Excel college of architecture and

planning

Human Settlement
And Planning

Ar. M. Jayarupa Anand M. Arch

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UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION

Elements of Human Settlements – human beings and settlements

– nature shells & Network – their functions and Linkages –
Anatomy & classification of Human settlements – Locational,
Resource based, Population size & Occupational structure.

WHAT IS SETTLEMENT?

• settlements inhabited by man

• cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live
• created through movement of man in space and definition of boundaries
of territorial interest for physical and institutional purposes

DEFINITION HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

 It is defined as the SCIENCE OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS drawing on

the research and experience of diverse disciplines.
 Including urban, regional, city and community planning and architecture as
well as behavioural science including human psychology, anthropology,
culture and politics.

EKISTICS

• The term Ekistics was coined by Greek architect and urban planner
Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942.
• Applies to the science of human settlements.
• Includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design.
• This science, termed Ekistics, will take into consideration
• The principles man takes into account when building his settlements, as
well as the evolution of human settlements through history in terms of
size and quality.
• The target is to build the city of optimum size, that is, a city which
respects human dimensions.
• Since there is no point in resisting development, we should try to
accommodate technological evolution and the needs of man within the
same settlement.

ACCORDING TO DOXIADIS

• In order to create the cities of the future, we need to systematically

develop a science of human settlements.

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 • Ekistics aims to encompass all scales of human habitation and seeks to
learn from the archaeological and historical record by looking not only at
great cities, but, as much as possible, at the total settlement pattern.

BASIC PARTS OF COMPOSITE HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

• Homogeneous parts-fields;
• Central parts-built-up villages; •
• Circulatory parts-roads & paths within the fields; and •
• Special parts-i.e., a monastery contained within the homogeneous part.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

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 • The whole range of human settlements, is a very complex system of five
elements - nature, man, society, shells (that is, buildings), and networks.
• It is a system of natural, social, and man-made elements which can be
seen in many ways - economic, social, political, technological, and cultural.

Nature:

• The first element represents the ecosystem within which rural

settlements must exist.
• It involves a number of component processes including the hydrologic
cycle, bio systems, air sheds, climatic zones, etc.
• Archaeological studies show that even primitive man with limited tools
made profound changes in natural systems.
• Over cultivation in the Thar Desert of the Indian subcontinent and
overgrazing in the Middle East are two examples of how early cultivations
weighted the natural balance and tipped it towards an uninhabitable
landscape.
• If such significant changes in the natural system could be brought about
by such limited numbers of men, it seems logical to suppose that today's
6,000 million persons must have far greater effectiveness in fouling the
planet.

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• And, if the earth is to support 30,000 million people in the future, the
interrelationships and ranges of adaptability of human settlements and
natural processes must be very clearly understood and observed, for
neither can survive without the other.
• At another level we cannot forget man's psychological and physical needs
for contact with the world of nature.

anthropos:

• Himself is also constantly adapting and changing.

• The medical profession, in its move from "barbarism" to concepts of the
constitution of the healthy individual, can contribute many important
inputs to the better organization of urban life.
• Studies have shown that certain physical and psychological diseases are
directly associated with urbanization.
• These include obesity, respiratory ailments and alienation (anomie).
• This gives rise to many questions, such as whether it is possible for
mankind to adapt to a completely urban world with no rural escapes; what
urban densities "are tolerable"; and how the city may be made a
satisfactory environment for the growing child.
• Thus, just as forward-looking medical and public health schools find a
need to study the city, city builders must turn to study man.

society:

• Comprises all those aspects of the urban or rural scene that are
commonly dealt with by sociologists, economists and administrators:
population trends, social customs, income and occupations, and the
systems of urban government.
• One of the most urgent aspects of society seems to be the problem of
the retention, or reorganization, of values inherent in independent small
communities after these have become incorporated in megalopolis — in
other words, the place of the neighborhood in megalopolis.

shells:

• The built environment is the traditional domain of the architectural and

engineering professions.
• Here a central problem is how mass-produced, anonymous housing can
cater for the needs of very diverse individuals and family groupings.

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 Networks:

• Provide the glue for all systems of urbanization.

• Their changes profoundly affect urban patterns and urban scale.
We have only to think of the effect of the advent of the railroad,
or of piped water supplies, or of the telephone, upon the extent,
the texture and the densities of human settlements.
• The increasingly rapid developments of all types of networks —
coupled with population pressures — have been the most potent
heralds of megalopolis.
• The enormous growth in the uses of energy for the communication
of ideas has whetted man's appetite for participating in all sorts of
things that were formerly outside his ken.
• The television screen has stimulated desires both to participate in
new sports, such as skiing, etc., and to participate in debates —
political representation, etc.
• To respond to man's demands, transportation, communication and
utility networks must all expand even faster than the anticipated
growth of settlements.

HUMAN BEINGS AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

• Man is a SOCIAL ANIMAL

• There is a gradual socialization in the pattern of living which allow the
whole population to participate more and more in the city, facilities and
resources
• Then in the modern city growth and change over time is dominant feature
which must take precedence in all planning consideration.
• Nature and extent of human settlements, confuses man with their
physical structure(‘the built-up area is the city’ or their institutional
frame (‘the municipality is the city’);
• But human settlements have always been created by man’s moving in space
and defining the boundaries of his territorial interest and therefore of
his settlements, for which he later created a physical and institutional
structure;
• When we view human settlements as systems of energy mobilised by man
– either as basal metabolic or as muscular or, recently, as commercial
energy systems – we get new insights.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF HUMAN BEING SETTLEMENTS

1. physical factors

Nature of terrain:

• Dispersed type of settlements is found in remote jungles, hilly areas.

• Compact settlements are found in highly productive alluvial plains.

Altitude:-

• Dispersed settlements are found in hills of Meghalaya and clustered and

semi clustered settlements are found in Gujarat plains.

Climate:-

• Due to frequent droughts settlement may become hamleted.

Availability of water:

• Scarcity of water in Rajasthan has resulted in development of compact

settlements.

2. cultural and ethnic factors

Caste and tribal structure:

• Due to ethnic factors settlement may become fragmented and Hamleted

e.g. Chhattisgarh.

Religion:

• People of same religion prefer to live together making a settlement large

or small.

3. security factors

Defence from invasions and wild animals:

• Due to defence from dacoits, wild animals or fear settlements may
cluster and form compact settlements.

SETTLEMENT CHARACTERISTICS:

Area:

• How large the area of a settlement is.

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Site:

• Describes the actual land upon which a settlement is built.

Population:

• The size and type of people that live in a settlement.

Function:

• His function of a settlement relates to its economic and social

development and refers to its main activities.

Situation:

• Describes where a settlement is located in relation to other surrounding

features such as other settlements, rivers and communications.

Shape:

• Describes how the settlement is laid out. Its pattern.

SITE FACTORS:

• Some sites have specific advantages that mean settlements developed in

that place.

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FUNCTION OF A SETTLEMENT:

The function of a Settlement relates to its economic and social development and
refers to its main activities.

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SETTLEMENT FORMS

Broadly classified into four types:

1. Shapeless cluster:-

Without any regular street or with an irregular road which comes up

according to the local requirements, it may be of the massive type and
dispersed type.

2. linear cluster:-

With a straight and specious street running network parallel rows of

houses.

3. square or rectangular cluster:-

With straight streets running parallel or at right angles to one another.

4. settlement formed of isolated or dispersed homestead:-

Settlements can further be classified according to size and spacing into:

clustered or compact and dispersed or scattered.

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SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY

i. isolated dwellings

• Such settlement consists of individual units. It can be termed as the

initial stage of development of a settlement.
• An isolated dwelling would only have 1 or 2 buildings or families in it.

ii. Hamlets

• When many individual units are cluster together they form hamlets.
• The grouping may be due to similar occupational patterns, religion,
cultural factors etc.
• A hamlet has a tiny population (<100) and very few (if any) services.

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iii. Villages

• When many hamlets combine they form a village.

• The reason for such grouping may be due to interdependencies of one
hamlet on another, thus to form a self-sufficient unit.
• A village generally does not have many services, possibly only a small
corner shop or post office.
• A village has a population of 100 to 1,000.

iv. Towns

• A town is a larger entity which is more self-sufficient, has a stronger

economic base.
• A town has a population of 1,000 to 20,000

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V. cities

• Where large concentration of people exists, multiple economic activities

exist.
• A large town has a population of 20,000 to 100,000.

v. Metropolis

• A metropolis is a large city, with a population of at least several million

living in its urban agglomeration.
• Metropolitan area – a super city consisting of multiple cities and towns.
The population is usually several million.

vi. Megalopolis

• An extensive, metropolitan area or a long chain of continuous metropolitan

areas.

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viii Ecumenopolis

• The entire area of earth that is taken up by human settlements.

• Earth will be covered by one settlement
• Cities will be interconnected, into one continuous network into one
Universal city called Ecumeniccity
• Ecumenopolis on the Earth in the year 2120, by which time it is expected
that the population of the earth will have levelled off at a minimum of
20,000,000,000 people and the population of the definitely Urban areas
at a minimum of 18,000,000,000 people.

CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Identified characteristics is used to classify settlements are as follows;

1. size
2. permanency
3. method of creation
4. Function and purpose.

Size:

• This is the first classification of all human settlements.

• There are single settlements consisting of farm house, a military camp or
other function or composite settlements made up of many house, camps
and other function.
• Apart for looking at this from the point of view of residences or house, it
also has to do with the population size of settlements.

Permanency:

• This is the second classification that is based upon the degree of their
permanency.
• There are temporary settlements such as tents that belongs to nomads
and huts belonging to shepherds or fishermen.

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 • Also, there are semi-permanent settlements such as nomadic camps or
army camps which are not inhabited throughout the year but only during
certain periods.
• Also there are permanent settlements inhabited throughout the year
likewise, the permanency depends on the material for construction.

Method of creation:

• This is another classification that is based upon the method by which

human settlements have emerged or created.
• In this classification, there are ‘natural settlements which emerged
themselves naturally and there are ‘planned settlements’ which have been
built or created on the basis of pre-conceived or deliberate plans.
• There are very few planned settlements in comparison with the total
number of settlements.

Function and purpose:

• This is the most important classifications of settlements because the

idea behind every settlement is the purpose and function that such
settlement is being established.
• It is this classification that gives the settlement it’s most important
characteristics and also influences other elements correspondingly.

RURAL SETTLEMENTS VS URBAN SETTLEMENTS

• Urban and rural settlements differ in demographics, land area and usage,
population density, transportation networks and economic dependencies.
• These characteristics are the defining differences that geographers and
city planners observe between rural and urban centres. (US Census 2000)

Demographics

• Urban settlements contain a heterogeneous population consisting of

different ages, cultures and ethnicities, whereas rural areas contain a
more homogenous population based on family, similar ethnicities and
fewer cultural influences.

Land area and usage

• Urban settlements are more expansive and contain a wide range of land
uses.
• For instance, major metropolitan areas use density zoning to indicate
different levels of development.

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 • In contrast, rural settlements are more or less self-contained and may
not use zoning controls or have limited planning and development
regulations.

Population density

• For instance, the U.S. Census Bureau defines urban settlements as areas
with more than 50,000 people and at least 1,000 people per square mile;
including contiguous census tracts or blocks with at least 500 people per
square mile.
• In contrast, rural settlements contain less than 2,500 people, at a density
between one and 999 people per square mile.
• Whereas, in Nigeria context, any settlement with at least 20,000 people
is regarded as an urban settlement, while any settlement below 20,000
people is a rural settlement (according to 1996 population census).
• Also, any settlement that falls within a 10km radius of a local government
headquarters is an urban settlement.

Transportation network

• Rural transportation networks consist of local and county or local roads

with limited interconnectivity to rail and bus lines.
• Urban settlements contain highway infrastructure as well as airports and
light or heavy commuter rail.

Economy

• Urban areas are dependent on a global economy of import and export,

whereas rural economies rely on a local and agricultural-based economy
with dependencies on services, such as hospitals and educational
establishments in nearby urban centres.

Urban settlements

• Most governments define urban settlements based on one or a

combination of criteria, including population size, population density, and
social and economic factors, such as the proportion of the labour force
engaged in non-agricultural activities; the administrative or political
status of a locality, such as national, provincial, or district capitals, or
census designations.

Rural settlement

• Rural settlements are most closely and directly related to land.

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 • They are dominated by primary activities such as agriculture, animal
husbandry, fishing etc.
• The settlements size is relatively small.

THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE LOCATION OF RURAL

SETTLEMENTS

Rural settlements are influenced by following factors:

Water supply:

• Usually rural settlements are located near water bodies such as rivers,
lakes, and springs where water can be easily obtained.
• The need for water drives people to settle in islands surrounded by
swamps or low lying river banks.
• Water supply is main factor because water is used for drinking, cooking
and washing, rivers and lakes can be used to irrigate farm land, water
bodies also have fish which can be caught for diet and navigable rivers
and lakes can be used for transportation.

