closing after dropout. Switch-off delayed break switches are
Related Topics Relay with switch-off delay (ladder) p2_3_7_3 Break switch
(switch-on delayed, ladder) p2_3_3_1 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics
49
Component library
p2_3_3_4.ct
Component library
Delay Switches
Switch with delayed opening after dropout. Switch-off delayed make switches are
Related Topics Relay with switch-off delay (ladder) p2_3_7_3 Make switch
49
Component library
p2_3_4.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Limit Switches
Component library
Component library
Limit Switches
Limit Switches
Limit switch (break, ladder)
Limit switch (make, ladder)
p2_3_4_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Limit Switches <
Component library
Limit Switches
a general break switch p2_3_2_1 and setting a label.
Component library
p2_3_4_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Limit Switches <
Component library
Limit Switches
a general make switch p2_3_2_2 and setting a label.
Component library
p2_3_5.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Manually Operated
Switches
Component library
Component library
Pushbutton (break, ladder)
Pushbutton (make, ladder)
Pushbutton (changeover, ladder)
p2_3_5_1.ct
Switches < Pushbutton (break, ladder)
Component library
Switch that opens when actuated and closes immediately when released. In FluidSIM
Related Topic Simultaneous Actuation of Several Components 39
Component library
p2_3_5_2.ct
Switches < Pushbutton (make, ladder)
Component library
Switch that closes when actuated and opens immediately when released. In FluidSIM
Component library
p2_3_5_3.ct
Switches < Pushbutton (changeover, ladder)
Component library
Switch that changes over when actuated and changes back immediately when released.
In FluidSIM switches can be actuated permanently (locked) when continuing to hold
down the mouse button and pushing the Shift key. This permanent actuation is
released by a simple click on the component.
Component library
p2_3_6.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Pressure Switches
Component library
Component library
Pressure Switches
Pressure Switches
Pressure switch (break, ladder)
Pressure switch (make, ladder)
p2_3_6_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Pressure Switches <
Component library
Pressure Switches
Switch that opens when the preset switching pressure of the analog pressure sensor
p2_1_8_1 is exceeded. Pressure switches are created by using a general break switch
Component library
p2_3_6_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Pressure Switches <
Component library
Pressure Switches
The switch closes when the preset switching pressure of the analog pressure sensor
p2_1_8_1 is exceeded. Pressure switches are created by using a general make switch
Component library
p2_3_7.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Relays
Component library
Component library
Relays
Relays
Relay (ladder)
Relay with switch-on delay (ladder)
Relay with switch-off delay (ladder)
p2_3_7_1.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Relays < Relay
(ladder)
Component library
Relays
The relay picks up immediately when current is supplied and drops out immediately
when current is removed.
Related Topics Break switch (ladder) p2_3_2_1 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and
Mechanics 49
Relay (ladder)
Relay (ladder)
Component library
p2_3_7_2.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Relays < Relay with
switch-on delay (ladder)
Component library
Relays
The relay picks up after a preset time when current is supplied and drops out
immediately when current is removed. Adjustable parameters Delay time: 0 ...
100 s (5)
Related Topics Break switch (switch-on delayed, ladder) p2_3_3_1 Make switch
49
Component library
p2_3_7_3.ct
Component library < Electrical Components (American Standard) < Relays < Relay with
switch-off delay (ladder)
Component library
Relays
The relay picks up immediately when current is supplied and drops out after a
preset time when current is removed. Adjustable parameters Delay time: 0 ...
100 s (5)
Related Topics Break switch (switch-off delayed, ladder) p2_3_3_3 Make switch
(switch-off delayed, ladder) p2_3_3_4 Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and
Mechanics 49
Component library
p2_4.ct
Component library < Digital Components
Component library
Digital Components
Component library
Digital Components
Constants and Connectors
Basic Functions
Special Functions
p2_4_1.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Constants and Connectors
Component library
Component library
Digital Components
Digital input
Digital output
Memory bits
Logic level HI
Logic level LO
Connection (digital)
Line (digital)
T-junction (digital)
p2_4_1_1.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Constants and Connectors < Digital input
Component library
Digital inputs are designated with an �I�. In FluidSIM digital components can be
used inside and outside a digital module. If a digital input is used inside a
digital module, you can determine the input connector of the digital module in
question with which the digital input shall be linked by allocating a number �I1�
to �I16�. If there is an analog signal of more than 10V at the chosen input of the
digital module, the digital input is set to �Hi�. If a digital input is used
outside a digital module, there is an additional analog electrical connection at
the digital input. If there is an analog signal of more than 10V at this
connection, the digital input is set to �Hi�. As an alternative you can click on
the digital input with the left mouse button in order to set it to �Hi�. Another
click resets the value to �Lo�.
Related Topics Digital module p2_4_3_1 Digital output p2_4_1_2
Digital input
Digital input
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_1_2.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Constants and Connectors < Digital output
Component library
Digital outputs are designated with an �Q�. The output connects a digital signal
through from its input to its output. In FluidSIM digital components can be used
inside and outside a digital module. If a digital output is used inside a digital
module, you can determine the output connector of the digital module in question
with which the digital output shall be linked by allocating a number �Q1� to �Q16�.
If the status of the digital output is �Hi�, a potential of 24V is set at the
corresponding output connector of the digital module. If a digital output is used
outside a digital module, there is an additional analog electrical connection at
the digital output. If the status of the digital output is �Hi�, a potential of 24
V is set a this connection.
Related Topics Digital module p2_4_3_1 Digital input p2_4_1_1 Memory bits
p2_4_1_3
Digital output
Digital output
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_1_3.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Constants and Connectors < Memory bits
Component library
Memory bits are designated with a �M�. Memory bits are virtual outputs, with a
value at their output analog to that at their input. When the simulation start is
activated, you can define by using the property dialog box if the output Q shall be
set to �Lo� or to �Hi�, independent on the input value. After the simulation start
the value at the output is set to the value of the input.
Related Topic Digital output p2_4_1_2
Memory bits
Memory bits
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_1_4.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Constants and Connectors < Logic level HI
Component library
At the output Q you have the logic level �Hi�.
Related Topic Logic level LO p2_4_1_5
Logic level HI
Logic level HI
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_1_5.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Constants and Connectors < Logic level LO
Component library
At the output Q you have the logic level �Lo�.
Related Topic Logic level HI p2_4_1_4
Logic level LO
Logic level LO
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_1_6.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Constants and Connectors < Connection
(digital)
Component library
An digital connection is a place where a digital line can be attached to. To
Mode. Note that at each digital connection its level �Lo� / �Hi� can be
displayed.
Related Topics Line (digital) p2_4_1_7 T-junction (digital) p2_4_1_8 Creating
new Circuit Diagrams 19 Insertion of T-connections 43 Drawing Errors 452
Displaying Quantity Values 45
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_1_7.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Constants and Connectors < Line (digital)
Component library
A digital line links two digital connections. Note that a digital connection may be
a simple digital connection p2_4_1_6 or a T-junction p2_4_1_8.
Related Topic Creating new Circuit Diagrams 19
Line (digital)
Line (digital)
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_1_8.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Constants and Connectors < T-junction
(digital)
Component library
A T-junction joins up to four digital lines p2_4_1_7, thus having a single digital
level. Note that T-junctions are introduced automatically by FluidSIM when dropping
the line drawing cursor onto another line in Edit Mode.
Related Topics Connection (digital) p2_4_1_6 Creating new Circuit Diagrams 19
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_2.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Basic Functions
Component library
Component library
Digital Components
Basic Functions
Basic Functions
AND
Edge-triggered AND
NAND (AND not)
NAND With Edge Evaluation
NOR (OR not)
XOR (exclusive OR)
NOT (Negation, Inverter)
p2_4_2_1.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Basic Functions < AND
Component library
Basic Functions
The output Q of the AND is only �Hi� when all inputs are �Hi�, that is, if they are
closed. If an input pin of this module is not connected, its status is
automatically �Hi�.
Related Topic Edge-triggered AND p2_4_2_2
AND
AND
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_2_2.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Basic Functions < Edge-triggered AND
Component library
Basic Functions
The output Q of the edge-triggered AND is only �Hi� when all inputs are �Hi� and if
at least one input was �Lo� in the previous cycle. If an input pin of this block is
not connected, its status is automatically �Hi�.
Related Topic AND p2_4_2_1
Edge-triggered AND
Edge-triggered AND
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_2_3.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Basic Functions < NAND (AND not)
Component library
Basic Functions
The output Q of the NAND is only �Lo�, when all inputs are �Hi�, that is, if they
are closed. If an input pin of this block is not connected, its status is
automatically �Hi�.
Related Topic NAND With Edge Evaluation p2_4_2_4
NAND (AND not)
NAND (AND not)
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_2_4.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Basic Functions < NAND With Edge
Evaluation
Component library
Basic Functions
The output Q of the NAND with edge evaluation is only �Hi�, if at least one input
is �Lo� and if all inputs were �Hi� in the previous cycle. If an input pin of this
block is not connected, its status is automatically �Hi�.
Related Topic NAND (AND not) p2_4_2_3
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_2_5.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Basic Functions < OR
Component library
Basic Functions
The output Q of the OR is only �Hi�, if at least one input is �Hi�, that is, if it
is closed. If an input pin of this block is not connected, its status is
automatically �Lo�.
Related Topics NOR (OR not) p2_4_2_6 XOR (exclusive OR) p2_4_2_7
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_2_6.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Basic Functions < NOR (OR not)
Component library
Basic Functions
The output Q of the NOR is only �Hi� when all inputs are �Lo�, that is, if they are
switched off. As soon as any input is switched on (status �Hi�), the output of the
NOR is set to �Lo�. If an input pin of this block is not connected, its status is
automatically �Lo�.
Related Topics OR p2_4_2_5 XOR (exclusive OR) p2_4_2_7
NOR (OR not)
NOR (OR not)
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_2_7.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Basic Functions < XOR (exclusive OR)
Component library
Basic Functions
The output Q of the XOR is �Hi�, if the inputs are nonequivalent. If an input pin
of this block is not connected, its status is automatically �Lo�.
Related Topics OR p2_4_2_5 NOR (OR not) p2_4_2_6
XOR (exclusive OR)
XOR (exclusive OR)
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_2_8.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Basic Functions < NOT (Negation, Inverter)
Component library
Basic Functions
The output Q is �Hi� if the input is �Lo�. The NOT block is an input status
inverter.
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_3.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions
Component library
Component library
Digital Components
Special Functions
Special Functions
Digital module
On delay
Off delay
On/Off delay
Retentive On delay
Latching Relay
Pulse Relay
Wiping Relay - Pulse Output
Edge-triggered Wiping Relay
Timer Switch
Up/Down Counter
Symmetric Clock Generator
Asynchronous Pulse Generator
Frequency Threshold Trigger
p2_4_3_1.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions < Digital module
Component library
Special Functions
The digital module is used for a compact embedding of a digital switching circuit
into a electropneumatic circuit. The digital module offers 8 (16) electrical inputs
and outputs, which transfer their states to its digital switching circuit in the
inner part. Therefore the digital switching circuit does not need much space in the
electropneumatic circuit for the display of the digital module as a rectangle with
a total number of 18 (34) connections. By making a double-click with the left mouse
button on the digital module you come to the digital circuit in the inner part of
the module. A new window opens. It shows the digital circuit and can be handled in
the usual way. The standard configuration in the inner part of a new inserted
digital module is a row with 8 (16) inputs and 8 (16) outputs each. They correspond
to the inputs and outputs of the module in the electropneumatic circuit. In order
to be able to test the digital circuit during the set-up, it can be simulated
separated from the electropneumatic circuit. As soon as the processing window of
the digital module is closed or the original circuit window is put into the
foreground, the previously effected changes in the digital circuit are
automatically adopted into the digital module of the electropneumatic circuit.
Inside the digital module only digital components can be inserted. Furthermore, an
encapsulating of additional digital modules inside a module is not possible.
However, you can use several digital modules in one electropneumatic circuit.
Please note that the digital circuit inside a digital module only works correctly
if corresponding potentials are set at the electrical power supply units of the
module (+24 V) and (0 V).
Related Topics Digital input p2_4_1_1 Digital output p2_4_1_2
Digital module
Digital module
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_3_10.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions < Timer Switch
Component library
Special Functions
With the timer switch you can create timer switches referring to days, weeks and
years. Upon reach of the specified on-transition time, the output Q of the timer
switch is set to �Hi� and upon reach of the specified off-transition time to �Lo�.
If you have chosen the option �repeat all�, the on and off transition is repeated
each time according to the specified repetition time. Adjustable parameters
On time: 0 ... 1000 s (10) Off time: 0,1 ... 1000 s (30)
Repeat every: 0,1 ... 1000 s (60)
Related Topics On delay p2_4_3_2 Off delay p2_4_3_3 On/Off delay p2_4_3_4
Retentive On delay p2_4_3_5
Timer Switch
Timer Switch
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_3_11.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions < Up/Down Counter
Component library
Special Functions
Depending on the configuration of the input Dir, an internal value is counted up or
down through an input pulse. The output is set when the configured count value is
reached. With every status change at the input Cnt from �Lo� to �Hi�, the
internal counter is increased (Dir = �Lo�) or decreased (Dir = �Hi�) by one unit.
