AR 533

SPECIALIZATION 2: Urban Studios

EKISTICS AND
MAN’S
ALIENATION

Submitted by:
FACTORA, Precious Abegail
C. GABAO, Earl Gabriel G.
GAMBOA, John Paul G.
LLAGAS, Hannah Andrea G.
RIVERA, Samantha Ysabelle C.

BS ARCHITECTURE 5-A

Submitted to:
AR. GREGORIO L. VILLAVIZA JR.
INSTRUCTOR
 EKISTICS & MAN’S ALIENATION

EKISTICS

Known as the Science of Human Settlement, “ekistics” was a Greek term coined by Greek

Architect and Urban Planner Constantinos Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942. Generally meaning,

“settling down”, the goal of ekistics is to create harmony between a settlement's residents and its

physical and sociocultural environment through the descriptive study of all types of human

settlements and the formation of broad conclusions. In a descriptive research, the physical

settlement, which is made up of both natural and man-made components, as well as the settlement's

content, such as man alone or in communities, are both examined. The investigation of five

fundamental components of human settlement, including nature, which includes physical geography,

soil resources, water resources, plant and animal life, and climate, as well as human biological and

emotional needs, sensations and perceptions, and moral values, as well as society, which includes

population characteristics, social stratification, cultural patterns, economic development, education,

health and welfare, is involved in the examination of settlement content and the physical settlement.

Constantinos Apostolos Doxiadis

Born in 1913, Constantinos Apostolos Doxiadis comes from a family hat played an important

role in the settlement of Greek war refugees in between the two World Wars. He worked as the

Chief Town Planning Officer in the Greater Athens Area in 1937-1938 and as the Head of the

Department of Regional Town Planning, Ministry of Public Works in Greece during 1939-1945.

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In the application of his theories of Ekistics, C.A Doxiadis

studied, programmed, planned, and designed, in collaboration with

his colleagues, a great number of human settlements and other

developmental projects. He designed more than forty new cities

around the world based on his vision of the emerging global city.

These projects covered several fields, like rural settlements,

agriculture and irrigation, industrial settlements, manufacturing,

power and public works, commerce and tourism, transportation

and communications, housing, urban renewal and development of

Fig. 1. C.A Doxiadis from
https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/lawofsettlement/fro new cities, etc.
nt-matter/introduction/

Ekistics is the science of human settlements; this characteristic refers to functions expressed in

space by certain dimensions. In practice, Ekistics has set the goal of human happiness and basically,

satisfy “Man”.

Human settlements in essence, must contain the following:

 The content; Man alone or in societies

 The container; or the physical settlement, which consists both natural and man-made

artificial elements.

Where the whole content of human settlement is the geographic limits of the earth, the whole

cosmos of man. However, human settlement is no longer satisfactory for their inhabitants due to

various factors contributing to such dissatisfactory. It holds true for both the way of living of their

inhabitants
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and for the forms we give to the shells of the settlements trying to satisfy their needs.

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 ECONOMICAL REALITIES – many of the inhabitants of humans settlements do not have

the means to satisfy their needs. Resulting to remaining homeless or live in houses of very

low or poor quality.

 SOCIAL REALITIES – Man often appears lost and intimidated in big cities, and appears

abandoned by progress in many small towns and villages.

 POLITICAL REALITIES – There is the creation of new types of societies and new types

of people which have not found their corresponding political institutions. These societies

create new types of people; the marginalized, displaced, poor, and refugees.

 TECHNICAL REALITIES – Most settlements do not have the facilities indispensable to

their proper functioning, in spite of the technological achievements of our era. The include

inadequate facilities, insubstantiality, lack of maintenance, dilapidated, antiquated, or totally

absent

 AESTHETIC REALITIES – Wed need only to look around at the ugliness of human

settlements of the resent to be convinced.

Furthermore, according to Doxiadis, crititcal conditions common to all cities are as follows:

1. There is an unprecedented increase in population due to improved living conditions,

accompanied by a migration to urban settlements. The result is growth of urban settlements

at a tremendous scale.