Land:

• People choose to settle near fertile lands suitable for agriculture. Early
settlers chose plain areas with fertile soils.
• In Europe villages are found near gently sloping land, in south East Asia
villages are near low lying river valleys and coastal plains suited for wet
rice cultivation.

Terrain:

• Villages are located on uplands which is not prone to flooding.

• Thus, in low lying river basins people chose to settle on terraces and
levees which are “dry points”.
• In tropical countries people build their houses on stilts near marshy lands
to protect themselves from flood, insects and animal pests.

Building material:

• The availability of building materials such as wood and stone near

settlements is another factor.
• Early villages were built in forests where wood was plentiful.
• In African Savannahs, mud bricks are used as building materials and the
Eskimos, in Polar Regions, use ice blocks to construct igloos.

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Defence:

• During the times of political instability, war, aggression of neighbouring

group villages were built on defensive hills and islands.
• In Nigeria, villages are built on upstanding rocks; in India most of the
forts are located on hills.
There are different types of rural settlements patterns. Patterns of rural
settlements are influenced by the site of the village, the surrounding
topography and terrain.

I. on the basis of setting: the main types are

a. Plain villages

b. Plateau villages

c. Coastal villages

d. Forest villages

e. Desert villages

Ii. on the basis of functions: there may be

a. Farming villages,

b. Fishermen’s villages,

c. Lumberjack villages,

d. Pastoral villages etc.

Iii. on the basis of forms or shapes of the settlements :these may

be a n

Number of geometrical forms and shapes such as:

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Linear pattern

• In such settlements houses are located along a road, railway line, river,
canal edge valley or along a levee.

Rectangular pattern:

• Such patterns of rural settlements are found in plain areas or wide inter-
montane valleys.
• The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles.

Circular pattern:

• Circular villages develop around lakes, tanks and sometimes the village is
planned in such a way that the central part remains open and is used for
keeping the animals to protect them from wild animals.

Star like pattern:

• Where several roads converge, star shaped settlements develop by the

houses built along the roads.

T-shaped, y-shaped, cross-shaped or cruciform settlements:

• T –shaped settlements develop at tri- junctions of the roads.

• Y–shaped settlements emerge as the places where two roads converge on
the third one and houses are built along these roads.
• Cruciform settlements develop on the cross- roads and houses extend in
all the four direction.

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double village:

• These settlements extend on both sides of a river where there is a

bridge or a ferry.

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

Generally, urban settlements are classified around the world on three common
bases as explained earlier. Urban settlements are classified on the basis of the
population size, occupational structure and administration.

Population size:-

• In Nigeria, a settlement having population more than 20,000 persons is

regarded as an urban settlement. Also, every local government area is
known as an urban centre.
• Again, all other settlements of 10km radius away from it is a rural
settlement as earlier said.
• In India, it is 5,000 in Japan it is 30,000 persons where as in Sweden it is
250 persons.
• The population threshold figure depends on the density of population in
the country.
• There are four types of urban settlement on the basis of its size, service
and function.
• This however depends on the size and the services available and functions
rendered. Urban centres are designated as town, city, million city,
conurbation, and megalopolis.

Town:

• Population size in town is higher than the village.

• Functions such as, manufacturing, retail and wholesale trade, and
professional services exist in towns.

City:

• A city may be regarded as a leading town.

• Cities are much larger than towns and have a greater number of economic
functions.
• They tend to have transport terminals, major financial institutions and
regional administrative offices.
• When the population crosses the one million mark it is designated as a
million city

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Conurbation:

• The term conurbation was coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915 and applied
to a large area of urban development that resulted from the merging of
originally separate towns or cities.
• Greater London, Greater Mumbai, Manchester, Lagos, Chicago and Tokyo
are examples.

Megalopolis:

• This Greek word meaning “great city”, was popularized by Jean Gott man
(1957) and signifies ‘super- metropolitan’ region extending, as union of
conurbations.
• The urban landscape stretching from Boston in the north to south of
Washington in U.S.A. is the best known example of a megalopolis.

Occupational structure: -

• Besides population size, occupation is also taken as the criteria.

• In India, if more than 75 percent of workforce is engaged in non-
agricultural activities then the settlement is called as urban.
• Other countries have their own criteria for e.g. in Italy it is 50 percent.

Administrative structure: -

• In India a settlement is classified as urban if it has a municipality,

cantonment board or a notified area.
• In Nigeria and Brazil any administrative centre such as local government
headquarters is termed as urban.
• In advance countries these classifications is essential to town planning
and very efficient too, but there is usually lack of accurate/ adequate
population data in developing countries which has overtime affected
physical development in these regions.

CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

Classification based on their function: Here the dominant function is used to

describe the settlement e.g. Abuja is described as an administrative town,
Lagos as port city, a jaokuta as an industrial town, Enugu as coal city and Jos
the tin city.

In describing the functional classifications of towns in the world, there are

about 6 distinct classes which are listed as follows:

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1. administrative towns: -

• National capitals, which have headquarters of the administrative offices

of Central Government, are called administrative towns, such as Abuja,
New Delhi, Canberra, Moscow and Washington.

2. defence towns: -

• Centres of military activities are known as defence towns. E.g. Ojo

military Cantonment is an example in Nigeria

3. cultural towns: -

• Towns famous for religious, educational or recreational functions are

called cultural towns.
• Places of pilgrimage, such as Jerusalem, Mecca, Jagannath Puri and
Varanasi etc. are considered as religious towns.
• There are also recreational towns such as Badagry in Nigeria and Las
Vegas in the USA.

4. industrial towns:

• These are mining and manufacturing regions. Ajaokuta in Nigeria, Detroit

in USA Dhanbad and Khetri in India are examples of mining towns.
• Towns which have developed due to setting up of industries are called
industrial towns.

5. trading and commercial towns:-

• Many old towns were famous as trade centres such as Lahore in Pakistan,
Baghdad in Iraq, Agra in India and Aba in Nigeria.
• Some towns have developed as transport towns such as Rotterdam in the
Netherlands and Aden in Yemen. Also Mumbai in India and Tin Can Island
in Lagos, Nigeria are both port towns.

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN AND RURAL SETTLEMENTS

1. urban settlements:

• These types of settlement are nodal in character and have secondary and
tertiary activities.

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 • The chief occupation of the people of urban areas is non-agricultural i.e.
industry, trade and services.
• The major function of an urban area is trades and commerce, transport
and communication, mining and manufacturing, defence, administration,
cultural and recreational activities.
• Population density is high and the settlement size is large.

2. rural settlements:

• These settlements are chiefly concerned with primary activities such as

agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry etc.
• Most of the people of rural settlement are engaged in agricultural work.
• The major function of rural settlement is agriculture and each settlement
specializes in various activities.
• Both the population density and the settlement size is small.

However, it should be noted that ‘there is no consensus on what exactly

defines a village or a town based on some reasons. Some of these reasons will
be highlighted below:

Population size based settlement

• Population size is small in rural settlement than urban settlements but it

is not a universally applied because many villages in India and China have
population exceeding that of some towns of Western Europe and United
States.
• People living in villages pursued agriculture or other primary activities,
but presently in developed countries, large sections of urban populations
prefer to live in villages even though they work in the city

• Petrol pumps (filling stations) are considered as a rural function in the

United States while it is an urban function in Nigeria, India and some
developing countries.

• Facilities available in the villages of developed countries may be

considered rare in villages of developing and less developed countries.
a. Better Social Amenities and Infrastructural Facilities
b. The desire for better infrastructural facilities and social
amenities is another pull factor influencing the desire to migrate.
• These facilities such as; pipe borne water, electricity supply, good road
network, provision of schools, town halls, playground, fire station etc.

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 abound in the urban areas which invariably is lacking in the rural
communities.
• This factor is particularly obvious in developing countries including
Nigeria, where social amenities/services are not equitably distributed
within the various regions. Consequently, many migrants are attracted to
the urban communities where these essential social
amenities/infrastructural facilities are located and provided without
giving consideration to the maximum population threshold these existing
infrastructures could serve, thereby leading to shortfalls and
overutilization of these infrastructures.
c. Availability Of Transportation Means
• The availability of transportation means plays an important role in the
stimulation of internal migration.
• Virtually, everywhere in the urban centres are well serviced with road
networks.
• These improvements in transportation network are closely associated
with the volume of migration rate in the urban areas.
• This has contributed to the high traffic volume of major urban centres in
the country.
• Conclusively, migration is also stimulated by a variety of reasons in the
rural areas such as marriage, death of family members, presence of
friends and relatives at the prospective new place of residence, etc.
however, studies in Nigeria and other parts of the developing world
indicate the important role of these factors in the migration process at
the local level.

LOCATION BASED SETTLEMENT

• The location and growth of a settlement depended upon its site and
situation.
• The site factor is the actual place where people decided to locate their
settlement.
• The growth of that settlement then depended upon its situation factor in
relation to accessibility and availability of natural resources to ease the
lives of the settlers.

Site factors: these include the below:

• reliable water supply

• away from flood risks

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 Defence

• building materials (stone or wood)

• fertile land
• sheltered from winds
• fuel supply (wood)
• south-facing slope (aspect)
• flat land, easy to build on
• natural harbour
• Situation Factors: these includes the below
• route centre i.e. (nodal point) that joins other settlement
• gap town
• lowest bridging point on a river port and minerals for export

RESOURCE BASED SETTLEMENTS

• Settlement created as a result of a resource includes: forestry,

agriculture, commercial fishing, mining/energy production, and recreation
very important in the following eco zones: atlantics maritime, boreal
shield, boreal plains, montane cordillera, and pacific maritime.
• Resource-Based Settlements grow at locations where there are natural
resources and usually in areas where a survey had not taken place.
• Examples of resource-based settlements include fishing ports on coasts,
mining and lumbering towns, hydroelectric sites, recreational spots,
scientific and military communities, and transportation locations.

OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE BASED SETTLEMENT

• An activity or group of activities that engages a person in everyday life,

has personal meaning and provides structure to time.
• Occupations are seen by the individual as part of his / her identity and
may be categorised as self care, productivity and / or leisure
• Have meaning and purpose to the individual performing them.
• They also have socio cultural meaning.
• They fill and structure time
• Tend to be grouped according to purpose: leisure, productivity, self-care.
• Support roles and participation in society.
• Contribute to an individual’s sense of identity
• Occupation, Health and Well-being
• The distribution of the population according to the different types of
occupations is referred to as the occupational structure.

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• Occupations are generally classified as primary (agriculture, mining,
fishing, etc.), secondary (manufacturing industry, building and
construction work, etc.) and tertiary (transport, communications, banking,
etc.).
• 64% of the people in India depend upon agriculture only
• 13% of people depend upon secondary activities
• 20% of people work in tertiary sector.
• The aggregate distribution of occupations in society, classified according
to skill level, economic function, or social status.
• Occupational structure is shaped by factors such as the structure of the
economy, technology, bureaucracy, the labour-market, and by status and
prestige.
• Changes in the occupational structure are explicit in the course of social
and economic development.
• Development gives rise to new occupations and the disappearance of
others because of a shift in emphasis in the field of education and
training.
• The distribution of the population according to different types of
occupation is referred to as the occupational structure.
• In India, about 64 per cent of the population is engaged only in
agriculture.
• The proportion of population dependent on secondary and tertiary
sectors is about 13 and 20 per cent respectively.
• There has been an occupational shift in favour of secondary and tertiary
sectors because of growing industrialisation and urbanisation in recent
times.

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 QUESTION BANK

PART-A

1. Define Settlement.

2. Define Human Settlement.

3. Define Ekistics.

4. List out the elements of Human Settlements.

5. What is the role of Nature as an element of Human settlement?

6. What is the role of Man as an element of Human settlement?

7. What is the role of Society as an element of Human settlement?

8. What is the role of Shell as an element of Human settlement?

9. What is the role of Network as an element of Human settlement?

10. What is a Town?

11. List out the classification of Polis with respect to population.

12. What is Dynapolis?

13. What is Mega polis?

14. What is Eopolis?

15. What is Ecumenopolis?

16. List out the classification of Human settlement based on Location.

17. List out the classification of Human settlement based on Resource.

18. List out the classification of Human settlement based on Population.

19. List out the classification of Human settlement based on occupational

structure.

20. What is the significance of Human studies?

21. Sketch the evolution of a network from shells.

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22. Different types of human settlement classified basis of sizes and functions

23. What is dispersed settlement?

24. Discuss in the detail hierarical system of settlement based on their sizes
and functions.

25. Outline the various ekistics elements as mentioned by doxiadis.

26. Name any four linear human settlements.
27. List out the classification of human settlement.

PART-B

28. Explain the elements of Human settlements.

29. Explain the classification of Human settlements based on population.
30. Explain the classification of Human settlements based on Function &
Occupational Structure.
31. Explain the classification of Polis in detail.
32. Explain the evolution of Human settlements.
33. Describe the different types of rural settlement pattern.
34. Explain the factors which influence the location of rural settlements.
35. Describe the major problem of rural settlement in developing countries.
36. Discuss the anatomy and classification of human settlement based on any one
criteria.