If the internal counter is equal or larger compared to the specified value, the
output Q is set to �Hi�. You can use the reset input R to reset the internal
count value and the output to �Lo�. As long as R=�Hi�, also the output is �Lo� and
the pulses at input Cnt are not counted. Adjustable parameters Counter:
0 ... 9999 pulses (5)
Up/Down Counter
Up/Down Counter
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_3_12.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions < Symmetric Clock
Generator
Component library
Special Functions
A timing signal with a configurable period is given at the output. Via the duration
of the pulses you can determine the length of the on and off times. Via the input
En (for Enable) you can switch on the clock generator, that is, the clock generator
sets the output to �Hi� for the duration of the pulse, subsequent the output to
�Lo� for the duration of the pulse and so on, until the input status is �Lo� again.
Adjustable parameters Impulse time: 0,1 ... 100 s (0,5)
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_3_13.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions < Asynchronous Pulse
Generator
Component library
Special Functions
The pulse profile of the output can be changed via the configurable pulse duration
and pulse pause duration. It is possible to invert the output with input INV. The
input INV only negates the output, if the block is enabled via EN. Adjustable
parameters Impulse time: 0,1 ... 100 s (3) Impulse pause time:
0,1 ... 100 s (1)
Related Topic Symmetric Clock Generator p2_4_3_12
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_3_14.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions < Frequency Threshold
Trigger
Component library
Special Functions
The output is switched on and off depending on two frequencies which can be
specified. The threshold trigger measures the signals at input Fre. The pulses
are captured across a measuring interval which can be specified. If the frequency
measured within the measuring interval higher than the input frequency, the output
Q is switched to �Hi�. Q is switched again to �Lo� when the measured frequency has
reached the value of the output frequency or if it is lower. Adjustable parameters
On frequency: 0,1 ... 10 pulses/sec (6) Off frequency: 0,1 ... 10
pulses/sec (2) Time interval: 0,1 ... 100 s (5)
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_3_2.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions < On delay
Component library
Special Functions
An output with on delay is not switched on until a specified time has expired.
When the status of input Trg changes from �Lo� to �Hi�, the on delay time starts.
If the status of input Trg is �Hi� at least for the duration of the configured
time, the output Q is set to �Hi� on expiration of this time. The output follows
the input with on delay. The time is reset, when the status of the input changes
again to �Lo� before the time has expired. The output is reset to �Lo�, when the
status at the input is �Lo�. Adjustable parameters On delay time: 0 ... 100 s
(3)
Related Topics Off delay p2_4_3_3 On/Off delay p2_4_3_4 Retentive On delay
p2_4_3_5 Timer Switch p2_4_3_10
On delay
On delay
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_3_3.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions < Off delay
Component library
Special Functions
The output is not reset until a configured time has expired. When the input
status turns to �Hi�, the output Q is switched instantaneously to �Hi�. If the
status at input Trg changes from �Hi� to �Lo�, the off delay starts. After
expiration of the configured time, the output is reset to �Lo� (off delay). When
the input Trg is switched on and off again, the off delay restarts. The input R
(Reset) is used to reset the delay time and the output before the configured time
has expired. Adjustable parameters Off delay time: 0 ... 100 s (3)
Related Topics On delay p2_4_3_2 On/Off delay p2_4_3_4 Retentive On delay
Off delay
Off delay
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_3_4.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions < On/Off delay
Component library
Special Functions
An output with on/off delay is switched on after a specified time and is reset on
expiration of a second specified time. As soon as the status at input Trg changes
from �Lo� to �Hi�, the configured on delay time starts. If the status at input Trg
remains �Hi� at least for the duration of the configured time, the output Q is set
to �Hi� on expiration of the on delay time (the output follows the input on
delayed). If the status at input Trg changes again to �Lo�, before the configured
on delay time has expired, the time is reset. When the status at input returns to
�Lo�, the configured off delay time starts. If the status at the input remains
�Lo� at least for the duration of the configured off delay time, the output is set
to �Lo� on expiration of that time (the output follows the input off delayed). If
the status at the input returns to �Hi� before this time has expired, the time is
reset. Adjustable parameters On delay time: 0 ... 100 s (3) Off delay
time: 0 ... 100 s (3)
Related Topics On delay p2_4_3_2 Off delay p2_4_3_3 Retentive On delay
On/Off delay
On/Off delay
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_3_5.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions < Retentive On delay
Component library
Special Functions
A specified time starts after an input pulse. The output is set on expiration of
this time. As soon as the status at the input Trg changes from �Lo� to �Hi�, the
specified time starts. After expiration on the configured time, the output Q is set
to �Hi�. Further switching actions at input Trg have no influence on the running
time. The output and the time are only reset to �Lo� when the status at input R is
�Hi�. Adjustable parameters On delay time: 0 ... 100 s (3)
Related Topics On delay p2_4_3_2 Off delay p2_4_3_3 On/Off delay p2_4_3_4
Timer Switch p2_4_3_10
Retentive On delay
Retentive On delay
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_3_6.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions < Latching Relay
Component library
Special Functions
Input S sets output Q. Another input R resets the output Q. A latching relay is a
simple logic memory. The output value depends on the input states and on the
previous output status.
Latching Relay
Latching Relay
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_3_7.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions < Pulse Relay
Component library
Special Functions
A short one-shot at the input is used to set and reset the output. Output Q
status is toggled at every �Lo� to �Hi� transition of the status at input Trg, that
is, the output is switched on or off. Use input R to reset the pulse relay to
initial state, that is, the output is set to �Lo�.
Pulse Relay
Pulse Relay
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_3_8.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions < Wiping Relay - Pulse
Output
Component library
Special Functions
An input signal generates a signal of specified length at the output. The output
status is switched to �Hi� after the input Trg is set to �Hi�. The configured time
is started at the same time and the output remains set. After expiration of the
configured time, the output is reset to the status �Lo� (pulse output). If the
input status changes from �Hi� to �Lo� before the specified time has expired, also
the output follows immediately with a with a �Hi� to �Lo� transition. Adjustable
parameters Delay time: 0 ... 100 s (3)
Related Topic Edge-triggered Wiping Relay p2_4_3_9
Component library
Digital Components
p2_4_3_9.ct
Component library < Digital Components < Special Functions < Edge-triggered Wiping
Relay
Component library
Special Functions
An input signal generates a signal of specified length at the output
(retriggering). The output status is switched to �Hi� after the input Trg is set
to �Hi�. The configured time is started at the same time. After expiration of the
configured time, the output Q status is reset to �Lo� (pulse output). If the input
status changes again from �Lo� to �Hi� (retriggering), before the specified time
has expired, the time is reset and the output remains switched on. Adjustable
parameters Delay time: 0 ... 100 s (3)
Related Topic Wiping Relay - Pulse Output p2_4_3_8
Component library
Digital Components
p2_5.ct
Component library < GRAFCET Elements
Component library
GRAFCET Elements
Component library
GRAFCET Elements
GRAFCET
p2_5_1.ct
Component library < GRAFCET Elements < GRAFCET
Component library
Component library
GRAFCET Elements
GRAFCET
GRAFCET
Step
Transition
Action
Synchronization
Partial GRAFCET
GRAFCET-I/O
p2_5_1_1.ct
Component library < GRAFCET Elements < GRAFCET < Step
Component library
GRAFCET
The name of a step may contain the following characters: �0-9�, �a-z�, �A-Z� and
the underscore �_�. You can select from the following seven different step types:
simple step, initial step, macro-step, macro input, macro output, enclosing step
and initial enclosing step. Furthermore, you can give the step an activation
link.
Related Topics Admissible characters for steps and variables 29835 Transition
p2_5_1_2 Action p2_5_1_3 Synchronization p2_5_1_4 Partial GRAFCET p2_5_1_5
Step
Step
Component library
GRAFCET Elements
p2_5_1_2.ct
Component library < GRAFCET Elements < GRAFCET < Transition
Component library
GRAFCET
You can give a transition a name, which is shown to the left of the transition in
brackets. Entering a transition condition is supported by buttons for special
symbols (AND, OR, NOT, falling edge, rising edge, delay). Via Variable... you can
select an existing GRAFCET variable from a list. Alternatively to the formula, you
can show a descriptive text. To do this, you have to select the option �Display
description instead of formula�. In the �Connection ID/target information� field,
you can enter a step that links to the transition's output without having to draw a
connecting line. You can select an existing step from a list.
Related Topics Variable names 29836 Functions and formula entry 29837 Target
information 29840 Step p2_5_1_1 Synchronization p2_5_1_4
Transition
Transition
Component library
GRAFCET Elements
p2_5_1_3.ct
Component library < GRAFCET Elements < GRAFCET < Action
Component library
GRAFCET
There are three types of action: assignations, allocations and compulsory commands.
For assignations and allocations, you can enter a variable or an output, whose
value is changed by the action. The name of a variable may contain the following
characters: �0-9�, �a-z�, �A-Z� and the underscore �_�. For a �conditional
action� or an �action on event�, you can enter a condition that has to be fulfilled
before the action is executed. Entering a condition is supported by buttons for
special symbols (AND, OR, NOT, falling edge, rising edge, delay). Via Variable...
you can select an existing GRAFCET variable from a list. Alternatively to the
formula, you can show a descriptive text. To do this, you have to select the option
�Display description instead of formula�. For an allocation (�action on
activation�, �action on deactivation� and �action on event�), you can enter any
term whose value is to be allocated to the action variable. Entering a term is
supported by buttons for special symbols (AND, OR, NOT, falling edge, rising edge).
Via Variable... you can select an existing GRAFCET variable from a list.
Alternatively to the formula, you can show a descriptive text. To do this, you have
to select the option �Display description instead of formula�. For a �compulsory
command�, you can enter the name of the partial GRAFCET directly or select an
existing partial GRAFCET from a list. You can also enter the relevant steps
directly or select them from a list of existing steps. You have to separate the
step names with commas. You can select the special commands �*� and �INIT� using
the relevant buttons.
Related Topics Variable names 29836 Functions and formula entry 29837
Compulsory commands 29843 Step p2_5_1_1 Transition p2_5_1_2 GRAFCET-I/O
p2_5_1_6
Action
Action
Component library
GRAFCET Elements
p2_5_1_4.ct
Component library < GRAFCET Elements < GRAFCET < Synchronization
Component library
GRAFCET
You can connect synchronizations like other FluidSIM components. However, they do
not initially have any connections. You always have to draw connecting lines to a
synchronization. The corresponding connections are then generated automatically.
Related Topics Synchronization 29831 Step p2_5_1_1 Transition p2_5_1_2
Partial GRAFCET p2_5_1_5
Synchronization
Synchronization
Component library
GRAFCET Elements
p2_5_1_5.ct
Component library < GRAFCET Elements < GRAFCET < Partial GRAFCET
Component library
GRAFCET
If you want to allocate GRAFCET elements to a specific partial GRAFCET, place the
partial GRAFCET frame over the relevant GRAFCET part and give it a name. The
preceding �G� is not part of the name that you have to enter; it is added
automatically by FluidSIM and shown at the bottom left of the partial GRAFCET
frame. You can alter the size of the partial GRAFCET frame by dragging its edges
with the mouse. For the partial GRAFCET to function correctly, it is important that
all its elements are completely within the frame and that the frame does not
overlap with any foreign elements or other frames.
Related Topics Partial GRAFCETs 29841 Enclosing step 29844 Compulsory commands
29843 Step p2_5_1_1 Transition p2_5_1_2 Action p2_5_1_3 Synchronization
p2_5_1_4
Partial GRAFCET
Partial GRAFCET
Component library
GRAFCET Elements
p2_5_1_6.ct
Component library < GRAFCET Elements < GRAFCET < GRAFCET-I/O
Component library
GRAFCET
The GRAFCET I/O component is used to link the GRAFCET variables with the electrical
part of a circuit. You can enter eight GRAFCET input variables and eight GRAFCET
output variables into the GRAFCET I/O component. The actions' variables serve as
outputs. The inputs can be the allocations and conditions of actions and
transitions. If a potential is created as the input of the GRAFCET I/O component,
the corresponding variable is set to �1�. If an output variable has a value other
than �0�, a potential of 24V is created at the corresponding output of the GRAFCET
I/O component.
Related Topics Access to labels of fluidic and electrical components 29848
Linking GRAFCET variables with the electrical part of FluidSIM 29826 Transition
p2_5_1_2 Action p2_5_1_3
GRAFCET-I/O
GRAFCET-I/O
Component library
GRAFCET Elements
p2_6.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous
Component library
Miscellaneous
Component library
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous
Component library
Component library
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
Connection (mechanical)
Valve solenoid
Proportional valve solenoid, position controlled
Valve solenoid (ladder)
Distance rule
Status indicator
Cam switch
Text
State diagram
Terminal assignment diagram
Functional diagram editor
Parts list
Rectangle
Ellipse
Bitmap
p2_6_1_1.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < Connection (mechanical)
Component library
Miscellaneous
A mechanical connection constitutes a place holder for the label of a valve
solenoid. To simplify clicking, a mechanical connection appears as a small circle
in Edit Mode.
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1_10.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < Terminal assignment diagram
Component library
Miscellaneous
The terminal assignment diagram list automatically creates terminals in the
electrical circuit and displays the allocation in a table.
Related Topic Terminal Assignment Diagrams 906
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1_11.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < Functional diagram editor
Component library
Miscellaneous
With the functional diagram editor, functional diagrams e.g. displacement-step
diagrams can be created.
Related Topic Functional diagram editor 5988
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1_12.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < Parts list
Component library
Miscellaneous
The parts list component creates from the components of a circuit diagram a table,
which contains for each component its designation and its description.
Related Topic Parts Lists 80
Parts list
Parts list
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1_13.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < Rectangle
Component library
Miscellaneous
Rectangles are graphic primitives, which can also be used within circuit diagrams.
Related Topic Rectangles 77