2. We experience multiple impacts of machines in our lives.

3. There is a gradual socialization in the patterns of living, which allows the whole population

to participate more and move in the city, its facilities and resources.

4. In the modern city, growth, and change over time is a dominant feature, which must take

precedence in all planning considerations.

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EKISTICS FRAMEWORK

Doxiadis posited a convenient way of organizing information and mapping out the components

and relationships of the elements within the human settlement real. He suggested that a

Classificatory system be implemented that will be a methodology to establish the hierarchical

structure and links among the elements of a system.

The classificatory system are divided by units, elements, evolutionary phases, and factors and

disciplines.

BY EKISTICS UNITS

Fig. 2. Ekistics Logarithm Scale

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Ekistics Logarithm Scale: a classification of settlements according to their size, presented based on

a logarithmic scale, running from single unit (Man) to Ecumenopolis (Hypothetical concept of

planetwide city)

 Minor Shells – Man (Anthropos), room, house

 Micro-settlements – units smaller than, or as small as, the traditional town where people

used, do and still do achieve interconnection by walking (house group, small neighborhood)

 Meso-settlements – between traditional town and conurbation within which one can

commute daily (small polis, polis, small metropolis, small eperopolis, eperopolis)

 Macro-settlements – whose largest possible expression is the Ecumenopolis

BY EKISTICS ELEMENTS

Human settlements is a place that is inhabited by humans that includes content elements and

container elements. These elements of ekistics are divided into five parts:

Fig. 3. Ekistics by elements from:

https://archi-monarch.com/ekistics-
development-theory/
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 Nature – includes the physical geography, soil resources, water resources, plant, and animal

life.

i. The first principle is maximization of man’s potential contacts with the elements of

nature (such as water and trees), with other people, and with the works of man (such

as buildings and roads)

 Anthropos – a term designating an individual in a relation of personal dependence.

ii. The second principle is minimization of the effort required for the achievement of

man’s actual and potential contacts.

 Shells – humans initially started by changing nature by building huts. After that, began to

have expertise in the agricultural revolution which subsequently created various types of

houses.

iii. The third principle is optimization of man’s protective space, which means the

selection of such a distance from other persons, animals, objects that he can keep his

Contacts with them (first principle) without any kind of Sensory or Psychological

discomfort.

 Networks – especially the transportation network that contributes to the access of occupancy

to centers of activities and clean water networks as a means of basic human needs.

iv. The fourth principle is optimization of the quality of man’s relationship with his

environment, which consists of nature, society, shells (buildings and houses if all

sorts) and networks (ranging from roads to telecommunications). This is the principle

that leads to order, physiological, and aesthetic, and that influences architecture and,

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in many respects, art.

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 Society – this study examines the elements of society through sub-variables in the form of

social conditions that exist in the scope of elements.

v. Finally, the fifth principle, ,an organizes his settlements in an attempt to achieve an

optimum synthesis of the other four principles, and this optimization is dependent on

time and space, on actual conditions, and on man’s ability to create a synthesis.

BY EVOLUTIONARY PHASE

Fig. 4. Ekistics evolutionary phase from:

https://www.slideshare.net/mohammadaffan21/doxiadis-human-settlement-and-planing

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BY FACTOR AND DISCIPLINE

Fig. 5. Ekistics by factor & discipline from:

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ekistics- Theory-by-Dioxiadis-Source-
Doxiadis-1968_fig1_356978778

 ECONOMICS

Plays an important role in human settlement as the people belonging to the same

economy factor will like to settle in the same group of settlement

 CULTURAL DISCIPLINE

It is a set of transactions, processes, mutations, practices, technologies, institutions,

out of which things and events are produces, to be experience.

 TECHNICAL DISCIPLINE

The term is used to apply to a wide range of education disciplines, from accounting

and fashion design through public administration and welding.

 POLITICAL SCIENCE AND ADMINISTRATION

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The discipline of Political Science analyses the processes by which resources are

allocated and values are developed and discussed within a political system.