33
UNIT 2

FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Structure and form of Human settlements – Linear, non-linear and

circular – Combinations – reasons for development – advantages and
disadvantages – case studies – factors influencing the growth and
decay of human settlements.

Structure of human settlement

 Mankind has been living in towns, big and small, from times immemorial and the
pattern of the town plan has generally been influenced by various factors such as
situation of the site the nature of the terrain, the period of development, the
economic structure, the nature of industry and trade practiced.

 The different activities that take place mean that the way which human use land
changes throughout the urban are Due to the complexity of land uses found
throughout a city a number of models have been created to identify patterns of
land use.

Burgess concentric ring model

 The concentric ring model also known as burgess model was the first to explain
distribution of social groups within urban areas.

 Based on Chicago, it was created by sociologist ernest burgess in 1925.

 This concentric ring model depicts urban land use in concentric rings: the central
business district or CBD was in the middle of the model and the City expanded in
dreams with different land uses.
 The zones identified for

1. The centre was the CBD.

2. The transition zones otherwise known as the inner city.

3. Low class residential homes in the suburbs

4. Better quality middle class homes outer suburbs

5. Commuter’s zone

 Burgess observed that there was a correlation between the distance from the CBD
and the social economic status of the in inhabitants teacher family standard to life
farther away from the CBD.

 the City grew burgess also observed that the CBD would cause it to expand
outwards this in turn forced to the other rings to expand outwards as well.

 The model is more detailed than the traditional down Mid uptown divide by which
downtown is the CBD uptown the affluent residential outer ring, and Midtown in
between.

 CBD or downtown in the core of the city.

 Highland values, tall buildings, busy traffic, converging highways, and mass transit
systems.

 The zone of transition - residential deterioration and encroachment by business

and light manufacturing.

 The zone of independent workers homes - primarily occupied by the blue collar
(wage earners, manual labourers) labour force.

 The zone of better residence - consisted mainly of the middle class.

 The computer zone Suburban drink consisting mostly of white collar workers who
could afford to live further from the CBD this model was dynamic.

Hoyts sector model

 This is a basic version of the sector model.

 The sector model also known as the hoyt model was proposed in 1939 by economist,
homer Hoyt.
 It is a model of urban land use and modify the concentric zone model of City
development.

 The benefits of the application of this model include the fact it follows for an
outwards profession of growth however like all models of urban form its validity is
limited.

 while accepting the existence of a central business district, Hoyt suggested that
various socio economic groups expand outward from the city centre along railroads
highways and other transportation arteries using Chicago as a model an upper class
residential sector evolved outward along the desirable Lake Michigan Shoreline
north of the Central business district, while industry extended Southward in
sector that followed railroad lines.

 In developing this model Hoyt observed that it was common for low-income
households to be nearly railroad lines, and commercial establishments to be along
business thoroughfares.

 Recognizing that the various transportation routes into an urban area, including
railroads, sea ports and tramlines, represented greater access, Hoyt theorized
that cities tended to grow in wedge shaped patterns or sectors emanating from the
central business district and centred on major transportation routes.

 higher levels of Access meant higher land values, thus many commercial functions
would remain in the CBD but manufacturing functions would develop in a which
surrounding transportation routes.

 residential functions would grow in wedge shape patterns with a sector of low
income housing bordering manufacturing industrial sector (traffic noise and
pollution makes these areas the least desirable) while sectors of middle and high
 income households were located furthest away from these functions Hoyt model
attempts to broadly state a principle of urban organization.

Case study

Sector model-Gandhinagar

 GANDHINAGAR is planned to function mainly as administrative center for the

state.

 The sectors are numbered from 1 to 30 and they are formed by seven roads
running in each direction and cutting each other perpendicularly

 They are planned on the

 neighborhood concept in

 two phases:

First Phase - The basic

 amenities were

 constructed.

Second phase -

 constructions of capital
 complex, sports complex,

 town halls, research

 institution, cinemas,

 cultural centers,

 residential bungalows etc.

Multiple nuclei model

 A model of town growth advanced by C.D.harris and E.L.ullman based on the fact
that many towns and nearly all largest cities grow about many nuclear rather than
around a simple CBD.

 Some of these nuclei or pre existing settlements others arise from urbanization
and external economics distinctive land use zones develop because some activities
repel each other high quality housing does not generally arise next to industrial
areas, and other activities cannot afford the high cost of the most desirable
locations.
 New industrial areas development suburban location since they required easy
access and outlying business districts may develop for the same reason.

 The model describes layout of a city. it notes that while city may have started with
a Central business district similar industries with common language and financial
requirements are established near each other.

 The grouping influence day immediate neighbourhood hotels and restaurants spring
up Around airports for example.

 the number and kinds of nuclei mark a city's growth. the theory was formed based
on the idea that people have greater movement due to increased car ownership.

 this increases of movement allows for the specialization of regional centres

example (heavy industry, business park) there is no clear CBD in this type of model.

Advantages

 Optional locations for focal

 activities and system

 terminals ,

 good psychological

 orientation

 adaptability to existing

 conditions

Disadvantages

 Depends on stability to key

 points,

 potential accessibility

 problems

 tendency to dilute focal

 activities
FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

 A settlement may be as small as a single house in a remote area or as large as a

mega city.
 A settlement may also be permanent or temporary (refugee camp). and a temporary
settlement may become permanent over time.
 The piece of land upon a settlement is built is the settlement site.
 There are many reasons why a site might be chosen for the development of
a settlement and some factors will be more important than others.
 Also, the importance of this factors may vary over time.

SETTLEMENT SITE AND SITUATION:

 The situation of a settlement is its position in relation to the surrounding and

physical features, many of which will have an impact on the settlement’s type, size
and function.
 However, the importances of many of the factors explained before diminish over
time as technological advances enable people to overcome difficulties.
 For example, a modern settlement does not need to be close to a river because
drinking water is now piped to our homes and waterways are no longer important
for transport.

LINEAR SETTLEMENTS:

 Linear settlement patterns can be considered special cases of point pattern

distributions that vary in one dimension as points along a line.
 Linear settlement patterns are generally associated with linear features, either
natural or human built.
 Linear feature in nature that may influence settlement patterns include water
courses- Shorelines, canyons, ridge-tops and boundaries between environmental
zones.
 Built of defined linear features associated with linear settlement patterns
including roads and rails, canals and even political boundaries.
 Development and expansion of linear settlement patterns is not restricted to
points directly on or adjacent to linear feature.

The sectors of a linear city would be:

 a purely segregated zone for railway lines,
 a zone of production and communal enterprises, with related scientific, technical
and educational institutions,
 a green belt or buffer zone with major highway,
 a residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of residential
buildings and a "children's band",
 a park zone, and
 An agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms
 As the city expanded, additional sectors would be added to the end of each band,
so that the city would become ever longer, without growing wider.
 The linear city design was first developed by Arturo Soriay Mata in Madrid, Spain
during the 19th century.
 Promoted by the Soviet planner Nikolay Alexandrovich Milyutin in the late 1920s.
 The linear city has no central core around which the city grows, The city grows
along a transport line or parallel transport lines.
 The city is characterized by High-density settlements on either side of the
transport line and especially near transport stops.
 Behind the Dense settlements is a band of medium dense development with the
rural area or green area immediately behind this medium dense settlement.
 The kinds of development near the transport stops and along the transport lines
are mixed use settlements comprising of residential, commercial, production and
services.

CASE STUDY

The linear city –Navi Mumbai

 The growth of Mumbai city is constrained by sea at south, east and west. As a
result total land area available for development of Mumbai is limited.
 The cost of real estate and housing in Navi Mumbai is much less thancosts in
Mumbai and sub-urban areas.
 Many government and corporate offices have been shifted from Mumbai to Navi
Mumbai .
 the Talojaand Thane BelapurIndustrial Belt of Navi Mumbaioffer job
opportunities of every conceivable kind -from engineers to mechanics toclerksto
peons.
 As a result a large population of service class and middle class population shifted to
Navi Mumbai.
ADVANTAGES:

 High accessibility
 adaptability to linear growth
 useful along the limited edge.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Very sensitive to blockage requires control of growth lacks focus,

 The choice of connection or of direction of movement are much less.

RADIAL (CIRCULAR) SETTLEMENTS:

 In this type, a number of streets converge on one center which may be a source of
water (pond, well), a temple or mosque, a center of commercial activity or simply an
open space.
 Thus, the streets seem to be radiating from a common center.
 Rural Examples are settlements near Gurushikar, Mount Abu in Rajasthan,
Vindhyachal in Uttar Pradesh, etc. Examples- Amsterdam, Washington DC, etc.

Case study

TheRadiocentric(concentric)city-MASCOW

 Moscow, the world biggest Megapolis(Russian Moskva) is the capital of Russia.

 The city grew in a pattern of rings and radials that marked Moscow's growth from
ancient time to modern layout.
 The center of all rings is Moscow Kremlin and famous Red Square.
 Successive epochs of development are traced by the
 The Boulevard Ring and
 The Garden Ring,
 The Moscow Little Ring Railway,
 And the Moscow Ring Road.
Advantages:

 A direct line of travel for centrally directed flows Economics of a single centralized
terminal or origin point.

Disadvantages:

 Central congestion Local flow problems. Difficult building sites

GRID SETTLEMENTS:

 An organization of streets that lie perpendicular to one another, the grid is among
the most controlled of settlement patterns.
 The square or rectangular plots which the grid defines exercise a discipline upon
the form of buildings within its compass.
 Grid plans are rarely the result of social imperatives within the vernacular cultures,
but are almost invariable imposed.
 Uniform ‘modules’ of plots and buildings on grid plans have been traced in the Indus
valley from the 3rd millennium B.C.
 Grid plans have extensively adopted by planners to regularized and contains the
world’s squatter settlements of the late-20th century.
 Efficiency in the use of public land, minimizing of street lengths, the provision of
sites and services, sewage disposal and electricity supply are among the economic
arguments of modern grid planning policies.
 Examples- Chandigarh, New York, etc.
Case study

The Grid iron city -chandigarh

 The population of a sector varies between 3000-20000 depending upon sizes of

plots and topography of the area.
 The shopping street of each sector is linked to the adjoining sectors thus forming
one long, continuous ribbon.
 The central green of each Sectored so stretches to the green of the next sector
 The primary module of city’s design is a Sector, a neighbourhood unit of size
800mX1200m.
 It is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centres and places of
recreations.

Advantages

 High accessibility,
 minimum disruption of flow,
 expansion flexibility,
 Excellent psychological orientation, adaptability to level or moderately rolling
terrain.

Disadvantages

 Requires flow hierarchies,

 limited in its adaptability to the terrain,
 potentially monotonous

GROWTH AND DECAY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS – GENERAL

 Primitive man lived in caves, tree-holes and treetops and fed himself on plants,
fruits roots, animals and water, directly collected from nature, without much effort
on his part.
 When his number increased and his food requirements became enormous he came
out of the forests to live in the plains, to cultivate and make more food materials.
 Availability of water was the main criterion for selecting land for cultivation and
habitation.
 This happened according to scientist, about 10,000 years back and that was the
beginning of human settlements, when manmade houses to live in and worked for his
food.
 Thus it was a transition from cave to village.
 Protection from the vagaries of climate and wild animals was the main purpose of a
house, rightly called a shelter.
 He built houses with whatever materials were available near about him, like mud,
wood, reeds boughs, leaves and what not.
 For better protection and mutual help he used to live in groups, surrounded by the
cultivated lands, which invariably were selected where water was available
throughout the seasons.
 This gave rise to villages or small human settlements, all of them near perennial
fresh water sources like rivers, and lakes.
 Villages were also located on sites offering natural protection of elevated hills &
terrains, islands and peninsulas.
 Wherever natural protection was lacking barricades and moats surrounded them.
 Later, when transportation of men and materials became necessary, seacoasts and
riverbanks were selected for settlements.
 As we learn from history, early civilization spread along the fertile valleys of the
Nile, tigres, Euphrates, Indus rivers etc. where water, food and transportation
were at hand.
 In all settlements, there were both natural and man-made elements like hills, valleys
– buildings, roads etc.
 each settlement had its own definite boundaries.
 They were scattered throughout, especially along riverbanks and in plains, fed by
rivers.
 Inter – relations and inter -actions between settlements, both near and far off,
developed gradually and it gave rise to social, cultural, political, economic and many
other institutions
 Conflict between men and environment started when man began to change the
environment for better convenience and better comfort.
 This conflict is a continuous process, and is continuing with all its ramifications
supported by science and technology.
 Man being aggressive in nature, did not easily adjust himself to be part of a self-
disciplined community.
 Personal and group rivalries flared up within settlements.
 Survival of the fittest was the order of the day.
 The winner assumed the role of a leader and maintained discipline.
 When the leader gained more and more power and strength, several settlements
came under him.
 He himself assumed titles of king or emperor.
 To protect himself and his kingdom, he wanted an army and a safe place to live.
 For this he established non-agricultural settlements, exclusively for himself, his
army and the people around him.
 Such settlements were fortified and moats built all around, for additional
protection from attacking enemies.
 People from the villages, whose main occupation was agriculture, began to migrate to
such urban centers, to get better employment and better wages.
 Further, the developments came out of the forts and moats, to accommodate more
people and this gave rise to bigger settlements, what we call towns and cities.
 Socio-economic and socio-cultural changes, as well as developments in science and
technology influenced the life styles of the people and their quality of life.
 In the process, some settlements, perished, may be by war, floods or drying up of
water sources and some other prospered becoming larger and larger, like our
present day giant cities which we call metropolis, mega polis etc. this makes human
settlements a part of history and every settlement has a history of its own.
 The fundamental human needs, wherever one lives and whichever natural
environment one has, are food, clothing and shelter apart from air & water.
 Shelter use to get the lowest priority from the very beginning of man’s existence.
Till the recent past, shelter, especially in small settlements, was not a serious
problem as the shelter requirements were quite simple and limited.
 There was no difficulty in getting a piece of land, either owned or rented.
 They constructed their own houses with mutual help, making use of locally available.
 The harmful impact of intensive urbanization, consequent to the industrial
revolution, accelerated deterioration of the living environment.
 But in spite of all the efforts to improve the living environment in human
settlements, the challenge of poverty, congestion and insanitation still remains in
cities throughout the world.
 Man had made unprecedented progress during the current century in the fields of
industry, Education, Health, Communication, Transportation etc. as a result of
spectacular achievements in science and technology.
 But it is a paradox that the majority of the world’s population still does not have a
shelter providing minimum privacy, and protection against the elements.
 The struggle for shelter still continues.
 A significant reason, for this lag is the population explosion followed by urban
explosion.
 Question bank