Rectangle
Rectangle
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1_14.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < Ellipse
Component library
Miscellaneous
Ellipses are graphic primitives, which can also be used within circuit diagrams.
Related Topic Ellipses 78
Ellipse
Ellipse
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1_15.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < Bitmap
Component library
Miscellaneous
In FluidSIM images, as with all other components and objects, can be inserted,
positioned, moved, rotated and mirrored. In addition, images such as rectangles 77
and ellipses 78 are freely scalable.
Related Topic Embedding Pictures 815
Bitmap
Bitmap
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1_2.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < Valve solenoid
Component library
Miscellaneous
The valve solenoid switches the valve. By means of a label the valve solenoid can
be linked to a valve that is solenoid operated.
Related Topics 3/2-way solenoid valve, normally closed p2_1_4_1 3/2-way solenoid
valve, normally open p2_1_4_2 5/2-way solenoid valve p2_1_4_3 5/2-way solenoid
impulse valve p2_1_4_4 5/3-way solenoid valve, mid-Position closed p2_1_4_5
Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics 49
Valve solenoid
Valve solenoid
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1_3.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < Proportional valve solenoid,
position controlled
Component library
Miscellaneous
In FluidSIM the proportional valve solenoid is coupled to the respective continuous
directional valve with the help of a label. The required slide position is
predetermined via a voltage signal. The valve slide distance is position
controlled. The control and amplifier component is integrated in the valve.
Related Topics 5/3-way proportional valve p2_1_10_1 Coupling Pneumatics,
Electrics and Mechanics 49 Open-loop and Closed-loop Control by using Continuous
Valves 814
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1_4.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < Valve solenoid (ladder)
Component library
Miscellaneous
The valve solenoid switches the valve. By means of a label the valve solenoid can
be linked to a valve that is solenoid operated.
Related Topics 3/2-way solenoid valve, normally closed p2_1_4_1 3/2-way solenoid
valve, normally open p2_1_4_2 5/2-way solenoid valve p2_1_4_3 5/2-way solenoid
impulse valve p2_1_4_4 5/3-way solenoid valve, mid-Position closed p2_1_4_5
Coupling Pneumatics, Electrics and Mechanics 49
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1_5.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < Distance rule
Component library
Miscellaneous
The distance rule is a device for attaching switches at the cylinder. The labels at
the distance rule define links to the actual proximity switches or limit switches
in the electrical circuit.
Related Topics Single acting cylinder p2_1_11_2 Switches at Cylinders 52 3/2-
way roller lever valve, normally closed p2_1_3_1 Limit switch (break) p2_2_6_1
Magnetic proximity switch p2_2_9_1
Distance rule
Distance rule
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1_6.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < Status indicator
Component library
Miscellaneous
In Edit Mode, the status indicator is automatically displayed at those components
that are actuated in the circuit's initial position.
Related Topics Pneumatic proximity switch, solenoid operated p2_1_3_5 Break
switch p2_2_4_1 Magnetic proximity switch p2_2_9_1
Status indicator
Status indicator
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1_7.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < Cam switch
Component library
Miscellaneous
In Edit Mode, the cam switch is automatically displayed at those mechanically
operated way valves that are actuated in the circuit's initial position.
Related Topics 3/2-way roller lever valve, normally closed p2_1_3_1 3/2-way
roller lever valve, normally open p2_1_3_2 Pressurizing valve p2_1_3_4
Cam switch
Cam switch
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1_8.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < Text
Component library
Miscellaneous
The concept of text components in FluidSIM gives the user a way in which to
describe components in diagrams, assign identification texts, or to provide
commentary on the diagram. The text and the appearance of text components can be
customized to the user's liking.
Related Topics Text Components and Identifications 79 Displaying State Diagrams
47 Parts Lists 80
Text
Text
Component library
Miscellaneous
p2_6_1_9.ct
Component library < Miscellaneous < Miscellaneous < State diagram
Component library
Miscellaneous
The state diagram records the state quantities of important components and depicts
them graphically.
Related Topic Displaying State Diagrams 47
State diagram
State diagram
Component library
Miscellaneous
p3.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
Didactics material
Educational films
Basics and working principles
Didactics material
p3_1.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles
Didactics material
Didactics material
Basics
Supply elements
Actuators
Directional control valves
Shutoff valves
Flow control valves
Pressure control valves
Time delay valve
Sequential circuit and signal overlap circuit
p3_1_1.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Basics
Didactics material
Didactics material
Basics
Basics
Pneumatic system structure and signal flow
Circuit diagram and pneumatic elements
Designating the elements, circuit diagram
p3_1_1_1.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Basics < Pneumatic system
structure and signal flow
Didactics material
Didactics material
A pneumatic system can be broken down into a number of levels representing the
hardware and signal flow from the energy source to the actuating devices. The
topic highlights the relationship between signals, levels and elements in a
pneumatic system.
[1] Pneumatic system structure and signal flow
Pneumatic system structure and signal flow
Basics
p3_1_1_2.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Basics < Circuit diagram and
pneumatic elements
Didactics material
Didactics material
Circuit diagrams are drawn in such a way that signals, for instance energy or
potential values, are oriented downwards. The numbering of the components is
derived from their respective function in the diagram. The topic highlights
the various levels in a circuit.
[2] Circuit diagram and pneumatic elements
Circuit diagram and pneumatic elements
Basics
p3_1_1_3.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Basics < Designating the
elements, circuit diagram
Didactics material
Didactics material
This topic shows the relationship between levels in a circuit.
[3] Designating the elements, circuit diagram
Basics
p3_1_1_4.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The figures contrasts the position of a roller lever valve (initial position:
actuated by the cylinder) in a circuit diagram and its physical setup in a plant.