 SOCIAL SCIENCE

Social science is the branch of science devoted to the study of societies and the

relationships among individuals within those societies.

CASE STUDY: ISLAMABAD

Fig. 6. The Architect of Islamabad – C.A. Doxiadis from:

https://thefridaytimes.com/12- May-2017/the-architect-of-
islamabad-1960

Pictured here is Greek architect-engineer and town planner Dr. Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis

(1913-1975) presenting his first ideas for the Master Plan of Islamabad. Karachi had started out as

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the

capital of Pakistan but the government at the time thought that the port city did not have “a satisfactory

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solution from points of view of climate, tradition and the existing buildings, which were not

adequate in number or to the standards required by a capital,” as Doxiadis put it in a paper. It also

had a refugee problem. Ayub Khan set up a special commission chaired by CGS Yahya Khan in

1959 and subsequently Ayub named Dr Doxiadis as advisor on the location of the capital. He

suggested two areas: one outside Karachi and the other to the north of Rawalpindi. Ayub decided in

favour of the latter on the Potwar Plateau.

Doxiadis Associates were later entrusted with the design of the new capital. On February 24,

1960 it was named Islamabad (the City of Islam) and the Capital Development Authority took over

from the Federal-Capital Commission to get the job done. The city was planned for a future

population of about 2,500,000 inhabitants within a period of two generations.

Doxiadis planned generous public spaces around the mountains, hillocks, plain and ravines. His

aim was to use an urban agro-farm model that would keep the city connected with nature. Four

highways formed axes and a big square for the grid.

CONCEPTION OF THE MASTER PLAN

The Landscape Pattern and the Highways

The backbone of the Islamabad Metropolitan Area Master Plan is formed by two highways,

Islamabad Highway and Murree Highway, the alignment of which was dictated by the natural

landscape pattern and the existing man made obstacles. On the basis of the above ideas, a system of

four highways becomes the basic step for the metropolitan area. These axes form a big square,

which will define all future transportation systems and all major functions within the metropolitan

area.

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Formation of the Metropolitan Area

The principal system of axes in the metropolitan area of islamabad defines three distinctive areas:

a. the area of Islamabad proper.

b. the area of Rawalpindi, the center of which is the city of Rawalpindi.

c. the National Park area which will retain certain agricultural functions for several years and where

sites must be provided for a national sports center, the national university, national research institute,

etc.

The areas of Islamabad proper and Rawalpindi are both open for expansion towards the south-west,

while the National Park area is rather districted from the surrounding hills and Soan river to the

south- east.

Dynametropolis

The cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi will develop as twin cities serving each other in

complementary ways. Islamabad will be the capital of the nation and will serve mainly

administrative and cultural functions. Rawalpindi will remain the regional center serving industrial

and commercial functions. The master plan for both cities has the flexibility to allow for future

expansions of the center. It has been designed on the basis of the ideal city of the future and to form

a dyna-metropolis. Each is planned to develop dynamically towards the south-west, their center

cores growing simultaneously and together with their residential and other functions.

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THE LAYOUT PLAN

Organization

Each sector of Islamabad is self contained and self-supported with

respect to everyday life.

Hierarchy of Functions

Adequate space has been provided for buildings serving certain

functions at various levels, in accordance with the number of

people served by these buildings.

The Landscape and Climate

The main feature of the landscape near Islamabad is the many

ravines that cut the fields from north to south. The ground

continuously undulates in one direction, giving great variety and

challenge for architectural treatment of buildings and green

spaces. This natural landscape has been fully respected when

designing the

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layout of each sector, and green spaces created by this physical feature have been fully exploited by

locating such functions as schools, gardens, parks, and playgrounds next to them. Climatic conditions

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have been also taken into account, with orientations for the purpose of insulation and taking

advantage of the prevailing winds being studied thoroughly.

Social Planning

Complete intermixing would cause difficulties in physical planning and

could also create social problems. After a sociological study, the

principle adopted was that gradual integration should be sought, both to

help the lower-income people to mature, and to assure the comfort of the

higher income-classes.