Part - a

1. Sketch the structure of Human Settlement.

2. List out the various forms of Human settlement.
3. Sketch a Linear Human Settlement with an Example.
4. Sketch a Non Linear Human Settlement with an Example.
5. Sketch a Circular Human Settlement with an Example.
6. List out any 2 factors influencing the growth and decay of the settlement.
7. Outline any 2 reasons for development of a settlement.

Part-b

1. Discuss the Structure and Form of Human settlements in detail.

2. Discuss the Characteristic features, advantages & disadvantages of Linear
Settlement.
3. Discuss the Characteristic features, advantages & disadvantages of Non Linear
Settlement.
4. Discuss the Characteristic features, advantages & disadvantages of Circular
Settlement.
5. Discuss the Characteristic features, advantages & disadvantages of Combination
Settlement.
6. What are the factors that influence the Growth & Decay of Human Settlement?
UNIT 3

PLANNING CONCEPTS

Planning concepts and their relevance to Indian Planning practice in

respect of Ebenezer Howard – Garden city concepts and contents –
Patrick Geddes – Conservative surgery – case study – C.A. Perry –
Neighbourhood concept Le Corbusier – concept and case studies.

 Garden city concept-Sir Ebenezer Howard

 Geddisain triad-Patrick Geddes
 Neighbourhood planning-CA Perry
 Chandigarh planning concepts- Le Corbusier

GARDEN CITY – SIR EBENEZER HOWARD

 Most potent planning model in Western urban planning

 Created by Howard in 1898 to solve urban and rural problems
 Source of many key planning ideas in the 20th century

Garden city :

 The garden city is part of urban movement and is a method of urban planning that was ini-
tiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom.
 Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by
“greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.
 Redirecting the urban growth into new towns that would surround existing cities.
 These towns were called Garden Cities.
 Important years

listed garden city of tomorrow

 1903 Garden city association was formed

 1903 LETCHWORTH was designed for 35000 person
 1920 Welwyn was designed for 40000 persons
 1947 LETCHWORTH had 16000 population & 100 factories
 1947 Welwyn was designed for 18000 population & 75 factories

The concept

 THE THREE MAGNETS namely the town magnet, country magnet with their advantages
and disadvantages and the third magnet with attractive features of both town and country
life Natural people preferred the third one namely garden city
 Core garden city principles
 Strong community
 ordered development
 environmental quality

 These were to be achieved by:

 Unified owner ship of land to prevent individual land speculation and maximize community
benefit.
 Careful planning to provide generous living and
 working space while maintaining natural qualities
 Social mix and good community facilities
 Limits to growth of each garden city
 Local participation in decisions about development.
AFFORDABILITY :

 Howard wanted garden city of all incomes

 Most originally for those of modest incomes
 Their attractiveness as living environments has often made them become more popular
with better off people.

EXAMPLES OF MODEST INCOME GARDEN CITY

developments build just after ww1 are

 Kapyla ( Finland )
 Colonel light gardens (Adelaide, Australia)
 Orechova (prague, Czech republic)
 SOME GARDEN CITY DEVELOPMENTS ALWAYS
 INTENDED FOR WEALTHY COMMUTERS
 Denenchofu ( Tokyo, japan ) was an example of
 this developed by railway company
 After 1945, the garden city model was mutated in to satellite or new towns in
 many countries Examples in Sweden ,UK or Hong Kong

Application

Letchworth UK

 Letchworth 35 miles from London

 land of 3822 acres
 reserved greenbelt 1300 acres designed for a maximum of 35000 population
 in 30 years developed with 15,000 population and 150 shops and industries
Welwyn UK

 Welwyn UK 24 miles from London

 land of 2378 acres
 designed for a maximum of 40000 population
 in 15 years developed with 10,000 population and 50 shops and industries

Letchworth UK Welwyn UK

NEIGHBOURHOOD CONCEPT C.A.Perry

 Clarence Arthur Perry (1872-1944) was an American planner.

 He formulated his early ideas about the neighborhood unit and community life which is 5-
minute walk to define walking distances from residential to non-residential components.
 Perry was very concerned about the walkability to and from schools.
 His ideas were realized in neighborhoods like Radburn through the work of Clarence Stein.
The Neighbourhood is the planning unit for a Town evolved due to the advent of industrial revo-
lution and degradation of the city environment caused due to

 high conjunction
 heavy traffic movement through the city
 in security to school going children
 distant location of shopping and recreation activities etc
 to create a safety healthy physical environment in which children we have no traffic
Street to cross on their way to school, schools which are within walking distance from
home
 an environment in which women may have any easy to a shopping centre where they may
get the daily household goods
 employed people may find convenient
Vision of Neighbourhood

SIX BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NEIGHBOURHOOD THEORY

 Traffic routes should not pass through residential neighbourhood.

 Interior street pattern should be designed and constructed through use of cul-de-sacs,
curve layout and light duty surfacing.
 The population of the neighbourhood should be that which is necessary to support its ele-
mentary school.
  The neighbourhood focal point should be the elementary school centrally located on a
common or green along with other institutions that have services area coincident with the
neighbourhood boundaries.
 The radius of the neighbourhood should be a maximum of 1/4 mile
 Shopping districts should be sited at the edge of the neighbourhood.

PRINCIPLES OF NEIGHBOURHOOD

 unit of urban when planning

 street system
 facilities
 population sector
 size and density
 neighbourhood walkways
 protective strips

Updated Neighbourhood

 compact in size
 mix of uses
 network of streets
 public open spaces
 building typologies
 parking strategies
 transit opportunities compatibility and predictability
CONURBATION:

An extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of a
central city.

CONSERVATIVE SURGERY CONCEPT - Patrick geddies

 Father of modern town planning.

 First to link sociological concepts into town planning
 “Survey before plan”………………………………………. i.e. Diagnosis before treatment

IMPORTANT YEARS

 1854-1932 PATRICK GEDDES

 1886Settled in EDINBERGH
 1892 outlook tower –world’s first sociological observatory
 1911exhibition on CITIES AND TOWN PLANNING
 1915published cities in evolution | visited India
 1920 -23 professor of civics and sociology in university of Bombay
 1924 settled in Montpellier, France

CONSERVATIVE SURGERY CONCEPT

GEDDISIAN TRIAD

 Geddes was concerned with the relationship between people and cities and how they affect
one another.
 He emphasized that people do not merely needed shelter, but also food and work, the rec-
reation and social life.
 This makes the house an inseparable part of the neighbourhood, the city and the surround-
ing open country and the region.
CITY = + + + +
Shelter food work recreation social life

Planning concept

Geddes was the originator of the idea and technique of Regional survey and city survey

Valley section

 In his valley section he clearly showed the relationship of folk, place and work.
 She believed that an urban planner should be a journalist then specialist knowing
fairly well about all the disciplines.
 He showed that all the natures’ occupations have a place.
 Starting from the head of the valley section the hunter and miner, the woodman,
the shepherd, the poor and rich peasant and the fisherman have works which are
closely related to their surroundings.
 the geographical space shapes the folk and the work and the people with their
work shape the environment
 Thus there is a continuous struggle between environment and society.

Diagnostic survey
  The city planning must constantly keep in view the old city old and new alike in all
its levels and then the problem of city planning is to improve situation by turning
its difficulties into opportunities.
 He stressed about the lack of contact and cooperation between western urban
and rural areas and about the artificial disassociation between man and the uni-
versal nature.
 The town planning and city design or not a new science and or but the recovery of
the life and thought that related to our civilization.
 He also arrested that while participating in civic survey the life values Wealth
health civilization and art should be considered.
 For a town planner local knowledge and understanding are essential together with
consideration and fact.

Highlights:

1.Old town issue ………..>>> new town issue

difficulties …………….…..>>> opportunities
2. Lack of contact ……….>>> cooperation
3. Civic survey……………..>>> value to be considered

Conservative surgery

 There are always problems in the cities which need immediate attention such as
growing slums increasing traffic urban renewal etc.
 To deal with these relatively short term problems geddes developed special
technique described as conservative surgery.
 Conservative surgery is more or less a renewal process then a removal from
places.
 He did not increase plans with grid iron pattern which expelled large population to
relieve congestion, since it indirectly creates congestion in other quarters.
 congestion is always high at the intersections
 He wanted to creates more traffic flows by pulling down carefully selected
houses which are old and Dilapidated.
 Conservative method demands long and patient study on the spot plans etc.
 he insisted that while preparing general design for the improvement of areas it
may be done with or without reference to the old town but it should be either
regular and formal or individual and informal and the latter is to be encouraged
specially for old town which help citizens to think more space for craftsmanship
to continue as was practiced in old cities of India.

Highlights:

 Removal/renewal process
 Slum removal
 Not encourage grid pattern
 Smooth traffic
  Spot study is necessity
 More spacies

Application

 Rural development urban planning and city design are not the same and adopting a
common planning process is disastrous
  conurbation waves of population in flow to large cities followed by overcrowding
and slum formation and then the wave of backflow the whole process resulting in
amorphous sprawl, waste and unnecessary obsolescence.

The sequence of planning is to be

 Regional survey
 rural development
 town planning
 City design
 These are to be kept constantly up to date.
 He gave his expert advice for the improvement of about 18 major towns in India

Patrick Geddes – Outlook Tower case study

  Took over ‘Short’s Observatory’ in 1892.
 Spectacular views the surrounding city region.
 Positioned at the top is the Camera Obscura, which refracts an image onto a
white table within, for study and survey.
 A tool for regional analysis, index- museum and the ‘world’s first sociological labo-
ratory’.
 It represents the essence of Geddes’s thought - his holism, visual thinking, and
commitment to understanding the city in the region.
 He said of it: ‘Our greatest need today is to conceive life as a whole, to see its
many sides in their proper relations, but we must have a practical as well as a phi-
losophic interest in such an integrated view of life.
 Now the tower is home to the Patrick Geddes Centre For Planning Studies, where
an archive and exhibition are housed.

Le Corbusier 1887-1965

GRID CONCEPT

 He was a French architect whose ideas have greatly influenced the modern town
planning
 Corbusier wanted man to live in urban life in truth with security and ease col-
lectively and individually.
 The meaning and idea of visual order and relationship and the city as a synthesis
of form embracing verities of structures and systems is the theme repeatedly
proclaimed by him.
 He tried to create totally different world from the exiting ones . He wanted to
grow with the machine and take full advantage of its potential for speed and
verticality.
 He depended on pure forms.

eg. 1. Contemporary city 2. Radiant city 3. Linear city

Background of city development in the early 20thcentury

Le Corbusier principles of reconstruction and development of

cities

 Corbusier advocated urban centralism and believed that this form can bring en-
ergy to the city.