Basics
p3_1_1_5.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The figures contrasts the position of a roller lever valve (initial position: not
actuated) in a circuit diagram and its physical setup in a plant.
Basics
p3_1_1_6.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
All elements should be shown in the circuit diagram in the initial position. If
valves have been drawn with an actuated initial position, this fact is indicated
for example by an arrow, or for a limit switch, by drawing the cam. Explain
the differences between the following terms: initial position and starting
position.
Basics
p3_1_2.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Supply elements
Didactics material
Didactics material
Supply elements
Supply elements
Symbols of energy and supply components, supply and service equipment
Symbols of energy and supply components, combined symbols
Air service unit
Compressed air filter
Air drying, low temperature
Air drying, absorption
Air drying, adsorption
Air lubricator
Air lubricator
Pressure regulator with vent hole
Delivery
Piston compressor
Axial flow compressor
Distribution
Absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure
p3_1_2_1.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Supply elements < Symbols of
energy and supply components, supply and service equipment
Didactics material
Didactics material
The Symbols are from the DIN ISO 1219 �Circuit symbols for fluidic power components
and systems�. The symbols for the energy supply system can be represented as
individual components or as combined elements. Compare the symbols with the
combined symbols (topic 8 p3_1_2_2).
[7] Symbols of energy and supply components, supply and service equipment
Symbols of energy and supply components, supply and service equipment
Supply elements
p3_1_2_10.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Supply elements < Pressure
regulator with vent hole
Didactics material
Didactics material
The purpose of the regulator is to maintain the operating pressure (secondary
pressure) virtually constant regardless of fluctuations in the line pressure
(primary pressure). When air consumption increases, the operating pressure drops
and the spring opens the valve. If the pressure on the secondary side increases
considerably, the center-piece of the diaphragm then opens and the compressed air
can flow to atmosphere through the vent holes in the housing.
[16] Pressure regulator with vent hole
Pressure regulator with vent hole
Supply elements
p3_1_2_11.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Supply elements < Delivery
Didactics material
Didactics material
Due to the pressure losses in the system, the compressor should deliver between 650
and 700 kPa (6.5 and 7 bar). The operating components of the system should be
regulated to between 500 and 600 kPa (5 and 6 bar) for economic use. The receiver
is used to even out fluctuations in pressure due to demand. The drainage points are
at the lowest points. The gradient should be away from the compressor.
[17] Delivery
Delivery
Supply elements
p3_1_2_12.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Supply elements < Piston
compressor
Didactics material
Didactics material
The piston compressor is widely used. Multi-stage compressors are required for
compressing to high pressure. The drawn in air is compressed by the first piston,
cooled and then compressed further by the next stage. Discuss the advantages
and disadvantages of piston compressors.
[18] Piston compressor
Piston compressor
Supply elements
p3_1_2_13.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Supply elements < Axial flow
compressor
Didactics material
Didactics material
Flow compressors produce large volumes of air at small increases in stage pressure.
The air is accelerated by the blades of the compressor but there is only a small
increase in pressure. The kinetic energy is converted to pressure energy.
[19] Axial flow compressor
Axial flow compressor
Supply elements
p3_1_2_14.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Supply elements < Distribution
Didactics material
Didactics material
For ease of maintenance, repair or extension of the air network, it is advisable to
sub-divide the network into individual sections by means of shut-off valves.
Branches with T-pieces and manifolds with plug-in couplings make it possible to
supply additional consuming devices as the need arises. To discharge
condensate, the pipes should be inclined 1-2% and include water separators at low
points.
[20] Distribution
Distribution
Supply elements
p3_1_2_15.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Supply elements < Absolute
pressure and atmospheric pressure
Didactics material
Didactics material
Absolute pressure is calculated from the absolute zero mark. Below atmospheric
pressure the pressure is in the vacuum range. The atmospheric pressure fluctuates
but is approximately 100 kPa (1 bar). Gauge pressure is normally that
component above atmospheric pressure and is not an absolute value.
[21] Absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure
Absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure
Supply elements
p3_1_2_2.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Supply elements < Symbols of
energy and supply components, combined symbols
Didactics material
Didactics material
In general where specific technical details are to be given, such as requirements
for non-lubricated air or micro-filtering, the complete detailed symbol should be
used. If a standard and common air supply is used for all components, the
simplified symbols can be used. Compare the symbols with the previous topic
p3_1_2_1.
[8] Symbols of energy and supply components, combined symbols
Symbols of energy and supply components, combined symbols
Supply elements
p3_1_2_3.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Supply elements < Air service
unit
Didactics material
Didactics material
The filter is normally combined with the pressure regulator and lubricator to form
a compressed air service unit. The selection of the correct filter plays an
important role in determining the quality and performance of the control system
which is to be supplied with compressed air. Refer to topic 10 p3_1_2_4 for
construction of the filter.
[9] Air service unit
Air service unit
Supply elements
p3_1_2_4.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Supply elements < Compressed
air filter
Didactics material
Didactics material
The compressed air passes through a baffle plate in the filter bowl. The air is
rotated, and the heavier dust particles and water droplets are spun by centrifugal
force against the inner wall of the filter bowl and run down the wall of the
housing. The air which has been precleaned then passes through the filter element.
The bowl must be emptied daily to prevent overflow.
[10] Compressed air filter
Compressed air filter
Supply elements
p3_1_2_5.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Supply elements < Air drying,
low temperature
Didactics material
Didactics material
The lower the dew point the more the water will condense and reduce the amount
entrapped in the air. Using refrigeration methods, it is possible to achieve dew
points of between 2�C and 5�C. Compare with adsorption p3_1_2_7 and
absorption p3_1_2_6 drying.
[11] Air drying, low temperature
Air drying, low temperature
Supply elements
p3_1_2_6.ct
absorption
Didactics material
Didactics material
Absorption drying is a purely chemical process. The moisture in the compressed air
forms a compound with the drying agent in the tank. This causes the drying agent to
break down; it is then discharged as a fluid at the base of the tank. The drying
agent must be replenished at a rate which is dependent on the compressed air
temperature, water content and flow rate. Compare with adsorption drying
p3_1_2_7.
[12] Air drying, absorption
Air drying, absorption
Supply elements
p3_1_2_7.ct
adsorption
Didactics material
Didactics material
The lowest equivalent dew points (down to -90�C) can be achieved by means of
adsorption drying. In this process, the compressed air is passed through gel and
the water is deposited on the surface, i.e. it is adsorbed. Compare with
absorption drying p3_1_2_6.
[13] Air drying, adsorption
Air drying, adsorption
Supply elements
p3_1_2_8.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Supply elements < Air
lubricator
Didactics material
Didactics material
As a rule, the compressed air which is generated should be dry and free of oil. For
some components, lubricated air is damaging, for others, it is undesirable, and for
power components, it may in certain cases be necessary. Lubrication of the air
should therefore be limited to the sections of the plant which require it.
Refer to picture of topic 9 p3_1_2_3 for general arrangement.
[14] Air lubricator
Air lubricator
Supply elements
p3_1_2_9.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Supply elements < Air
lubricator
Didactics material
Didactics material
Air passing through the lubricator causes a pressure drop between the oil reservoir
and the upper part of the lubricator. This pressure difference forces the oil
upwards through a tube and it then drips into a nozzle which can be seen through an
inspection glass. The oil is atomized and carried along by the air stream. It
is necessary to carefully adjust the oil discharge rate.
[15] Air lubricator
Air lubricator
Supply elements
p3_1_3.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators
Didactics material
Didactics material
Actuators
Actuators
Symbols for actuators, linear actuators
Symbols for actuators, rotary motion
Control of a single acting cylinder
Control of a double acting cylinder
Cushioned double acting cylinder
Cylinder seals
Mounting arrangements for cylinders
Tandem double acting cylinder
Semi-rotary actuator
Air motor
p3_1_3_1.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators < Symbols for
actuators, linear actuators
Didactics material
Didactics material
The single acting cylinder and the double acting cylinder form the basis for design
variations. The use of cushioning to reduce loads on the end caps and mountings
during deceleration of the piston is important for long-life and smooth operation.
Refer to topics 25 - 30 p3_1_3_4 for construction details.
[22] Symbols for actuators, linear actuators
Symbols for actuators, linear actuators
Actuators
p3_1_3_10.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators < Cylinder seals
Didactics material
Didactics material
The various piston seal arrangements are shown. The double-cup seal materials used
are, Perbunan for -20�C to +80�C Viton for -20�C to +190�C Teflon for -80�C to
+200�C. Emphasize correct temperature range selection for reliability.
[31] Cylinder seals
Cylinder seals
Actuators
p3_1_3_11.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators < Mounting
arrangements for cylinders
Didactics material
Didactics material
The type of mounting is determined by the manner in which the cylinder is to be
fitted to a machine or fixture. The cylinder can be designed with a permanent type
of mounting if it does not have to be altered at any time. Alternatively, the
cylinder can utilize adjustable types of mounting which can be altered by using
suitable accessories on the modular construction principle. Discuss
application examples for each type of mounting.
[32] Mounting arrangements for cylinders
Mounting arrangements for cylinders
Actuators
p3_1_3_12.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators < Tandem double
acting cylinder
Didactics material
Didactics material
This design features the characteristics of two double acting cylinders forming a
single unit. This increases the effective piston area of the unit for high force
applications. It is suitable for applications where a large force is required but
the cylinder diameter is restricted. Compare the double acting cylinder in
topic 29 p3_1_3_8.
[33] Tandem double acting cylinder
Tandem double acting cylinder
Actuators
p3_1_3_13.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators < Semi-rotary
actuator
Didactics material
Didactics material
The rotary actuator is compact with high torque ratings. The force is transmitted
to the drive shaft by a rotary vane. The range of angular movement is adjustable
with end stops. The angle can be adjusted between 0� and 180�. The adjustable stop
system is separate to the rotary vanes. This allows force to be absorbed by the
stop blocks. At the end positions, impacts are cushioned by elastic cushioning
rings. Discuss the mounting arrangements for the actuator. Discuss
applications for the rotary actuator.
[34] Semi-rotary actuator
Semi-rotary actuator
Actuators
p3_1_3_14.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators < Air motor
Didactics material
Didactics material
Devices which transform pneumatic energy into mechanical rotary motion, with the
possibility of continuous motion. They are categorized into the groups of piston
motors, sliding vane motors, gear motors and turbines. Discuss applications
for the air motor.
[35] Air motor
Air motor
Actuators
p3_1_3_2.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators < Symbols for
actuators, rotary motion
Didactics material
Didactics material
Rotary actuators are divided into continuous motion and limited angle of rotation.
The air motor is normally a high speed device with either fixed or adjustable speed
control. Units with limited angle of rotation are fixed or adjustable in angular
distance. The rotary actuator may be cushioned depending on the load and speed of
operation. Refer to topics 34 p3_1_3_13 and 35 p3_1_3_14 for construction
details.
[23] Symbols for actuators, rotary motion
Symbols for actuators, rotary motion
Actuators
p3_1_3_3.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators < Control of a
single acting cylinder
Didactics material
Didactics material
The position rod of a single acting cylinder is to move forward when air is
applied. A valve is to create a signal when a push-button is released. The
animation shows the operation of the push-button and the extension of the cylinder.
Pressure is maintained on the piston until the push-button is released. The next
stage shows retraction of the cylinder and the release of air via the exhaust port
of the 3/2-way valve. The topic can be used as an intermediate stage for
explanation of the related symbols.
[24] Control of a single acting cylinder
Control of a single acting cylinder
Actuators
p3_1_3_4.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators < Single acting
cylinder
Didactics material
Didactics material
The cylinder requires one pneumatic connection and an exhaust port. The exhaust
port must be clear of obstructions to ensure that the piston is not restricted by
the air passage. A filter is normally fitted to the exhaust port. Discuss the
importance of selecting the size of the cylinder to match the load conditions.
[25] Single acting cylinder
Actuators
p3_1_3_5.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators < Single acting
cylinder
Didactics material
Didactics material
With single acting cylinders, compressed air is applied on only one side of the
piston face. The other side is open to atmosphere. The cylinders can perform work
in only one direction. The return movement of the piston is effected by a built-in
spring or by the application of an external force. The spring force returns the
piston to its start position with a reasonably high speed under no load conditions.
The stroke is limited by the natural length of the spring. Single acting cylinders
are therefore only available in stroke lengths of up to 100 mm. Compare the
construction with the double acting type. Discuss the spring size and return
speed.
[26] Single acting cylinder