 By centralization of the space and transformation of function the new urban

environment can be created to meet the requirement of modern society.
 Le Corbusier considered that the main problems in city were the greatly increas-
ing density of population in city centre
 the conflict between the growth of the number and speed of transportation and
the existing road system and the lack of enough green land and public space to
provide enough sunshine, good ventilation and outdoor activities.
LE CORBUSIER'S FOUR PRINCIPLES IN CITY PLANNING

 Decrease the congestion in the city centre

 Increase the density of population in city centre
 Diversify ways of transportation
 Expand the green area

1.Contemporary city
Contemporary City la villa contemporaries the city of tomorrow
and the vertical city 1924 city for 3 million persons

 The streets on perfectly symmetrical in grid iron pattern

 Everything is classified by function
 industry commerce administration and residential areas are allotted separate sec-
tors and arrange analytically and they are linked up for easy accessibility
 he realised that the transportation system preserves the life of the city and
tried to build speed into the structure of the city all fat automobiles traffic was
to be handled by a few elevated Highway never crossed by pedestrians and the
pedestrians traffic was to take place on the normal ground level on streets and
walks treated through parks and gardens
 two great super highways cross at the centre of is contemporary city which is a
multilevel interchange for the whole system
 Below them is the station where all the Subway lines intersect above the high-
ways, mounted on great Street pillars is the Main railroad terminal.
 On the roof of this huge structure is a runway bad planes can land.
 24 glass and steel skyscrapers and each 60 storey high office buildings accommo-
dating 2890 people per hectare 1200 people per acre and covering only 5% of the
ground area were grouped in the heart of the city.
 Surrounding the skyscrapers was the apartment district 8 storey buildings ar-
range in zigzag Rows with board open spaces about them, the density of popula-
tion being 289 people per hectare 120 persons per acre lying about the outskirts
bad the golden cities of single entities.
 As most of the buildings were to be elevated on stilts pedestrians were free to
walk anywhere and without the slightest danger.

Radial City la villa radieuse City plan designed for 1.5 million
persons
  Concentric plan is considerably revised to allow normal growth of the city.
 He comes to the belief that the essence of the city is the dwelling area
 Dwelling area occupied the most Central location with possible expansions on the
right and left towards the open country.
 The civic centre is on the main access the business area on the top light manufac-
turing freight wards and heavy industries are at the bottom.

Linear City

linear industrial City

 For industrial production le corbusier espoused the theory of linear industrial city
in 1945.
 new industrial communities are located along the main arteries of transportation
water, rail and the highway connecting the existing cities.

 Factories the green factories are placed along the main transportation routes
separated from the residential section by the auto Highway and green strips.
 The residential area include the horizontal growth of single houses and vertical
apartment buildings with its complements of commercial facilities.
 Sports entertainment shopping and office facilities are distributed in the district
and all the facilities of the community or placed within ample open space enhanced
with nature.
  These industrial groups are placed at intervals along the highways and railways
linking the existing cities this is an attempt to place the manufacturing plant un-
der conditions of nature such as light, air and greenway.

Chandigarh planning

Genesis of the city

 CHANDIGARH was the first planned city after independence from British rule in
1947.
 It is the capital city of the states of Punjab and Haryana.
 The city is located at the picturesque junction of foothills of the Himalayas
Mountain range and the Ganges plains.
 It houses a population of 1 ,054,600 inhabitants (2001 ) and is one of the ricest
cities of the nation.
 American architects Albert Mayerand Mathew Novicki were the first architects
to be appointed for the project.
 After the death of Novicki in 1950, Le Corbusier was commissioned.

 Le Corbusier conceived the master plan of Chandigarh as analogous to humanbody,

with a clearly
 Head (the Capitol Codified mplex, Sector 1 ),
 Heart (the City Centre Sector-17),
 Lungs(the leisure valley, innumerable open spaces and sector greens),
 Intellect(the cultural and educational institutions),
 Circulatory system (the network of roads,the7Vs) and
 Viscera(the Industrial Area).
 In 1951 It Was Given To Le Corbusier
 In Chandigarh Le Corbusier System Of Self Supporting Neighbourhood Unit
Known as a Sector Has Worked Very Well
 Sector Which Is Introverted In Character Communises Only At 4 Junctions With
The Adjoining Neighbourhood Units
 All The Houses Open Up Inside
 Grid planning is done
 Chandigarh Planning Was Done In An Manner That Everything Was Easily Clear
About The Routes And Sectors
 7V’s Road System Is Used
 The Roads Are Classified As V1,V2,V3………v7
 The basic planning of the city is a sector:
 To accommodate 3,000 to 25,000 persons.
 30 sectors in Chandigarh
 24 are residential
 The sectors surrounded by high speed roads
 bus stops every 400m
 The main principle of the sector is that never a door will open on the surrounding
of fast vehicular road.
 The size of the sector is based on the concept of no pedestrian need to walk for
more than 10 min .
 The primary module of city’s design is a Sector, a neighbourhood unit of size 800
meters x 1200 meters.
 Each SECTOR is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centres and
places of recreations and worship.
 The population of a sector varies between 3000 and 20000 depending upon the
sizes of plots and the topography of the area.

 A Hierarchy of Green Spaces can be observed in the layout ranging from Public
Greens at City Level to Semi-Private to Private Green Areas
 The Leisure Valley is a green sprawling space extending North-East to South-
West along a seasonal river let gradient and was conceived by Le Corbusier as the
lungs of the city.
 Apart from large Public Parks and special Botanical Gardens, it houses series of
Fitness Trails, amphitheatres and spaces for open-air exhibitions.
QUESTION BANK

2 MARKS

1. State the need of a Planning Concept.

2. What is Garden City?
3. Write short notes on 3 Magnets concept.
4. Write short note on Ebenezer Howard.
5. Write short note on Patrick Geddes.
6. Write short note on C.A.Perry.
7. Write short note on Le Corbusier.
8. Write short note on Neighbourhood concept.
9. What is a Planning concept?
10. What are the advantages of having a planned city?

16 MARKS

1. Explain the Planning concept by Ebenezer Howard.

2. Discuss the features of Garden city with a case study.
3. Explain the Planning concept by C A Perry.
4. Explain the Planning concept by Le Corbusier.
5. Explain the Planning concept by Patrick Geddes.
UNIT IV

URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN RENEWAL

Scope and Content of Master plan – planning area, land use plan
and Zoning regulations – zonal plan – need, linkage to master plan
and land use plan – planned unit development (PUD) – need,
applicability and development regulations - Urban Renewal Plan –
Meaning, Redevelopment, Rehabilitation and Conservation –
JNNURM – case studies

Urban

Definition of urban area

 all places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town
area committee;
 all other places which has features as
 A minimum population of 5000;
 At least 75% of the male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits and
 A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.
Apart from urban area & urban agglomeration rest is considered as Rural Area

URBAN PLANNING

Master plan

A Master Plan is the long term perspective plan for guiding the sustainable planned
development of the city.
 For a successful City/town planning there must be a plan, which envisages (predict)
the entire City/town as a single unit.

 This is necessary to achieve overall development of the town in co-coordinated

manner.

 The development or expansion of a City/town takes a long time, and therefore, the
development requires control at any time on the basis of a plan. such a plan is called
as “Master Plan”
NECESSITY OF THE MASTER PLAN

 The period of ‘Industrial revolution’ (1760 –1820) marks an important epoch in the
history of the growth of all the cities.

 Between the two world wars and especially after the Second World War (1939 –45),
many towns and cities have been grown up haphazardly without proper planning.

 And the over-grown cities became a mess and a muddle with all the evils.
 The industries have been set up in the heart of the cities without any consideration
of transport and other utility services.

 The migration of rural population has caused housing shortage and increased
congestion.
  The rapid development of transport has been found to be inadequate for the growing
needs of the automobiles.

 It has caused over-crowding and congestion on the roads resulting road accidents.

 Industries have encroached upon the residential areas causing shortage of open and
recreational areas.
 In order to eradicate the evils of the ill-planned cities, there is a need of a
comprehensive Master plan for the general welfare of the citizens in respect of
health, convenience and comfort.

SCOPE AND CONTENT OF MASTER PLAN

 The master plan may propose or provide for all or any of the following matters,
namely
 The manner in which the land in the planning area shall be used.
 The ALLOTMENT OR RESERVATION of land for residential, commercial,
industrial and agricultural purposes and for parks, playfields and open spaces.
 The allotment or reservation of land for public buildings, institutions and for civic
amenities.
 The making of provision for the national highways, arterial roads, ring roads,
major streets, lines of communication including railways, airports and canals.
 The traffic and transportation pattern and traffic circulation pattern.
 The major road and street improvements.
 The areas reserved for future development, expansion and for new housing.
 The provision for the improvement of areas or bad layout or obsolete development
and slum areas and for relocation of population.
 The amenities, services and utilities.
 The provision for detailed development of specific areas for housing, shopping,
industries and civic amenities and educational and cultural facilities.
 The control of architectural features, elevation and frontage of buildings and
structures.
 12.The provision for regulating the zone, the location height, number of storeys and
size of buildings and other structures, the size of the yards and other open spaces
and the use of buildings, structures and land.
 The stages by which the master plan shall be carried out.
CONTENT OF MASTER PLAN

1. Introduction
2. Demography
3. Economy
4. Land use & structure
5. Infrastructure
 water supply
 sewage
 Electricity
6. Environment and Disaster Management
7. Traffic and Transportation
8. Urban basic services for the poor
 slum rehabilitation
 schemes
 Housing
9. Social facilities
10. Finance patterns
11. Visions and goals
12. Investment plans

STAGES IN THE PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN

  The re-planning of an existing town is more complex than planning or designing a new
town on virgin land, such as capital towns like New Delhi, Chandigarh, industrial town
like Rourkela, port town, military cantonments etc.
 The work of ordinary town-planner is usually restricted to re planning of an existing
town.
 After taking the Government sanction to prepare the scheme, next work is to collect
the data and relevant information, with the help of a comprehensive civic survey.
 From the data collected in the civic survey, he is in a position to make a correct
diagnosis of the various ills of the town and suggest remedies for their cure.
 For the collection of data for the planning scheme, the town is divided into old town
and new town.
 In the former case, the work is tedious because the old town usually consists of
narrow streets, congestion, insanitation, and un-healthy conditions etc.
 But in the later case, zoned areas, provision of all civic amenities etc.
 However care should be taken to keep the whole town, old or new alike in all aspect
and finally blended skilfully so as to form in-separately interwoven structure.

DURATION OF PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN

 The planning authority prepares the interim master plan, also called the outline
development plan.
 The statutory time limit is two years.
 It shall then be notified for the public comments and suggestions (1 month).
 The draft plan may be revised in the light of the public and expert comments and
shall be submitted for Govt’s sanction (4 months from date of publication of the
draft plan to be further extended by the Govt by three months, if required).
 The Govt. sanctions the revised plan and appoints an arbitrator (12 months).
 The arbitrator after holding proceedings in respect of each plot, publishes the
award and submits the detailed proposals to the higher authority such as the
president of the Tribunal of Arbitration (no fixed time limit but at least 12 months
for small scheme and more for longer schemes).
 His tribunal shall make thorough scrutiny of arbitrator’s proposals and convey their
decision (usually 6 months).
 The arbitrator prepares the final scheme and submits to Govt. with plans through
the local authority (usually 6 months).
 The local authority forwards the final scheme to the Govt. (usually 3 months).
 Govt. sanctions the final scheme after the photo zincs Dept., has printed all the
plans (normally 9 months) after which the final scheme of Action plan comes into
force (usually 2 months after the Govt.’s sanction).
  The detailed master plan also called the comprehensive development plan is duly
approved and sanctioned by the Govt.
 Then made legally bindings on all the authorities concerned, by giving it a legal
status.
 Lastly a financial programme is prepared to devise the ways and means for the
implementation of the master plan according to the schedule.

APPROACH TO URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

 Taking into account the problems of existing planning system of urban development
in India, the UDPFI (Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation)
guidelines were prepared by ITPI (Institute of Town Planners, India) at the behest
of the Ministry of Urban development and poverty alleviation, Government of India
and recommended urban development planning system consisting of a set of four
inter-related plans i.e.

 perspective plan

 Development plan

 Annual plan and

 Plans of projects / schemes

 DEVELOPMENT PLAN Development plan prepared within the framework of the

approved perspective plan is medium term (5 years) comprehensive plan of spatio-
economic development of the urban centre.

 The OBJECTIVE of a development plan is to provide further necessary details and

intended actions in the form of strategies and physical proposals for development of
the urban centre, including employment generation, economic base, transportation
and land use, housing and other infrastructure, and matters like environment,
conservation and ecology.

 It also contains implementation strategies, agency-wise(including private sector)

schemes / projects, development promotion rules, and resource mobilization plan
with particular reference to finance, land and manpower and provides an efficient
system of monitoring and review.
  Development plan is a statutory document, approved and adopted by the local
authority for implementation, with the help of schemes and projects and would be
co-terminus WITH FIVE YEAR PLANS OF STATE GOVERNMENTS / local bodies,
which would provide opportunities to incorporate the needs and development
aspirations of the people through the elected representatives.

ANNUAL PLANS

 The purpose of preparation of Annual plan is to identify the new schemes / projects,
which the authority will undertake for implementation, during the year, taking into
account the physical and fiscal performance of the preceding year, keeping in view
the priorities, the policies and the proposals contained in the approved Development
plan.
 These plans would also provide the resource requirements during the year and the
sources of funding including those mobilized by the local authorities, i.e. grants, aids
and projects / scheme funds, of the state and central governments.
 It is thus, an important document for resource mobilization.
 This will also enable the funding agencies to allocate the funds in phased manner.

PLANS OF SCHEMES / PROJECTS

 Conceived within the framework of the Development plan, schemes / projects are
the working layouts, providing all necessary details for execution including finance,
development, administration and management.
 These schemes / projects could be for any area, old or new, of any activity or land
use like residential, commercial, industrial, recreational, educational or health
related or infrastructure development, separately or in an integrated manner, by
any agency such as government, semi-government, private or even individuals or for
any agency.

Regional planning

 Integrated development of human settlements and countryside within a region.

 Regional planning deals primarily with the integrated development of human

settlements and countryside within a region.

 It aims at reducing the disparity in the level of living of the people and the wide gulf
between urban and rural life.
  Regional planning can be a tool for balanced development of the nation and co-
ordinate the aims and objectives of the national development planning with the
implementation programmes at the micro-level.

REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

 A village is the centre for many of the activities of its countryside, that the town is
the centre for an area within a radius of about 10 to 15kms, and a great city for a
still wider area, which it serves a s a regional centre of economic and social
organization.
 Industrial revolution has caused certain towns to grow very rapidly without organic
relation to countryside and the services have tended to concentrate in a few
centres.

CHARACTERISTICS OF “GROWTH CENTER” IN REGIONAL PLANNING

 Every town or village is in more or less degree a regional capital

 Each town works as a service centre for the neighbouring area; it is the seat of
regional integration for the area around it.
 Present day activities are to be concentrated in some central area
 Consumer markets govern the location of industries, which in turn depend on the
population of the town and its environs
 Population size alone cannot decide the hierarchy of human settlements
 The function of settlement is more important than the size of population
 The absence of more towns may make a town serve a wider area and closer proximity
of more towns in an area may force some big towns to remain only trading towns and
be in a lower order of hierarchy.

Zonal plan
  A link between the layout and the Master Plan.
 A Zonal Development Plan means a plan for a Zone (Division) of the Union Territory
of Delhi.

 The Zonal Plan (Divisional Plan) details out the policy of the Master Plan and acts as a
link between the layout and the Master Plan.

 The development schemes/layout plans indicating use premises should conform to the
Master Plan/Zonal (Divisional) Plan.”

SCOPE OF THIS ARTICLE IS ANSWERING QUESTIONS LIKE:

 Where zonal development plans originate from?

 What is a zonal development plan?
 Why a zonal level development plan is required?
 Legality of ZDP.

STARTING OF ZONING

 Indian Master Plan approach was fundamentally guided by the British Town Planning
legislations.
 And further integrating the western concept of 'zoning' into the Master planning
lead to the preparation of new lower hierarchy development plans called 'Zonal
development plan' handling more comprehensive and more focused objectives derived
from the Master plan.

DEFINITION OF ZONING

 The basic concept of zoning lies in the division of a settlement into zones and
districts according to present and potential uses of land and buildings.
 Zoning has to pay particular attention to the character of a place and its suitability.
 Thus, ‘zoning’ is establishing ‘districts’ within which certain rights of citizens are
legally curbed.

OBJECTIVES OF ZONING

 To lessen congestion in streets

 To secure safety of fire and other hazards
 To promote health and general welfare
 To protect amenity value and hence property
  To provide adequate light and air
 To prevent over concentration of population
 To facilitate transportation, water supply, sewerage, schools, parks, etc
 To encourage the most appropriate use of land

URBAN RENEWAL

 The redevelopment of areas within a large city, typically involving the clearance of
slums.

urban renewal successes of Barcelona, Spain's

DEFINITIONS OF SOME OF THE TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING URBAN

RENEWAL

Slums

 Slums may be broadly defined as an area with untidy and ill ventilated residences
without proper sanitation and water supply.
 In slum and blighted areas we can find “submerged humanity” and social
disorganization.
 Poor mostly inhabit these areas.
Blight

 Any area or a part of urban or rural in deterioration is called “Blighted area

irrespective of its degree of deterioration” The blight may be in physical conditions
such as topological blight, or economic blight as the semi or full deterioration of
commercial activities in that area.

Obsolescence

 It can be defined as an associate of blights and slums, since the basic nature is same
for all.
 An area which is unfit for the present use either due to the change in the pattern of
living or due to cultural or economic changes is called “obsolescent area”

Central Area

 Generally oldest parts of the city will be the central area. Since from where the city
starts growing to meet the increasing population and to provide fashionable and
luxurious type of buildings coupled with the residences of the poorest city dwellers.

CBD

 This term CBD or Central Business District is used to denote the important Central
commercial Zone where the commercial function is the predominant function and
others are mostly negligible.
 This is the most accessible area of the town.
 This is the most populous area in the daytime.
 This areas predominant function is commercial (retail and wholesale)

NEED FOR URBAN RENEWAL

 Urban renewal programme is essential to remove the congestion of traffic, to

demolish the useless building, or buildings which cannot be used for any purposes
such as commercial or residential etc. The sub-standard condition will make the
buildings unfit for any such use.
 The urban renewal programme permits us to demolish them. It also enables us to
rebuild the same area with all the facilities and to make the environment to be a
planned one.
The reasons for the need of urban renewal can be divided into three:
 Physical obsolescence –blight and deterioration
 Economic losses
  Social imbalances

GOALS OF URBAN RENEWAL

 To maintain health of
 Urban settlement
 Functions

 Financial adequacy of government

 Capacity of city

 Traffic & transportation

 Maintenance of basic services

TYPES OF URBAN RENEWAL

Three aspects constitute the urban renewal. They are

 Redevelopment (clearing and reuse of land)
 Rehabilitation (repairing or remodeling)
 Conservation (preventing)

1. REDEVELOPMENT:

Before after
  It is applicable to areas where the arrangement of the building and general
character of obsolescence and deterioration make it worth less to live and thus
liable the area to be redeveloped.
Main aims of redevelopment policy are:
 Removal of existing building
 Reuse of cleared land
 Use of any open land that was interspersed among the improved buildings and
possibly adjacent land also.
 This latter may be required for street widening, commercial uses etc.

2. REHABILITATION:

before after
 It is an area where buildings may be good structurally but may not be proper for
habitation purposes and some repairing or remodelling may make them fit for
habitation purposes.
 Modernizing and repairing so as to enable them to be at satisfactory standards of
living can restore some neighbourhood.

The policy is most applicable to those city zones:

 In which there is a high degree of loss of efficiency in original function or functions

 In which there are conditions appearing which are likely to cause deterioration in the
sound economic activity
 In which there is continuous deterioration in living conditions
 In which, buildings although generally in structurally good conditions have begun to
deteriorate due to lack of maintenance.
Administrative measures of controlling the use of reuse of land
and the buildings are

 Either restore the area to its original functions

 To bring about a new and appropriate functions, in accordance with the general city
development proposals.

3. CONSERVATION:

 It is most applicable to zones of city which are now generally suited to their
function, zones in which buildings are kept in good condition, zones containing
buildings and areas of historical, cultural or architectural value.
 A conservation policy would have as its objectives the protection of such areas by
preventing their falling into a condition requiring redevelopment.

The following measures are important in such zones:

 Owners must maintain buildings to legally prescribed standards

 Overcrowding of rooms and dwellings are not to be permitted

  Overcrowding of buildings on sites not to be permitted (new buildings proposals are
to be carefully assesses)

 Strict enforcement of zoning regulations i.e., the area is not allowed to disturb the
essence of what is being conserved

BENEFITS FROM URBAN RENEWAL

 There is a wide range of benefits to be derived from urban renewal.

Generally they are classified under 3 groups as follows:

 Physical benefits
 Social benefits
 Economic benefits

1. PHYSICAL BENEFITS:

These are the benefits that can be seen and experienced and include
 Provision for urgently needed facilities in the urban area or at least land for it (such
as a hospital, school, bus terminal, park etc.)

 Traffic betterments in the form of rearrangement of an obsolete street system;

increasing traffic carrying capacity of streets by widening or channelizing them,
providing space for transit facilities, etc.

 Enhancement of utilities by replacing worn-out or obsolete water lines and sewage

facilities and installing drainage facilities to eliminate flooding in low lying areas, and
reducing water pollution by installation of sewage treatment facilities

2. SOCIAL BENEFITS:

These benefits are not as easily evaluated or measured and yet may have more
impact than physical ones.

 Broader social benefits include new schools and recreation facilities, a community
centre building with programmes for the poor and aged, a health clinic, or a job-
training programme.
  Probably the most impressive social advancement renewal offers is the elimination of
substandard housing and the creation of standard housing in neighbourhood.
 Due to renewal programmes there is a chance to uplift the status of the slum
dwellers.

3. ECONOMIC BENEFITS:

 If renewed area is used for commercial purposes, or even for residential (for rent)
the returns from them (in terms of economic benefits) are more in addition to
physical and social benefits.
 The renewed area may fetch more money than the income, which we can get, from
the un-renewed buildings.
 The chances of accidents (fire accidents) are comparatively very less.
 This was revealed in a study in United States.
 The maintenance cost will be less in renewed area than that of the un-renewed area
in addition to the fear of collapse of these substandard building at any time.

STRATEGIES OF URBAN RENEWAL

 Rebuilding

 Redevelopment

 Re-habilitation

 Renewal

 Clearance

 Conservation

 Preservation

 Blight

 Infrastructure
  Economic up gradation

PUD

A planned unit development (PUD)

 A planned unit development (PUD) is a type of building development and also a

regulatory process.
 As a building development, it is a designed grouping of both varied and compatible
land uses, such as housing, recreation, commercial centres, and industrial parks, all
within one contained development or subdivision.
 PUD as a regulatory process is a means of land regulation which promotes large scale,
unified land development by means of mid-range, realistic programs in chase of
physically curable, social and economic deficiencies in land and cityscapes.

Where appropriate, this development control promotes:

 A mixture of both land uses and dwelling types with at least one of the land uses
being regional in nature

 The clustering of residential land uses providing public and common open space
  Increased administrative discretion to a local professional planning staff while
setting aside present land use regulations and rigid plat approval processes

 The enhancement of the bargaining process between the developer and government
municipalities.
 Which in turn strengthens the municipality’s site plan review and control over
development for potentially increased profits due to land efficiency, multiple land
uses, and increased residential densities?

 Frequently, PUDs take on a variety of forms ranging from small clusters of houses
combined with open spaces to new and developing towns with thousands of residents
and various land uses.

 However, the definition of a PUD does not take into consideration these types of
developments unless they fit into a category of size ranging from 100 to 200
acres (40 to 81ha).

 In a PUD the property owner owns the land the dwelling sits on.

JNNURM

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

Mission Objective and Coverage

 Planned development

 Integrated development of infrastructure

 Linkages between asset creation & asset management

 Ensuring adequate investment of funds

  Scaling up delivery of services and emphasis on universal access

 Renewal of inner city areas

Salient Features

Cities are required to prepare City Development Plans (Vision Documents) as participatory
frameworks for
 Infrastructure planning and prioritization, and
 Framing urban reform agendas

Funding support for infrastructure is linked to reforms

 Cities and State need to enter into Memorandum of Agreement with Government of
India to implement urban reforms in order to access JNNURM funds

Urban Infrastructure Projects are prepared and executed by the Cities

 Cities are provided funding assistance for implementing urban projects based on
Detailed Project Report

Eligible projects

 Urban Renewal
 Water Supply
 Sewerage & Sanitation
 Solid Waste Management
 Storm Water Drains
 Urban Transport
 Parking spaces (through PPP)
 Development of heritage areas
 Preservation of water bodies
 Prevention & rehabilitation of soil erosion

JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission):

 It is a massive city modernization scheme.

 To improve the quality of life and infrastructure in the cities.
 The duration of the Mission is 7 years (2005-2012).
MISSION STATEMENT:

 The aim is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of identified
cities.
 Focus is to be one efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery
mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs towards citizens.

SCOPE OF THE MISSION

The Mission shall comprise two Sub-Missions, namely:

(1)Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance:

 Administered by the Ministry of Urban Development.

 The main thrust of the Sub-Mission on infrastructure projects relating to water
supply and sanitation, sewerage, solid waste management, road network, urban
transport and redevelopment of old city areas

(2)Sub-Mission or Basic Services to the Urban Poor:

 Administered by the Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation.

 The main thrust of the Sub-Mission-on integrated development of slums through
projects for providing shelter, basic services and other related civic amenities
with a view to providing utilities to the urban poor.

Other cities and towns:

 Other than that selected 63towns/cities, Smaller cities/towns are covered under
Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns
(UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP).

BASIC SERVICES TO THE URBAN POOR (BSUP)

Salient features

 Central Assistance in the form of ACA (Additional Central Assistance) as full

grant.
 A minimum of 12% beneficiary contribution for houses which in the case of SC
/ST/BC/OBC/PH and other weaker sections is 10%.
 Access of Central assistance predicated upon the State/ Urban Local
Bodies/Parastatals agreeing to reforms.
 Reforms to ensure improvement in urban governance and management.
  Cities to prepare City Development Plans and Detailed Project Reports

Sectors and Projects Eligible for Assistance - Directorate for

Basic Services to the Urban Poor.