Actuators
p3_1_3_6.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators < Control of a
double acting cylinder
Didactics material
Didactics material
The 4/2-way directional control valve is suitable for the control of a double
acting cylinder. Normal practice is to use the 5/2-way valve. The cylinder motion
is controlled by air in both directions of motion. The animation shows the advance
and retraction sequences as separate phases. The fully advanced position is related
as long as the push-button is actuated. The topic can be used as an
intermediate stage for explanation of the related symbols.
[27] Control of a double acting cylinder
Control of a double acting cylinder
Actuators
p3_1_3_7.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators < Double acting
cylinder
Didactics material
Didactics material
Double acting cylinders are used particularly when the piston is required to
perform a work function in both directions of motion. The construction is in
general similar to the single acting cylinder. Refer to the large number of
variants, which result from the different designs, materials, etc.
[28] Double acting cylinder
Actuators
p3_1_3_8.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators < Double acting
cylinder
Didactics material
Didactics material
The first sequence shows the piston rod advancing. The second stage the retraction.
The speed of advance and retraction are fairly constant under no load conditions.
Point at the positions of cylinder body, piston cover, cylinder cover, piston seal,
piston rod, bearing bush, and scraper ring.
[29] Double acting cylinder
Actuators
p3_1_3_9.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Actuators < Cushioned double
acting cylinder
Didactics material
Didactics material
If large masses are moved by a cylinder, cushioning is used in the end positions.
Before reaching the end position, a cushioning piston interrupts the direct flow of
air to the outside. For the last part of the stroke the speed is slowed to reduce
impact on the cylinder. Discuss the different concept of throttleling the
exhausting air by means of one-way flow control valve.
[30] Cushioned double acting cylinder
Cushioned double acting cylinder
Actuators
p3_1_4.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Directional control valves
Didactics material
Didactics material
Symbols for directional control valves (1)
Symbols for directional valves (2)
Designation of connections
Methods of actuation (1)
3/2-way valve, ball seat
3/2-way valve, disc seat, normally closed
3/2-way valve, disc seat, normally open
3/2-way valve, single pilot, normally closed
3/2-way valve, single pilot
3/2-way valve, internal pilot, roller operated
3/2-way valve, internal pilot, normally closed
4/2-way valve, disc seat
4/3-way valve, mid-position closed
5/2-way valve, longitudinal slide valve
5/2-way valve, suspended disc seat
5/3-way valve
Memory circuit, 5/2-way bistable valve
Direct control, unactuated
Indirect control (unactuated)
Exercise: Direct control of a double acting cylinder - Problem
Exercise: Direct control of a double acting cylinder - Solution
Exercise: Direct control of a double acting cylinder - Note
Exercise: Indirect control of a double acting cylinder - Problem
Exercise: Indirect control of a double acting cylinder - Solution
Exercise: Indirect control of a double acting cylinder - Note
p3_1_4_1.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Directional control valves <
Didactics material
Didactics material
The directional control valve is represented by the number of ports and the number
of switching positions. Additional information is required to fully describe the
symbol function, including the methods of actuation and special flow path
characteristics. Compare the full range of symbols for directional control
valves.
[36] Symbols for directional control valves (1)
p3_1_4_10.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The pneumatically operated 3/2-way valve is operated by a directly acting signal at
port 12. This is referred to as a single pilot valve since there is only one
control signal and the valve has a spring return. A signal is applied at port 12
and the valve plunger is moved against the reset spring. The connections 1 and 2
are then inter-connected creating a signal 2. The pressure at port 12 must be
sufficient to move the disc against the supply pressure. Note the pneumatic
symbol shows direct application of the signal at port 12. Compare the construction
of the valve to the 3/2-way disc seat valve topic 43 p3_1_4_8.
[45] 3/2-way valve, single pilot, normally closed
p3_1_4_11.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The valve ports are labeled to ensure the correct connections are made. The pilot
valve is available in a range of sizes depending upon the flow rate. Note the
need to designate and label the ports.
[46] 3/2-way valve, single pilot
p3_1_4_12.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
This type of valve can be used as either a normally closed valve or as a normally
open valve by exchanging connections 1 and 3 and rotating the actuating head 180
degrees. The force required on the roller lever is small due to the pilot
operation. Show the requirements to alter the valve configuration.
[47] 3/2-way valve, internal pilot, roller operated
p3_1_4_13.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
To avoid high actuating force, mechanically controlled directional valves can be
equipped with an internal pilot valve to assist opening. A small hole connects the
pressure connection 1 and the pilot valve. If the roller is operated, the pilot
valve opens. Compressed air flows to the main piston and actuates the main valve
disc. The symbol shows the roller operating a pilot signal.
[48] 3/2-way valve, internal pilot, normally closed
p3_1_4_14.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The valve is robust. Two stems directly operate the disc seats. The load required
to move the stems may be large for high flow rate valves. Compare the
construction with the 3/2-way valve p3_1_4_6.
[49] 4/2-way valve, disc seat
p3_1_4_15.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The 4/2-way valve has four ports and two positions. A disc seat 4/2-way valve is
similar in characteristic to the combination of two 3/2-way valves, one valve
normally closed and the other normally open. The plungers can be operated by an
auxiliary mounted device such as a roller lever or push-button. When the two
plungers are actuated simultaneously, 1 to 2 and 4 to 3 are closed by the first
movement. By pressing the valve plungers further against the discs, opposing the
reset spring force, the passages between 1 to 4 and from 2 to 3 are opened.
Show the similarities to the 3/2-way valve construction. Discuss the valve
overlap.
[50] 4/2-way valve, disc seat
p3_1_4_16.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The 4/3-way valve has four ports and three positions. An example of the 4/3-way
valve is the plate slide valve with hand or foot actuation. By turning two discs,
channels are interconnected with one another. Compare the symbol with the
valve construction.
[51] 4/3-way valve, mid-position closed
p3_1_4_17.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The valve can be mounted onto a common sub-base for supply and exhaust air. This
compact arrangement also ensures adequate flow is available to the valve.
Discuss the DIN ISO 5599/1 standard for 5 port valves.
[52] 5/2-way valve, longitudinal slide valve
p3_1_4_18.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The 5/2-way valve has five ports and two positions. The 5/2-way valve is used for
the control of cylinders primarily as a final control element. In pneumatic valves,
the gap between spool and housing bore should not exceed 0.002�0.004 mm. The valve
is shown here with pilot pressure applied at port 12. To avoid damage to seals,
the ports can be distributed around the circumference of the housing. The actuation
travel is considerably larger than with seat valves. The valve is shown here with
pilot pressure at 14. Discuss the load conditions on the O-rings. Compare
the construction with the disc seat valve p3_1_4_15.
[53] 5/2-way valve, longitudinal slide valve
p3_1_4_19.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
A method of sealing the 5/2-way valve is to use a suspended disc seat with a
relatively small switching movement. The disc seat seal connects the 1 port to
either the 2 port or the 4 port. The 5/2-way double air pilot valve has the
characteristic of memory control. The last switched position is retained until a
new switching position is initiated by a unique pilot signal from the opposite
side. There are two manual override buttons to manually operate valve spool. The
animation shows the two switched positions. The air pilot signals are applied from
both directions. The manual override operations are also shown. The manual
overrides are used to manually actuate the valve or initialize the valve position.
Compare the suspended disc seat construction to the longitudinal slide principle
topic 53 p3_1_4_18. Explain the working principle of the manual override button
and its related diagram symbol.
[54] 5/2-way valve, suspended disc seat
p3_1_4_2.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
Each valve position is shown as a separate square. The designation of the ports is
important when interpreting the circuit symbols and the valve as fitted to the
physical system. Compare the full range of symbols for directional control
valves.
[37] Symbols for directional valves (2)
p3_1_4_20.ct
5/3-way valve
Didactics material
Didactics material
The 5/3-way valve has five ports and three positions. Signals applied at ports 14
or 12 operate the valve. If the valve is not actuated it is closed in the mid-
position. After actuation via a pilot signal at port 14 air flows from 1 to 4.
Port 2 exhausts via 3. After actuation via a pilot signal at port 12 air flows
from 1 to 2. Port 4 exhausts via port 5. Show the three valve positions.
[55] 5/3-way valve
5/3-way valve
p3_1_4_21.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The piston rod of a double acting cylinder is to advance when a 3/2-way push-button
valve is actuated. The cylinder is to remain extended until a second push-button is
actuated. The cylinder is to then return to the initial position. The speed of the
cylinder is to be adjustable in both directions. Discuss the memory
characteristic of the bistable valve.
[56] Memory circuit, 5/2-way bistable valve
p3_1_4_22.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
Signals initiated by the push-button signaling devices can be of short or pulse
duration due to the memory characteristics of the bistable valve. Upon operation of
push-button 1S1, a 1-signal is generated at port 14 of the control valve 1V3. The
5/2-way memory valve switches and the cylinder 1A1 advances. The circuit is
shown at the first operation of the button.
p3_1_4_23.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
When the push-button 1S1 is released, the signal at port 14 is exhausted. The valve
1V3 remains in the current position. The last position is retained until a new
input signal is given. Compare the sequence of operation.
p3_1_4_24.ct
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Didactics material
The valve 1V3 remains in the current position until the push-button 1S2 is
operated. The cylinder then retracts. The cylinder remains retracted until a new
signal is generated at port 14 by the valve 1S1. Compare the sequence of
operation.
p3_1_4_25.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The flow control valves throttle the exhausting air in both directions of piston
motion. The cylinder remains retracted until a start signal is generated at port 14
by the valve 1S1. The 5/2-way valve remains in the current position with air
supplied continuously to the return side of the cylinder. Discuss the
situation when both 1S1 and 1S2 are operated together.
p3_1_4_26.ct
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Didactics material
A single acting cylinder of 25 mm diameter is to clamp a component when a push-
button is pressed. As long as the push-button is operated, the cylinder is to
remain in the clamped position. Since the cylinder is the only working element or
actuator in the circuit, it is designated 1A1. The final control element that
advances the cylinder is designated 1S1. Discuss the circuit layout standard,
numbering and operation. Note the circuit is shown in the initial state.
[61] Direct control, unactuated
p3_1_4_27.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
A large diameter single acting cylinder is to extend upon operation of a push-
button valve. The valve is situated at a remote and distant position. The cylinder
is to retract once the remote push-button is released. The signal at the pilot
port 12 remains as long as the push-button is held down. This is an indirect push-
button control of the cylinder. If the push-button is released, the spring return
closes the 3/2-way valve and removes the pilot signal at the control valve.
Discuss the circuit layout standard, numbering and operation. Note the circuit is
shown in the initial state.
[62] Indirect control (unactuated)
p3_1_4_28.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
A double acting cylinder is to advance when a push-button is operated. Upon release
of the push-button, the cylinder is to retract. The cylinder is of small bore (25
mm diameter) requiring a small flow rate to operate at the correct speed.
[63] Exercise: Direct control of a double acting cylinder � Problem
p3_1_4_29.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The control valve for a double acting cylinder can be selected as a 4/2 way or a
5/2 way valve. In this case, since the cylinder has a small capacity, the operation
can be directly controlled by a push-button control valve with spring return. On
operating the push-button, the air passes through the valve from port 1 to the port
4 and advances the piston rod. On release of the push-button, the valve spring
returns the control valve to its initial position and the cylinder retracts. Air
escapes from the cylinder via the exhaust port. Since the cylinder is the only
working element or actuator in the circuit, it is designated 1A1. The final control
element that advances the cylinder is designated 1S1.
[64] Exercise: Direct control of a double acting cylinder � Solution
p3_1_4_3.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The designations for directional control valves are in accordance with ISO 5599-3,
edition 1990. Prior to this a lettering system was utilized. Discuss the
examples and emphasize the numbering systems.
[38] Designation of connections
p3_1_4_30.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
If the push-button is pressed for a very short period, the cylinder only
partially advances and then retracts, since the spring resets the control valve as
soon as the push-button is released. In order to achieve full extension in this
case, the push-button must be held down until the cylinder moves fully forward.
[65] Exercise: Direct control of a double acting cylinder � Note
p3_1_4_31.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
A double acting cylinder is to advance when a push-button is operated. Upon release
of the push-button the cylinder is to retract. The cylinder is 250 mm diameter and
consumes a large volume of air. For controlling cylinders at high speed or of large
diameter large size control valves should be used. The operating force to actuate
the valve may be relatively large and in this case indirect control is preferable.
[66] Exercise: Indirect control of a double acting cylinder � Problem

p3_1_4_32.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
Operating valve 1S1 supplies a pilot signal to port 14 of control valve 1V1. This
generates a 1-signal at the outlet 4 and the cylinder advances. If the push-button
is released the return signal is supplied via port 2 of valve 1V1 and the return
air is vented via exhaust port 5. If the push-button is released before the
cylinder fully advances, the cylinder immediately returns to the initial position.
The control valve requires a sustained signal for it to remain operated.
[67] Exercise: Indirect control of a double acting cylinder � Solution
p3_1_4_33.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The supply line can be short since the control valve can be mounted close to
the cylinder. The other advantage is that the signal element (i.e. push-button 3/2
way valve) can be small, as it only provides a signal to operate the control valve
and is not required to operate the cylinder directly.
[68] Exercise: Indirect control of a double acting cylinder � Note
p3_1_4_4.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The methods of actuation of pneumatic directional control valves is dependent upon
the application. The methods of actuation include manual, mechanical, pneumatic,
electrical and combined. Discuss the actuation and return actuation methods.
[39] Methods of actuation (1)
p3_1_4_5.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
When applied to a directional control valve, consideration must be given to the
method of initial actuation of the valve and also the method of return actuation.
They are both shown on the symbol either side of the position boxes. There may also
be additional methods such as manual overrides separately indicated. Discuss
the actuation and return actuation methods.
[40] Methods of actuation (2)
p3_1_4_6.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
A spring forces a hemisphere against the valve seat preventing the compressed air
from flowing from the air connection 1 to the working line 2. Initially port 1 is
blocked and the output port 2 is exhausted through the stem of the plunger.
Actuation of the valve plunger causes the sealing element to be forced away from
the seat. In doing this, the opposing force of the reset spring and that generated
from the compressed air must be overcome. The air supply is then open to the output
side of the valve and a signal is generated. Compare the symbol and the valve
construction. Compare the construction of the disc seat valve p3_1_4_8.
[41] 3/2-way valve, ball seat
p3_1_4_7.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The ball seat valve is compact with the possibility of fitting various types of
actuating heads. The limitation for directly actuated valves is the force required
to operate the stem. If the flow rate required is very high, the valve ball will
have a large working area. This requires a large operating force. This limits the
size of valve for this design. The load on the stem is dependent on the size
of valve.
[42] 3/2-way valve, ball seat
p3_1_4_8.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The valve is constructed on the disc seat principle. The response time is short and
a small movement results in a large area being available for air flow. Valves of
the single disc seat type are non-overlapping. Using this topic, discuss the term
�blocked normal position�. When operated slowly, there is no loss of air. A 3/2-
way valve with flow blocked between ports 1 and 2 in the normal condition, is
referred to as a normally closed valve. The valves are insensitive to dirt and thus
have a long service life. Explain the term �non-overlapping� with this figure and
the animation. The animation sequence shows the operation of the 3/2 way
valve. The first sequence describes the actuation and the supply of a signal from 1
to 2. The second sequence shows the closing of the disc seat and the release of air
from 2 to 3 which exhausts to atmosphere.
[43] 3/2-way valve, disc seat, normally closed
p3_1_4_9.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
A 3/2-way valve with free flow between ports 1 and 2 in the normal condition, is
referred to as normally open. Valves can be operated manually, mechanically,
electrically or pneumatically. The configuration of the valve head is changed to
meet the actuation method. Upon operation of the actuating stem, the disc seat is
sealed and air supply port 1 is blocked. The air at port 2 is exhausted to
atmosphere via port 3. Note the change of construction compared to the
normally closed valve topic 43 p3_1_4_8.
[44] 3/2-way valve, disc seat, normally open
p3_1_5.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Shutoff valves
Didactics material
Didactics material
Shutoff valves
Shutoff valves
Non-return valves
Non return valve
Two pressure valve
Circuit: Two pressure valve I
Circuit: Two pressure valve II
Circuit: Two pressure valve III
Exercise: The logic AND function, the two pressure valve - Problem
Exercise: The logic AND function, the two pressure valve - Solution
Exercise: The logic AND function, the two pressure valve - Note
Shuttle valve
Circuit: Shuttle valve I
Circuit: Shuttle valve II
Circuit: Shuttle valve III
Circuit: Shuttle valve IV
Exercise: The logic OR function, the shuttle valve - Problem
Exercise: The logic OR function, the shuttle valve - Solution
Exercise: The logic OR function, the shuttle valve - Note
Quick exhaust valve
Quick exhaust valve
Circuit: Quick exhaust valve
Exercise: The quick exhaust valve - Problem
Exercise: The quick exhaust valve - Solution
Exercise: The quick exhaust valve - Note
p3_1_5_1.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Shutoff valves < Non-return
valves
Didactics material
Didactics material
The non-return or check valve will open due to the supply pressure exceeding the
resistance of the spring (if fitted) and the inertia of the valve. The non-return
valve is the basis for development of many combined components. The shuttle valve,
two pressure valve and quick exhaust valve incorporate features of the non-return
valve. Indicate the valves that include the non-return function.
[69] Non-return valves
Non-return valves
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_10.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Shutoff valves < Shuttle valve
Didactics material
Didactics material
This non-return element has two inputs 1 and one output 2. If compressed air is
applied to one input, the valve seat seals off the opposing input and the air flows
to the output 2. Note the similarity in construction to the two pressure valve.
Compare the two pressure valve construction topic 71 p3_1_5_3.
[78] Shuttle valve
Shuttle valve
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_11.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Shutoff valves < Circuit:
Shuttle valve I
Didactics material
Didactics material
If the condition states that either of two push-buttons are to advance a cylinder,
the inexperienced designer may attempt to use a junction for the output signals of
1S1 and 1S2. The circuit is not functional due to the escape of air through the
exhaust ports of the valves. Discuss the sequence of circuits for the shuttle
valve.
[79] Circuit: Shuttle valve I
Circuit: Shuttle valve I
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_12.ct
Shuttle valve II
Didactics material
Didactics material
If push-button 1S1 is operated, the air escapes to atmosphere through the exhaust
port of 1S2. The air takes the easiest path and the pressure will be very low and
inadequate to operate the valve 1V1. This is an inadequate solution to the problem.
A shuttle valve is required. Compare the topic with the previous one
p3_1_5_11.
[80] Circuit: Shuttle valve II
Circuit: Shuttle valve II
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_13.ct
Shuttle valve III
Didactics material
Didactics material
The piston rod of a double acting cylinder is to advance when either of two 3/2-way
push-buttons are actuated. If both push-buttons are then released, the cylinder is
to retract. The shuttle valve is incorporated at the junction and the circuit now
functions correctly. Note the function of the ball in the shuttle valve
acting as a non-return valve.
[81] Circuit: Shuttle valve III
Circuit: Shuttle valve III
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_14.ct
Shuttle valve IV
Didactics material
Didactics material
The shuttle valve is connected to the junction between the two 3/2-way push-button
valves. Upon operation of one of the push-buttons, a signal is generated at the X
or Y port of the shuttle valve and an output signal is emitted at port 2. The
cylinder advances. Compare the topic with the previous one p3_1_5_13.
[82] Circuit: Shuttle valve IV
Circuit: Shuttle valve IV
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_15.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Shutoff valves < Exercise: The
logic OR function, the shuttle valve - Problem
Didactics material
Didactics material
A cylinder is used to transfer parts from a magazine. If either a push-button or a
foot pedal is operated, then the cylinder is to advance. Once the cylinder has
fully advanced, it is to retract to the initial position. A 3/2 way roller lever
valve is to be used to detect forward end position of the cylinder.
[83] Exercise: The logic OR function, the shuttle valve � Problem
Exercise: The logic OR function, the shuttle valve - Problem
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_16.ct
logic OR function, the shuttle valve - Solution
Didactics material
Didactics material
The shuttle valve is connected to the junction between the two manual 3/2 way
valves. Upon operation of one of the manual 3/2 way valves, a 1-signal is generated
at either input 1 of the shuttle valve. This signal passes through the shuttle
valve and is emitted at port 2. This operates the control valve via pilot port 14,
and the cylinder advances. A limit valve 1S2 senses that the cylinder has fully
extended. Pilot signal 2 from valve 1S2 actuates the 5/2 way valve via port 12 and
the cylinder retracts. The signal at port 12 is only effective, if the opposing
signal at port 14 is released. If both of the signals produced via the push-button
valves are set to zero, then the shuttle valve will release the pilot signal 14
back through the exhaust port of one of the 3/2 way valves. In other words, both
the push-button and the foot pedal must be inactive for retraction to occur. The
control valve can be a 4/2 way or 5/2 way valve and can be sized to suit the flow
rate required for the cylinder speed.
[84] Exercise: The logic OR function, the shuttle valve � Solution
Exercise: The logic OR function, the shuttle valve - Solution
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_17.ct
logic OR function, the shuttle valve - Note
Didactics material
Didactics material
The necessity of the shuttle valve can be explained with topic 79 p3_1_5_11.
[85] Exercise: The logic OR function, the shuttle valve � Note