 Integrated development of slums, housing and development of infrastructure

projects in slums in the identified cities.
 Projects involving development, improvement, and maintenance of basic services to
the urban poor.

 Slum improvement and rehabilitation of projects.

 Projects on water supply, sewerage, drainage, community toilets and baths etc.

 Projects for providing houses at affordable cost for slum dwellers, urban poor,
economically weaker sections (EWS) and lower income group (LIG) categories.

 Construction and improvement of drains and storm water drains.

 Environmental improvement of slums and solid waste management.

 Street lighting.

 Civic amenities like community halls, child care centres etc.

 Operation and Maintenance of assets created under this component.

 Convergence of health, education and social security schemes for the urban poor
 QUESTION BANK
2 MARKS

1. What is a Master Plan?

2. State the need for Master Planning.
3. What is Land Use Plan?
4. What are the contents of Master Plan?
5. What is Vicinity Map?
6. What is Traffic Management Pan?
7. What is Storm water Management Plan?
8. What is zoning?
9. State the need for Zoning.
10. What is PUD?
11. What is the need for PUD?
12. List out the various zoning Regulations by CMDA.
13. What is DCR?
14. What is CRZ?
15. What is the significance of DCR?

16 MARKS

1. What is a Master plan? Explain the scope & content of Master Plan/Outline and describe
the salient features of a Master Plan for a settlement.
2. What are Zoning Regulations? Explain the role of Regulations in Planning.
3. Discuss the need and linkage of Master plan and Land use plan.
4. What is Land use Plan? Explain the need of Land use plan.
5. Explain Planned unit Development in detail/Discuss with the help of a case study any one
successful application of Planned Unit Development concept.
6. Explain the following i) DCR ii) CRZ
7. Explain the classification of Coastal Zones according to Regulations/Discuss the various
types of CRZ and the associated planning implications.
UNIT V

ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA

Globalization and its impact on cities – Urbanisation, emergence of

new forms of developments – self sustained communities – SEZ –
transit development – integrated townships – case studies.

GLOBALISATION AND ITS IMPACT ON CITIES

 The urban form of cities has witnessed a large shift as a result of the industrial
revolution.
 Globalization has affected people’s relation through the ―way‖ they communicate in
between in addition to their linkage to places.
 As a result of the industrial revolution the meaning of time has changed, space and
distance have been reduced, physical boundaries demolished, and the speed and type
of movement is different.
 Furthermore, such meaning was more catalysed by the digital revolution.
 The shrinkage of distances and the speed of movement that characterize the
current period find one of its most extreme forms in electronically based
communities of individuals or organizations throughout the whole world.
 Cities are the primary spatial framework within which capital, goods, people, and
information are concentrated.
 Therefore, globalisation has influenced urban space formation in India.
 Before the British came, Indian cities were monocentric—located around central
market places (eg, Delhi's ChandiniChowk, Abid/Kotiin Hyderabad).
 After Independence state housing boards and urban development authorities, to
accomplish certain explicit and defined goals, added contrived centres to Indian
cities, which led to the emergence of government-driven polycentric cities.
 Market-driven polycentric cities have, in contrast, developed during the late 1990s
and show three spatial patterns —
 leapfrog development,
 Fractured cities,
 Divided cities.
 Revenues generated to meet external demands have provided funds to support
production of locally-consumed goods and services in Indian cities.
 The market demand for retail products and housing has led to construction of malls,
retail outlets, and apartment complexes, which has transformed the urban space
within the monocentric city.
 As a matter of fact, tall buildings, shopping malls, corporate headquarters, prestige
hotels, and hospitals were overlaid on the earlier built environment by a process of
 creative destruction, for instance road widening often left buildings unfit for use
and developers would purchase a group of buildings to construct high-rise structures.
 Consequently, the core city space has become randomly marked with glass and steel
structures as if development has leapfrogged from one location to another.
 At the same time, several economic centres have developed in the periphery leading
to polycentric cities.
 In the west these nuclei of economic activity are known by various names —"techno
burbs" (Robert Fishman),
 "urban villages" (Kenneth Jackson) .
 "middle landscape" (Peter Rowe), and
 "edge cities" (Joel Garreau).
 In India global capital in search for the cheapest available land honed-in on the peri
urban space surrounding cities.
 Peri urban areas in India are the
 rural-urban interface and a landing ground for rural residents migrating to cities.
 Polynucleation of peri urban areas is spatially manifested in the form of office parks,
malls, and apartments and single-family homes.
 Moreover, the core and periphery of Indian cities are now separated as if by a fault
line and construction of expressways, ring-roads, bypasses has accentuated the
fracture.
 State governments, by their excessive reliance on public health inspired zoning
based on abstract pattern of standard streets, lots, and setbacks, and commercial
strips, have also contributed to the process of fracturing of Indian cities.
 Spatially, this has led to the construction of "gated communities" to wall out
uncertainty, reduce different types of physical risk (e.g. personal safety) and social
interactions (e.g. unwanted social exchanges).
 At the same time job creation in cities due to multiplier effects of external
injections has attracted different types of people leading to diverse and plural
cities, called "mongrel cities “by Leonie Sander cock.
 Planning has two components —the hard component (built environment) and the soft
component.
 In turn, planning for the built environment is possible at two scales.
 At the macro-level regional level planning for transport, water supply, sewage
disposal, and environment management is required.
 Simultaneously micro-level planning by using tools, such as neo-traditional models, is a
practical possibility to retro-fit neighbourhoods.
 Note worthy is the integration of principles of architecture, urban design, and
planning at the neighbourhood level and planning looks at the built form (e.g.
footprints of all structures), land use patterns (e.g. location and density of retail,
office spaces), public open space (e.g. parks, plazas), street design (e.g. circulation
systems), and pedestrian access (e.g. one-quarter mile access from shop)
Self Sustained Communities

A system is self-sustaining (or self-sufficient) if it can maintain itself by independent

effort.
The system self-sustainability is:
 the degree at which the system can sustain itself without external support
 the fraction of time in which the system is self-sustaining

Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)

 2379 villages would be covered by the scheme till 2019

 Village Development Plans will be prepared by the Gram Panchayatand approved by
the Gram Sabha.
 The Planning Stages outlined in the Scheme are as follows:

Key stages in the preparation of a Village Development Plan under

SAGY
 Creating an environment for community-led planning, with the MP spearheading this
campaign
 Situation Analysis, including baseline surveying and resource mapping.
 Identification of financial resource streams
 Finalizing needs
 Preparation of the Village Development Plan (VDP) by a Working Group set up by
the District Collector with representation of experts from diverse fields,
  Clearance to VDP by the Gram Sabha
 Approval of VDP by District Level Committee headed by the District Collector in
the presence of an MP

Case study – 1

Odanthurai, Tamil Nadu

 Odanthurai, a panchayat situated in Mettupalayam taluk of Coimbatore district, has

been a model village for the other villages for more than a decade.
 The panchayat has not only been generating electricity for their own use, but also
selling power to Tamil Nadu Electricity Board.
 Having already won international acclaim through its unique welfare schemes and
energy self-sufficiency drives, Odanthurai near Mettupalayam has begun efforts to
develop a corpus of Rs 5 crore to install wind and solar energy farms.
 This project will enable free supply of electricity to over 8,000 residents
Case study – 2
Eraviperoor, Kerala

 At a time when the country is abuzz with talks about Digital India, and how
technology can be taken to the remotest corners of the country, the Eravipero or
gram panchayat in Pathanamthitta district of Kerala is leading way.
 It is the first gram panchayat in Kerala to have free Wi-Fi for the general public.
 The village has also launched a free palliative care scheme for the poor and is the
first panchayat in the state to get ISO-9001 certification for its Primary Health
Centre.
 It has also been recognised as a Model Hi-tech Green Village, by the Horticulture
Department, for its green initiatives.

Case study – 3

Mawlynnong, Meghalaya
  In the tiny hamlet of Mawlynnong, plastic is banned, spotless paths are lined with
flowers, bamboo dustbins stand at every corner, and volunteers sweep the streets
at regular intervals and large signboards warn visitors against littering.
 Here, tidying up is a ritual that everyone –from tiny toddlers to toothless
grannies –takes very seriously.
 Thanks to the tireless efforts of the village community, this small, 600-odd-
person hamlet in Meghalaya is today renowned as the cleanest village in India and
Asia.

SEZ -Special Economic Zones

 Special Economic Zone means an area that has been specified as an enclave that is
duty free and is treated as a foreign territory for various purposes such as
tariffs, trade operations, and duties.
 A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) has economic laws that are more liberal than a
country's typical economic laws.
 The category 'SEZ' covers a broad range of specific zone
 SEZ includes Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Free
Zones (FZ), Industrial Estates (IE), Free Ports, Urban Enterprise Zones and
others.

Objectives of setting up SEZ in India

 Generation of additional economic activity

 Promotion of exports of goods and services
 Promotion of investment from domestic and foreign sources
 Creation of employment
 Development of infrastructure facilities
 Simplified procedures for development, operation, and maintenance of the Special
Economic Zones and for setting up units and conducting business
 Single window clearance for setting up of a SEZ and an unit in SEZ
 Single window clearance on matters relating to Central as well as State
Governments
 Easy and simplified compliance procedures and documentations with stress on self
certification

What is a SEZ?

 Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is defined as "a specifically delineated duty free
enclave and shall be deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade
operations and duties and tariffs".
 Special Economic Zone is one or more areas of a country where the tariffs and
quotas are eliminated and bureaucratic requirements are lowered so that more
companies are attracted to the area.
  The companies establishing in the area also get extra incentives for doing
business.
 SEZs are an acknowledgement of the potential of export-led development
strategy in accelerating economic growth.
 Government of India have notified Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Act 2005 and
notified Special Economic Zone Rules 2006 with a view to augmenting
infrastructure facilities for export production.
 Setting up of Special Economic Zones are permitted in the public, private, joint
sector or by the State Governments

Positive Impacts of SEZ

To Nation

 World class business environment

 Increased FDI–Higher economic growth
 Infrastructural development–Export growth
 Employment Opportunities
 Exposure to technology and global markets

To Business houses

 Hassle free operating environment

 Single window clearance
 Simplified procedure for setting up business, compliance proc with self
certification
 Duty free import
 Tax exemption, VAT, CST, ST, other levies
 External commercial borrowings
 100% profit repatriation from export earnings

To People

 Employment opportunities
 Impact on lifestyle and standard of living
 Business infrastructure combined with social facilities
 Better work culture , good education, leadership vision

Negative Impacts of SEZ

To Business

 Land acquisition
 Single window actually is not
 No strategic planning for electricity, water
To People

 Grabbing of fertile land

 Water scarcity
 Threat to access
 Food scarcity
 Exploitation of labour
 Landless farmers

To Environment

 Mangrove destruction
 Destruction of ground water recharge system
 Pollution
 Land acquisition

Case study

SEZs notified before SEZ Act 2005

Madras Special Economic Zone Development Commissioner MEPZ Special

Economic Zone, National Highway 45,Tambaram, Chennai –45

Mahindra City –SEZ, Chennai –Information Technology M/s. Mahindra

Industrial Park Ltd Arjay Apex Centre24, College Road, Chennai 600 096.
 Mahindra City –SEZ, Chennai –Apparel & Fashion Accessories M/s. Mahindra
Industrial Park Ltd Arjay Apex Centre24, College Road, Chennai 600 096.

Mahindra City –SEZ, Chennai –Auto Ancillaries M/s. Mahindra Industrial Park
Ltd24, College Road, Chennai 600 096.