Exercise: The logic OR function, the shuttle valve - Note
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_18.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Shutoff valves < Quick exhaust
valve
Didactics material
Didactics material
To reduce resistance to flow, the air is expelled to atmosphere through a large
orifice thus increasing cylinder piston speed. The valve is normally silenced so as
to reduce exhaust air noise.
[86] Quick exhaust valve
Quick exhaust valve
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_19.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Shutoff valves < Quick exhaust
valve
Didactics material
Didactics material
Quick exhaust valves are used to increase the piston speed of cylinders. Lengthy
return times can be avoided, particularly with single acting cylinders. To reduce
resistance to flow, the air is expelled to atmosphere close to the cylinder and
through a large orifice. In the direction 1 to 2 the air is passed freely via the
opening of the non-return seal. Port 3 is blocked by the disc. If air is supplied
to port 2, the disc seals port 1. Air is expelled to atmosphere through the large
orifice 3. Mount the quick exhaust valve directly on the cylinder, or as near as
possible. Refer to topic 88 p3_1_5_20 for the circuit example.
[87] Quick exhaust valve
Quick exhaust valve
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_2.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Shutoff valves < Non return
valve
Didactics material
Didactics material
Non return valves can stop the flow completely in one direction. In the opposite
direction the flow is free with a minimal pressure drop due to the resistance of
the valve. The one-way blocking action can be effected by cones, balls, plates or
diaphragms. Discuss the relationship between pressure to open and the spring
size.
[70] Non return valve
Non return valve
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_20.ct
Quick exhaust valve
Didactics material
Didactics material
A cylinder piston rod is to travel at an increased speed, utilizing the quick
exhaust valve. The forward motion of the piston rod is assisted by the release of
exhausting air at the quick exhaust valve. The return stroke is unchanged due to
the bypass non-return valve. Refer to topic 70 p3_1_5_2 for construction of
the valve.
[88] Circuit: Quick exhaust valve
Circuit: Quick exhaust valve
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_21.ct
quick exhaust valve - Problem
Didactics material
Didactics material
A cylinder advances a forming tool on an edge-folding device. If a sheet is
detected as present and if a push-button is pressed, then the cylinder is to
advance. For rapid forward travel, the circuit utilizes a quick exhaust valve. The
forward movement folds the edge of a flat sheet. If the push-button is released,
the double acting cylinder is to return slowly to the initial position.
[89] Exercise: The quick exhaust valve � Problem
Exercise: The quick exhaust valve - Problem
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_22.ct
quick exhaust valve - Solution
Didactics material
Didactics material
Initial position: In the initial state, the cylinder assumes the retracted
position. If both of the 3/2 way valves are actuated, pressure is present at the
output port 2 of the two pressure valve 1V4. This reverses the 5/2 way control
valve. The cylinder advances with air being supplied via an unrestricted passage
through the one-way flow control valve 1V1. The actuator travels rapidly to its
forward end position since the pressure space on the piston rod side is rapidly
exhausted through the quick exhaust valve. If both 3/2 way valves remain actuated,
the cylinder remains in the forward end position. If the push-button is released,
the actuator is no longer pressurized, since the control valve reverses via the
return spring. The actuator travels to its initial position under conditions of
restricted flow (valve 1V1) and therefore at a reduced speed.
[90] Exercise: The quick exhaust valve � Solution
Exercise: The quick exhaust valve - Solution
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_23.ct
quick exhaust valve - Note
Didactics material
Didactics material
The quick exhaust valve should be fitted as near as possible to the
connection of the cylinder to reduce resistance to flow.
[91] Exercise: The quick exhaust valve � Note
Exercise: The quick exhaust valve - Note
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_3.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Shutoff valves < Two pressure
valve
Didactics material
Didactics material
The two pressure valve has two inputs 1 and one output 2. The two pressure valve is
used mainly for interlocking controls, safety controls, check functions or logic
operations. The application of a signal at a single input produces no pressure at
output 2. If pressure is applied at both inputs 1, the signal which is last
applied passes to the output 2. The two pressure circuit is equivalent to two input
signaling devices in series, i.e. one after the other. Refer to topics 72 -
74 p3_1_5_4 for the circuit example. Discuss the advantages of the shown solution
against series connection.
[71] Two pressure valve
Two pressure valve
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_4.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Shutoff valves < Circuit: Two
pressure valve I
Didactics material
Didactics material
The piston rod of a double acting cylinder is to advance when a 3/2-way push-button
valve and a roller lever valve are actuated. If either of the actuations is
released, then the cylinder is to return to the initial position. Discuss the
circuit layout standard, numbering and operation.
[72] Circuit: Two pressure valve I
Circuit: Two pressure valve I
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_5.ct
pressure valve II
Didactics material
Didactics material
The inputs of the two pressure valve is connected to the outputs of the two 3/2-way
valves. Upon operation of the push-button 1S1, a signal is generated at the left
side of input 1 of the two pressure valve. The signal is blocked by the two
pressure valve. No output is given at 2. Discuss the logic function �AND�.
Refer to the following topic p3_1_5_6 for additional conditions.
[73] Circuit: Two pressure valve II
Circuit: Two pressure valve II
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_6.ct
pressure valve III
Didactics material
Didactics material
If the roller lever valve 1S2 is also operated, then the two pressure valve will
produce a 1-signal at port 2 which operates the control valve, via pilot port 1V1,
against the return spring and the cylinder advances. Compare this topic to
topic 73 p3_1_5_5.
[74] Circuit: Two pressure valve III
Circuit: Two pressure valve III
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_7.ct
logic AND function, the two pressure valve - Problem
Didactics material
Didactics material
A transfer station removes a product from a conveyor belt. If the product is
detected as present and if the operator presses the push-button, the pick-up
cylinder 1A1 advances. The product is sensed by a 3/2 way roller lever valve. Upon
release of the push-button, cylinder 1A1 is to retract to the initial position. The
operating condition for the pick-up cylinder to advance is a logic AND function
between the product sensor and the operator push-button. Therefore if a two
pressure valve is used to combine the signals from the sensor and push-button the
logic conditions can be met.
[75] Exercise: The logic AND function, the two pressure valve � Problem
Exercise: The logic AND function, the two pressure valve - Problem
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_8.ct
logic AND function, the two pressure valve - Solution
Didactics material
Didactics material
The two pressure valve is connected between the outlet lines of the two 3/2 way
valves. Operating the push-button, a 1-signal is generated at left input 1 of the
two pressure valve. Once the part is sensed as present, the 3/2 way roller valve
generates a second 1-signal, this time at the right input 1 of the two pressure
valve. A signal is passed through to port 2. This signal operates the control valve
pilot signal 14 against the spring return and the cylinder advances. If either of
the two signals created by the 3/2 way valves is set to zero, the two pressure
valve will release the 14 signal back through the exhaust port of one of the 3/2
way valves. The return spring in the control valve then switches the control valve
to the initial position. The control valve outlet port 2 is active and with outlet
port 4 exhausted to atmosphere the cylinder retracts. The control valve can be a
4/2 or 5/2 way valve and can be sized to suit the flow rate required for the
cylinder speed.
[76] Exercise: The logic AND function, the two pressure valve � Solution
Exercise: The logic AND function, the two pressure valve - Solution
Shutoff valves
p3_1_5_9.ct
logic AND function, the two pressure valve - Note
Didactics material
Didactics material
Discuss also the advantages of the shown solution against series connection.
[77] Exercise: The logic AND function, the two pressure valve � Note
Exercise: The logic AND function, the two pressure valve - Note
Shutoff valves
p3_1_6.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Flow control valves
Didactics material
Didactics material
Flow control valves
Flow control valves
Flow control valves
Throttle valve
Supply and exhaust air throttling
p3_1_6_1.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Flow control valves < Flow
control valves
Didactics material
Didactics material
Most flow control valves are adjustable. If the non-return valve is fitted, then
the element is a one-way flow control valve. Discuss the flow in both
directions in both cases.
[92] Flow control valves
Flow control valves
Flow control valves
p3_1_6_2.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Flow control valves < One-way
flow control valve
Didactics material
Didactics material
The valve is generally mounted as close to the cylinder as possible. The valve is
usually provided with a locking nut to allow finite adjustments to be regulated and
then set. If no real valve is at hand, use this slide instead.
[93] One-way flow control valve
Flow control valves
p3_1_6_3.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Flow control valves < One-way
flow control valve
Didactics material
Didactics material
One-way flow control valves influence the volumetric flow of the compressed air.
One-way flow control valves are normally adjustable and the setting can be locked
in position. The influence of speed control is in one direction only. The first
sequence of the animation shows the total cross section of the one-way flow control
valve. The animation will be shown in detail by zooming into the air passage area.
Refer to topic 96 p3_1_6_5 for the circuit example.
[94] One-way flow control valve
Flow control valves
p3_1_6_4.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Flow control valves < Throttle
valve
Didactics material
Didactics material
Throttle valves are normally adjustable and the setting can be locked in position.
These valves are used to regulate the speed regulation of actuators and if
possible, should be mounted directly on the cylinder. Compare the flow
control with throttle valves and one-way flow control valve topic 94 p3_1_6_3.
[95] Throttle valve
Throttle valve
Flow control valves
p3_1_6_5.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Flow control valves < Supply
and exhaust air throttling
Didactics material
Didactics material
Exhaust air throttling should be used with double acting cylinder circuits. For
supply air throttling, the flow valves are installed so that the air entering the
cylinder is throttled. With exhaust air throttling, the supply air flows freely to
the cylinder and the exhaust air is throttled. Discuss the numbering system.
Even numbers relate to advancing signals and odd numbers to the retracting signals.
[96] Supply and exhaust air throttling

Supply and exhaust air throttling
Flow control valves
p3_1_7.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Pressure control valves
Didactics material
Didactics material
Adjustable pressure sequence valve
Adjustable pressure sequence valve (unactuated)
Circuit: Pressure sequence valve
Exercise: Pressure dependent control, embossing of plastic - Problem
Exercise: Pressure dependent control, embossing of plastic - Solution
Exercise: Pressure dependent control, embossing of plastic - Note
p3_1_7_1.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Pressure control valves <
Didactics material
Didactics material
The pressure control valves are generally adjustable against a compression spring.
The sensing line for regulators is at the valve outlet and for sequence valves the
sensing is before the valve, i.e. that pressure which is to be measured.
Compare the sensing line positions and flow arrows.
[97] Pressure control valves
p3_1_7_2.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The adjusting screw normally incorporates a look nut to set the desired position.
The valve body is fitted to a sub-base which can frame mounted with other compact
valves. Some applications for the valve are clamping, pressing, gluing and
safety interlocks.
[98] Adjustable pressure sequence valve
p3_1_7_3.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
Sequence valves are installed in pneumatic controls where a specific pressure is
required for a switching operation. The output signal is transmitted only after the
required operation pressure has been reached. If the signal pressure at port 12
exceeds that set on the spring, the valve opens. Outlet port 2 is opened only if a
preset pressure has built up in pilot line 12. A pilot spool opens the passage
between ports 1 to 2. Discuss the two elements in the control symbol.
Discuss the adjustment required to set the desired operation pressure. A pressure
gauge is required.
[99] Adjustable pressure sequence valve (unactuated)
p3_1_7_4.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
A plastic component is embossed using a die powered by a double acting cylinder.
The die is to advance and emboss the plastic when a push-button is operated. The
return of the die is to be effected when a preset pressure is reached. The pressure
is to be adjustable. Refer to topic 99 p3_1_7_3 for construction of the
valve.
[100] Circuit: Pressure sequence valve
p3_1_7_5.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
A plastic component is embossed using a die and a double acting cylinder. The die
is to advance and emboss the plastic when a push-button is operated. The return of
the die is to occur when the cylinder rod has fully advanced to the embossing
position and a preset pressure is reached. A roller limit valve is to be used to
confirm full extension. The embossing pressure is adjustable and is indicated on a
pressure gauge.
[101] Exercise: Pressure dependent control, embossing of plastic � Problem
p3_1_7_6.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
The cylinder advances if valve 1V1 is switched by push-button valve 1S1. The
pressure on the advancing side of the cylinder is fed from a junction to the limit
valve 1S2 and then in series to the sequence valve. The signal port 12 at the
sequence valve acts against the preset compression of the adjustable spring. If the
limit valve 1S2 is operated due to full extension of the cylinder and the preset
value is reached, then the sequence valve opens from 1 to 2 and sends a pilot
signal to port 12 of the control valve 1V1. The memory valve switches and the
cylinder retracts. At the same time the air from port 4 is exhausted and the pilot
signal at the sequence valve is relieved through the limit valve.
[102] Exercise: Pressure dependent control, embossing of plastic � Solution
p3_1_7_7.ct
Didactics material
Didactics material
If the pressure does not reach the preset limit, then the cylinder will
remain advanced. If the cylinder is obstructed during extension to the forward
position, the cylinder will not retract due to the dependency upon operation of the
limit vale 1S2. The power circuit must be initialized by operating the 5/2 way
memory valve manually (via the manual overrides) with the air off. The air can then
be turned on.
[103] Exercise: Pressure dependent control, embossing of plastic � Note
p3_1_8.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Time delay valve
Didactics material
Didactics material
Time delay valve
Time delay valve
Circuit: Time delay valve
Exercise: The time delay valve - Problem
Exercise: The time delay valve - Solution
Exercise: The time delay valve - Note
Exercise: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder - Problem
Exercise: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder - Solution
Exercise: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder - Note
p3_1_8_1.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Time delay valve < Time delay
valve, normally closed
Didactics material
Didactics material
The valve has a lock-able adjusting screw for setting time. The valve is sized to
meet the flow requirements. Discuss the accuracy of the time delay valve.
[104] Time delay valve, normally closed
Time delay valve
p3_1_8_2.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Time delay valve < Time delay
valve, normally closed
Didactics material
Didactics material
The time delay valve is a combinational valve consisting of a 3/2-way valve,
throttle relief valve and an air reservoir. The 3/2-way valve can be a valve with
normal position open or closed. The delay time is generally 0-30 seconds for both
types of valves. By using additional reservoirs, the time can be extended. When
the necessary control pressure from 12 has built up in the air reservoir, the pilot
spool of the 3/2-way valve is actuated. An accurate switch-over time is assured if
the air is clean and the pressure constant. Discuss the need for clean and
stable air for accuracy. Discuss the relationship between time delay and the
reservoir size.
[105] Time delay valve, normally closed
Time delay valve
p3_1_8_3.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Time delay valve < Circuit:
Time delay valve
Didactics material
Didactics material
A double acting cylinder is to glue components. The push-button operates the
clamping cylinder and trips a roller lever valve. The cylinder is to remain fully
extended for a time of 6 seconds and then immediately retracts to the initial
position. A new start cycle is only possible after the cylinder has fully
retracted. The cylinder advance is to be slow and the retraction adjustable but
fast. Refer to topic 104 p3_1_8_1 for construction of the valve.
[106] Circuit: Time delay valve
Circuit: Time delay valve
Time delay valve
p3_1_8_4.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Time delay valve < Exercise:
The time delay valve - Problem
Didactics material
Didactics material
A double acting cylinder is used to press together glued components. Upon operation
of a push-button, the clamping cylinder advances and trips a roller lever valve.
Once the forward end position is reached, the cylinder is to remain for 6 seconds
and then immediately retract to the initial position. A new start cycle is only
possible after the cylinder has fully retracted and after a delay of 5 seconds. The
cylinder extension is to be slow and the retraction adjustable, but relatively
fast.
[107] Exercise: The time delay valve � Problem
Exercise: The time delay valve - Problem
Time delay valve
p3_1_8_5.ct
The time delay valve - Solution
Didactics material
Didactics material
The start conditions are the actuation of roller limit valve 1S3, a delay of 5
seconds after the end of cycle and the operation of 1S1. The two pressure valve 1V4
actuates the 5/2 way memory valve at port 14. The cylinder advances at a preset
speed via the flow control valve 1V2. The limit switch 1S3 is deactivated and
therefore even if the start button is still held, the signal at port 14 is
exhausted by the removal of the limit switch signal, which resets the timer 1V6
until the cylinder has retracted again. The cylinder reaches the limit valve 1S2
and produces a pilot signal for the time delay valve 1V5. The time delay valve
opens port 2 if the preset time is reached. A pilot signal is produced 6 seconds
after the limit valve 1S2 is operated. The 5/2 way valve switches to the initial
position and the cylinder retracts and with speed controlled by the valve 1V1. The
roller limit valve 1S2 is deactivated and the pilot signal to the timer 1V5 is cut-
off, removing the signal at port 12 of the 5/2 way valve.
[108] Exercise: The time delay valve � Solution
Exercise: The time delay valve - Solution
Time delay valve
p3_1_8_6.ct
The time delay valve - Note
Didactics material
Didactics material
The memory valve must be positioned manually before air is supplied to the
circuit to ensure that the cylinder will be retracted initially.
[109] Exercise: The time delay valve � Note
Exercise: The time delay valve - Note
Time delay valve
p3_1_8_7.ct
Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder - Problem
Didactics material
Didactics material
A double acting cylinder is to fully advance when a push-button is actuated and to
retract after full extensions is reached (confirmed by a roller lever valve). The
cylinder is to continue forward even if the push-button is released. Speed of the
cylinder is to be adjustable.
[110] Exercise: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder � Problem
Exercise: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder - Problem
Time delay valve
p3_1_8_8.ct
Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder - Solution
Didactics material
Didactics material
Operating the push-button 1S1 then advances the cylinder 1A1. Operation of valve
1V3 produces pressure at port 14 which switches the air to port 4. Once the
cylinder travels to the limit valve 1S2, a pilot signal is sent to port 12 of the
control valve switching the control valve if the push-button valve is released. If
the push-button is held operated after the cylinder has fully advanced, it will
remain advanced until valve 1S1 is released. The final control element 1V3 is a
memory valve and the last position is retained until a unique opposing signal is
received. The speed of advance and retraction is controlled by the throttle valves
1V1 and 1V2 and in both cases the speed control is by exhaust air throttling. If
the roller lever valve is fitted at the mid-stroke position of the cylinder, it
will advance up to the limit valve and then retract.
[111] Exercise: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder � Solution
Exercise: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder - Solution
Time delay valve
p3_1_8_9.ct
Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder - Note
Didactics material
Didactics material
The memory control valve 1V3 when first fitted could be in either of two positions
14 or 12. It is not easy to predict the position of the valve when fitted. If a
manual override button is available the valve should be manually set to the 12
position before turning on the air to ensure that the cylinder remains retracted
initially.
[112] Exercise: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder � Note
Exercise: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder - Note
Time delay valve
p3_1_9.ct
Didactics material < Basics and working principles < Sequential circuit and signal
overlap circuit
Didactics material
Didactics material
Sequential circuit, distance-step diagram
Sequential circuit
Signal overlap circuit I
Signal overlap circuit II
Signal overlap circuit III
Control diagram, signal overlap
Idle return roller valve solution
Reversing valve solution
p3_1_9_1.ct
overlap circuit < Sequential circuit, distance-step diagram
Didactics material
Didactics material
Confirmation is required that cylinder 2A1 is retracted before start of the cycle.
The sequence is, A+ B+ A- B-. The valves 2S2 and 1S3 are initially operated. There
is no signal overlap at the final control elements 1V2 and 2V2. Discuss the
relationship between the circuit and the distance-step diagram.
[113] Sequential circuit, distance-step diagram
Sequential circuit, distance-step diagram
p3_1_9_2.ct
overlap circuit < Sequential circuit
Didactics material
Didactics material
A sequential circuit has the following characteristics; when a 3/2-way push-button
valve is operated, cylinder 1A1 extends. Confirmation is required at each step of
the sequence. The sequence is A+ B+ A- B-. There is no signal overlap with
the circuit.
[114] Sequential circuit
Sequential circuit
p3_1_9_3.ct
overlap circuit < Signal overlap circuit I
Didactics material
Didactics material
It is necessary to identify the points in the circuit where signal overlap occurs
on the 5/2-way valves 1V2 and 2V2. With this distance step diagram the circuit
design using roller valves cannot operate due to signal overlap. Refer to the
next topics p3_1_9_4 for the overlap conditions.
[115] Signal overlap circuit I
Signal overlap circuit I
p3_1_9_4.ct
overlap circuit < Signal overlap circuit II
Didactics material
Didactics material
The first overlap condition occurs at the start. The pilot signals at the valve 1V2
from the valves 1S3 and 1S2 are opposed. The bistable valve cannot move due to
overlap. Discuss the options for removal of overlap.
[116] Signal overlap circuit II
Signal overlap circuit II
p3_1_9_5.ct
overlap circuit < Signal overlap circuit III
Didactics material
Didactics material
The second overlap condition occurs in the third step. The valve 2V2 has signals
generated by 2S1 and 2S2 opposing each other and causing a signal overlap
condition. Review the control diagram topic 118 p3_1_9_6.
[117] Signal overlap circuit III
Signal overlap circuit III
p3_1_9_6.ct
overlap circuit < Control diagram, signal overlap
Didactics material
Didactics material
The first control valve 1V2 has an overlap problem in the first step. The first of
these signals must be out short and therefore valve 1S2 could be an idle return
roller lever valve. The second overlap problem is with valve 2V2 in step 3, when
the cylinder 2A1 is fully advanced. Valve 2S1 could be an idle return roller valve
only active in step 2 for a short duration. Idle return roller valves are not
a recommended solution.
[118] Control diagram, signal overlap
Control diagram, signal overlap
p3_1_9_7.ct
overlap circuit < Idle return roller valve solution
Didactics material
Didactics material
The idle return roller limit switch can be used to remove the signal overlap
points, i.e. replace the roller lever limit switches identified, with an idle
return roller lever valve. Valves 1S2 and 2S1 generated the signal overlap and
therefore these valves should be idle return roller valves. Idle return
roller valves are not a recommended solution.
[119] Idle return roller valve solution
Idle return roller valve solution
p3_1_9_8.ct
overlap circuit < Reversing valve solution
Didactics material
Didactics material
An alternative method of shortening the duration of signals is to remove the air
supply to the two signal valves, except at the steps required. Using the reversing
valve 1V2, lines S1 and S2 can be activated consecutively and the signals are
prevented from overlapping at the memory valves 1V1 and 2V1. Emphasize the
increased reliability of the circuit.
[120] Reversing valve solution
Reversing valve solution
p3_2.ct
Didactics material < Educational Films
Didactics material
Didactics material
Educational Films
Educational Films
Introduction
Fundamentals: Structure of hybrid systems
Fundamentals: Fundamentals of electricity
Sensors and relays - Signals
Sensors and relays - Sensors
Sensors and relays - Pressure switches
Sensors and relays - Relays
Solenoid valves
Solenoid valves: Double-solenoid valves
Solenoid valves: Pilot control
Pilot control: Circuit-diagram conventions
Pilot control: Hard-wired controllers
Pilot control: Programmable Logic Controllers
p3_2_1.ct
Didactics material < Educational films < Introduction
Didactics material
Educational films
Didactics material
Introduction
2:42
1 Introduction
p3_2_10.ct
Didactics material < Educational films < Solenoid valves: Pilot control
Didactics material
Educational films
Didactics material
Solenoid valves: Pilot control
3:58
10 Solenoid valves: Pilot control
p3_2_11.ct
Didactics material < Educational films < Pilot control: Circuit-diagram conventions
Didactics material
Educational films
Didactics material
Pilot control: Circuit-diagram conventions
4:14
11 Pilot control: Circuit-diagram conventions
p3_2_12.ct
Didactics material < Educational films < Pilot control: Hard-wired controllers
Didactics material
Educational films
Didactics material
Pilot control: Hard-wired controllers
4:58
12 Pilot control: Hard-wired controllers
p3_2_13.ct
Didactics material < Educational films < Pilot control: Programmable Logic
Controllers
Didactics material
Educational films
Didactics material
Pilot control: Programmable Logic Controllers
2:25
13 Pilot control: Programmable Logic Controllers
p3_2_2.ct
Didactics material < Educational films < Fundamentals: Structure of hybrid systems
Didactics material
Educational films
Didactics material
Fundamentals: Structure of hybrid systems
4:32
2 Fundamentals: Structure of hybrid systems
p3_2_3.ct
Didactics material < Educational films < Fundamentals: Fundamentals of electricity
Didactics material
Educational films
Didactics material
Fundamentals: Fundamentals of electricity
10:26
3 Fundamentals: Fundamentals of electricity
p3_2_4.ct
Didactics material < Educational films < Sensors and relays - Signals
Didactics material
Educational films
Didactics material
Sensors and relays - Signals
0:48
4 Sensors and relays - Signals
p3_2_5.ct
Didactics material < Educational films < Sensors and relays - Sensors
Didactics material
Educational films
Didactics material
Sensors and relays - Sensors
3:24
5 Sensors and relays - Sensors
p3_2_6.ct
Didactics material < Educational films < Sensors and relays - Pressure switches
Didactics material
Educational films
Didactics material
Sensors and relays - Pressure switches
2:41
6 Sensors and relays - Pressure switches
p3_2_7.ct
Didactics material < Educational films < Sensors and relays - Relays
Didactics material
Educational films
Didactics material
Sensors and relays - Relays
3:34
7 Sensors and relays - Relays
p3_2_8.ct
Didactics material < Educational films < Solenoid valves
Didactics material
Educational films
Didactics material
Solenoid valves
2:48
8 Solenoid valves
p3_2_9.ct
Didactics material < Educational films < Solenoid valves: Double-solenoid valves
Didactics material
Educational films
Didactics material
Solenoid valves: Double-solenoid valves
1:47
9 Solenoid valves: Double-solenoid valves

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Pneumatic linear drive with shape-fitting adaptor

Pneumatic linear drive with shape-fitting adaptor

Pressure sensor, analog

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Adjustable vacuum actuator valve

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Pressure sensor, analog

Flow meter, analog

Related Topic Rectangles 77

[4] Designating the elements, circuit diagram

[66] Exercise: Indirect control of a double acting cylinder � Problem

[85] Exercise: The logic OR function, the shuttle valve � Note

[96] Supply and exhaust air throttling

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