Mahindra Word City Developers Ltd

 About Mahindra Word City Developers Ltd Mahindra World City Developers Ltd
(MWCDL) is a PPP between the US$ 16.5 billion Mahindra Group and TIDCO (a
Govt. of Tamil Nadu undertaking).
 Mahindra World City is an Integrated Business City and is fulfilling its endeavour
of creating a ―Sustainable Urban Community
  The City has distinct zones for Industrial (SEZs & DTA), Residential, Social,
Retail and Commercial.
 62 global companies including BMW, Infosys, Fujitec, NTN Corporation, Lear
Corporation, TVS Group of companies and Ingersoll Rand, have set up their
facilities within Mahindra World City.
 The Residential/Social Zone master planned for 6000 homes is co-located in close
proximity to the Industrial Zone with varied social amenities built into the master
plan comprising residential units, school, hospital, business hotel, hostel, multiplex,
retail malls, and recreation and leisure facilities.
 Mahindra World City has involved itself, with the support of NGOs, in skill up-
gradation and employability training, over 3000 village youth from the
neighbouring communities have received relevant training

FEATURES OF A MAHINDRA WORLD CITY

 Strategic location with excellent air/rail/road/sea connectivity

 Sustainable and scalable master plan
 Plug-n-play infrastructure and fail-safe utilities
 Flexible business space formats
 SEZs that offer attractive fiscal & operational benefits
 Conveniently located Domestic Tariff Area (DTA)
 International lifestyle zone with premium residential / social amenities and
facilities
 Professional operations and maintenance
 Credible Public-Private Partnership (PPP) with State Governments

Transit Oriented Development

 Transit Oriented Development is the exciting fast growing trend in creating

vibrant, liveable, sustainable communities.
 Also known as TOD, it's the creation of compact, walk able, pedestrian-oriented,
mixed-use communities centred around high quality train systems.
 This makes it possible to live a lower-stress life without complete dependence on
a car for mobility and survival.
 Transit oriented developments regional planning, city revitalization, suburban
renewal, and walk able neighbourhoods combined.
 TOD is rapidly sweeping the nation with the creation of exciting people places in
city after city.
 The public has embraced the concept across the nation as the most desirable
places to live, work, and play. Real estate developers have quickly followed to meet
the high demand for quality urban places served by rail systems.
 Transit oriented development is also a major solution to the serious and growing
problems of climate change and global energy security by creating dense, walk
able communities that greatly reduce the need for driving and energy
consumption.
  This type of living arrangement can reduce driving by up to 85%.

COMPONENTS OF TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

 Walk able design with pedestrian as the highest priority

 Train station as prominent feature of town centre
 Public square fronting train station
 A regional node containing a mixture of uses in close proximity (office,
residential, retail, civic)
 High density, walk able district within 10-minute walk circle surrounding train
station
 Collector support transit systems including streetcar, light rail, and buses, etc
 Designed to include the easy use of bicycles and scooters as daily support
transport
 Large ride-in bicycle parking areas within stations
 Bike share rental system and bikeway network integrated into stations
 Reduced and managed parking inside 10-minute walk circle around town centre /
train station
 Specialized retail at stations serving commuters and locals including cafes,
grocery, dry cleaners
 Higher quality of life with better places to live, work, and play
 Greater mobility with ease of moving around
 Increased transit ridership
 Reduced traffic congestion, car accidents and injuries
 Reduced household spending on transportation, resulting in more affordable
housing
 Healthier lifestyle with more walking, and less stress
 Higher, more stable property values
 Increased foot traffic and customers for area businesses
  Greatly reduced dependence on foreign oil, reduced pollution and environmental
damage
 Reduced incentive to sprawl, increased incentive for compact development
 Less expensive than building roads and sprawl
 Enhanced ability to maintain economic competitiveness

7 Principles for Transit-Oriented Development

1. Quality Public Transit

 Public transit is strongly linked to urban development.

 High quality, convenient transport depends on dense and connected
neighbourhoods.
 The goal of a transport system is to connect a high number of riders with the city
in a comfortable, efficient, and affordable way.

2 Active Transport

 The interests of pedestrians and cyclists should be at the heart of urban

planning.
 Decision making should shift residents—particularly car users—to active
transport.
 Many commuters already take two non-motorized trips on a daily basis by walking
to and from transit hubs to their homes or cars.
 It is important to build on this and encourage non-motorized transport
holistically.

3 Car Use Management

 Car use and parking policies play an important role in creating a safe, human-
oriented urban environment.
 Since the 1980s, cars have dominated Brazilian cities.
 Despite individual car trips accounting for 27.4 percent of all urban trips (or 36
percent in cities with over one million residents), car infrastructure is supported
with four times the amount of investment that public transit receives.

4 Mixed-Use Neighbourhoods with Efficient Buildings

 A mixture of land uses enhances the local economy by densifying and diversifying
the design of the community.
 Mixed-use neighbourhoods favour short trips by foot or bike.
 Similarly, buildings should minimize how much energy and water they consume and
require for building and maintenance.

5 Neighbourhood Centres and Vibrant Ground Floors

 A built environment with adequate public space promotes social interaction

between residents.
 Sustainable urban communities must be sufficiently dense and contain a variety of
uses that are complementary to residential life.
 Public spaces should be connected to the urban transport network and serve as
vibrant, human-centred places of activity.

6 Public Spaces
  The purpose of public space is not only to enhance public life and social
interaction, but also to provide a safe environment for pedestrians and cyclists.
 Public space is the place of encounter, exchange, and circulation within a
community.
 All individuals have the right to access public spaces, regardless of personal,
social, or economic condition.

7 Community Participation and Collective Identity

 Community participation is essential to building a vibrant, inclusive neighbourhood

that is safe and equitable.
 Stimulating community participation creates a more equitable, harmonious
relationship between varying social groups living in the same area.
 Respecting the unique identity of local community’s results in a higher share of
residents engaging in civic, cultural, and economic activities, generating a sense of
belonging and ownership of the city.

Integrated Townships

 Large cities are getting over-crowded under the relentless march of urbanization.
 An estimated 160 million people have moved to India’s cities in the last two
decades, and another 230 million are projected to move there within the next 20
years.
 The exponential rise in the number of city dwellers is leading to an ever-
increasing demand for housing and urban infrastructure.
 At the same time, the massive influx of people has strained India’s urban systems
to the point of breaking down, creating massive slums with inadequate housing,
sanitation, basic services and security.
 The 2011 census indicates that there are 14 million households (or approximately
70 million people assuming an average household size of five people) living in slums
in India’s cities.
  To cope with this demographic pressure, all our bigger cities are stretching their
boundaries.
 The extension of the traditional city limit is spurred in large measure by the
expansion in real estate activity to accommodate the bulge in population.
 Even the new master plans for all major cities are being resigned to facilitate the
expansion of city limits.
 To ease the pressure on big cities and improve the quality of urban living, town
planners and policymakers are encouraging the setting up of integrated townships
as an effective development tool for building infrastructure in the newly marked
spaces beyond traditional city boundaries.
 Setting up of self-contained integrated townships in a decentralized manner
offers a sensible solution to providing a more holistic living environment and
preventing the proliferation of unplanned urban villages.
 In fact, integrated townships bring a raft of value propositions such as
affordability, convenience, and a relaxing lifestyle in one very attractive package
to modern urban planning and development

Integrated Townships: Fitting in the Smart City Model for

India

 An area of utmost importance which is seeing major policy boost is provision of

sustainable cities through the model of Integrated Townships.
 This model fits the green field development category of the recently announced
Smart City development plan (more than 250 acres).
 Four states of India –Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan have
announced their Integrated Township Policies.
 The question here is – Can these Integrated Townships bring about the necessary
change required and act as spark for initiating and sustaining urban development?
Will they be able to contribute towards integrated – sustainable urban
development?
 As per Government, “Integrated Township includes housing, commercial premises,
hotels, resorts, city and regional level urban infrastructure facilities such as
roads and bridges and mass rapid transit systems. Development of core and allied
infrastructure forms an integrated part of township development.
 ”Integrated Township means a self-contained township planned and developed
through a licensed developer/firm/company, together with workplace and places
of residence with all attendant facilities and amenities in such township and in
accordance with the rules.
 Township is a community living platform where the concept of walk-to-work can be
implemented, everything that families need is in close proximity from their homes
– shopping malls, entertainment options, hotels, hospitals, schools, offices, etc.
 Integrated here means –comprehensive in scope and scale; Connected features,
services and amenities; Sustainable and Self-sufficient.
Test of sustainability of a city is based on a few parameters as per Wheeler
(1998) –
  Compact
 Efficient Land use
 Less Automobile use, yet better access
 Efficient Resource use,
 less pollution and waste
 Restoration of natural systems
 Good housing and living environments, healthy social ecology
 Sustainable economy
 Community participation and environment
 Preservation of local culture and wisdom.

The planning concepts of New Integrated Townships may

include:

 Community building - “Design for People”;

 Economic Opportunities – “Live in Cities also Work”
 Traffic and road management – “Design for well managed roads for both cars and
people”
 Physical Infrastructure – “Well Designed and Managed services can Make or
Break a City”
 Social Infrastructure – “Citizens need to Learn Interact, Play and Share”
 Security – “A Safe City is a Happy City”
 Sustainability (Ecological, Financial and Maintenance) – “Build Townships for next
generation”.

Features of townships that should lead to sustainable

urban development

 Green Housing and Nature Friendly

 Energy Efficient Habitat
 Integrated Waste management
 World Class Infrastructure
 Walk, Work and Play concept
 Walk, Work and Play concept
 Economies of Scale
 People’s Participation
 Government in Surplus
 Foreign Direct Investments
 Clubs ‘New Urbanism’ and ‘Garden City’ Movements
 Fully Featured and Self Sufficient
 Adequate Open Green Spaces
 Community Experience
 Suburban Greenfield development opportunity
The aspects of integrated townships that need an extra
caution

 Gated Communities
 Islands of world-class infrastructure in the midst of poverty struck city
 Parking places for money
 Land acquisition
 Integrated Townships misunderstood for industrial towns
 Missing Umbrella Integrated Township Policy
 Fertile Lands being eaten up
 Lack of Regional Integration

Case study

BHEL , Trichy.

 Kailasapuram is a township located 17km (11mi) from Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu,

India.
 It contains the manufacturing and housing of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
(BHEL) as part of BHEL's 3,000-acre (12km2) Tiruchirapalli Complex.
 Kailasapuram has 2 temples (Ganesha and Balaji), a mosque and a church.
 Recently a Kamarajar statue has been opened at Ganesa point near kailasapuram.
 The township is maintained by civil township department of the company that
covers nearly 2500 quarters.

Facilities

Housing

 It is broadly divided into sectors namely A,B,C,D,E, Nehru Nagar, R,P,H and K.
 The P,H, Nehru nagar and K are a little away from Kailasapuram and is called
Kamarajapuram.
 There are major shopping centres in A,C,B and K sectors.
 The quarters are also divided into Type 2, 3,4,5,6 and the Executive Directors
Bungalow.
 Mango trees, coconut trees, lemon trees, almond trees, rain trees, flame trees,
tamarind trees and banana trees are very common in most households.
Shopping

 For shopping in each sector, there are number of shops available.

 Shopping centres are available in B,C,E,K and A sectors.

Education

 The leading schools in the area are:

 RSK Higher Secondary School
 Boiler Plant Boys Higher Secondary School
 Boiler Plant Girls Higher Secondary School
 BHEL Matriculation Higher Secondary School
 Ramakrishna Nursery and Primary School
 St. Joseph's primary school
 Boiler Plant Boys Higher Secondary School
 Kailasapuram also houses the Bharathidasan Institute of Management.

Entertainment

 Kailasapuram club
 Community centre
 Millennium park

Roads

 There are 2 major 4-lane roads in Kailaspuram.

 The rest of kailasapuram is connected by 2 lane roads.

Guest Houses

 Kailasapuramhas 3 guest houses namely the Kailash guest house, the Rock fort
Guest House (WRI Hostel) and the Kaveri guest house

K C Club

 Kailasapuram Club (located within the BHEL Township premises) is an elite Club
that has been serving the entertainment needs of the BHEL Executive fraternity
and its families.

It houses the following facilities:

 The Library,
 The Reading room,
 The Restaurant,
 The Modern Gymnasium,
 Swimming Pool,
  Billiards and Snooker,
 Table Tennis Room,
 Open Air Theatre,
 Badminton (Ball) Court,
 Skating Rink,
 Banquet Halls and Lawns and Children's Park

Banks

 Kailasapuram has a SBI and an Employees' Co-Operative bank. It also has 3 SBI
ATM's, one ICICI ATM and one HDFC ATM.

Stadium

 Kailasapuram has a huge stadium called the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium where the
1989 Ranji Trophy matches were held.
 A vivid sports culture is established through the stadium.
 Parade function is organised every year on 26 January and 15 August with full
enthusiasm.
 All schools under BHEL trichy unit and security force of BHEL take part in it.
 The ED of the unit gives speeches to the audience including company's highlights
with present and future plans associated.

Marriage Halls

 Kailasapuramhas 4 Marriage halls at C,B,P,H sectors and Community Hall near

Ganesha Point.
 QUESTION BANK

2 MARKS

1. What is Urban Renewal Plan?

2. What is Redevelopment?
3. What is Conservation?
4. What is Rehabilitation?
5. What is Regional Plan?
6. What is Area delineation?
7. Write short notes on Land Utilisation Plan.
8. Discuss the hierarchical system of settlements based on sizes.
9. Discuss the hierarchical system of settlements based on functions.
10. What is the use of conservation as an Urban Renewal tool?
11. What is an Environmental Up gradation programme?

16 MARKS

1. What is Urban Renewal plan? Explain it with a case study / Discuss with a case
study anyone successful story of an Urban Renewal Plan.
2. Explain the following i) Rehabilitation ii) Redevelopment iii) Conservation
3. Explain the following i) Regional Plan ii) Land Utilisation Plan iii)Area Delineation
4. Explain the hierarchical system based on Size and Functions.
 ANNA UNIVERSITY
PREVIOUS QUESTION
PAPER FOR
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND
PLANNING