Pedestrian and Vehicle Traffic

By the extensive use of cul-de-sacs at the end of the access roads,

motor traffic follows a pattern of roads leading to individual houses

without interfering with the pedestrian-street systems.

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MAN’S ALIENATION

Alienation is a state of separation and a person’s distancing from his spiritual and material world

and making him distant and unable to change the reality in which he lives. The alienation may be

voluntary or involuntary and imposed on him. The concept of alienation came in many fields of

knowledge, such as language, philosophy, sociology, and psychology, as well as the field of

architecture, as it is a phenomenon of the modern era, and this is what led us to the need to address it

in order to reveal its contents and forms. These introductions lead us to get acquainted with this

concept and reveal the most important thing that it contains, as the link between the built

environment and the physical components it carries with the human being as a social being has

subjective and spiritual requirements that are taken into consideration and seriously to be met in that

component that it will contain, which in turn alleviates the social problems resulting from the

problems and crises of the rupture between man and the urban structure through creating a sense of

belonging. The alienation contains multiple forms, including spatial, social and psychological

alienation, all of which lead to the separation of the link between the individual as a social being and

the place as a physical environment, which leads to the disintegration of the urban fabric and the

formation of a contradictory urban structure in the chaos of the decaying urban spaces that were the

cause of creating social problems and their failure to achieve Its social and psychological

performance.

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ALIENATION

The word is derived from the Greek word “alienation” which means cutting something off or change

in property to something else, the word” alienation” derived from the verb”alienus” which means

belonging to something else. It was a word that was widely used in explaining different theories of

man’s ever changing relationship with his surrounding environment, including factors that affect

him in terms of the natural environment, societal norms, beliefs, and his general view of the world.

Often times, man would feel detached or “estranged” from his surroundings due to a multitude of

reasons that would suggest such phenomenon. An example would be the rapid urbanization of rural

areas, a certain community that have been confined in rurality would feel estranged and detached

from the new world that they are being introduced to.

Over the years, man have alienated himself from almost everything including his;

 Natural surroundings. trees, rivers, bodies of water, mountains, etc.)

 Cultural surroundings . we have been bombarded with mass culture thereby losing

ourselves, cultural identity, and what makes us different from others. And;

 Social structures. Society has become highly complicated that we now appear lost among it

and find it difficult to blend with others, thus, “man feels all the more helpless”

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MARXIST THEORY OF ALIENATION

The alienation of labour that takes place

specifically in capitalist society is

sometimes mistakenly described as four

distinct types or forms of alienation. It is,

on the contrary, a single total reality that

can be analyzed from a number of different

points of view. In the Economic and

Philosophic Manuscripts, Marx discusses

four aspects of the alienation of labour, as it

takes place in capitalist society: one is

alienation from the product of labour;

another is alienation from the activity of

Fig. 7. Karl Marx
labour; a third is alienation from one’s

own specific humanity; and a

fourth is alienation from others, from society. There is nothing mysterious about this fourfold

breakdown of alienation. It follows from the idea that all acts of labour involve an activity of some

sort that produces an object of some sort, performed by a human being (not a work animal or a

machine) in some sort of social context.

Alienation in general, at the most abstract level, can be thought of as a surrender of control

through separation from an essential attribute of the self, and, more specifically, separation of an

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actor or agent from the conditions of meaningful agency. In capitalist society the most important

such separation,

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the one that ultimately underlies many, if not most other forms, is the separation of most of the

producers from the means of production. Most people do not themselves own the means necessary

to produce things. That is, they do not own the means that are necessary to produce and reproduce

their lives. The means of production are, instead owned by a relatively few. Most people only have

access to the means of production when they are employed by the owners of the means of

production to produce under conditions that the producers themselves do not determine.

So alienation is not meant by Marx to indicate merely an attitude, a subjective feeling of being

without control. Although alienation may be felt and even understood, fled from and even resisted, it

is not simply as a subjective condition that Marx is interested in it. Alienation is the objective

structure of experience and activity in capitalist society. Capitalist society cannot exist without it.

Capitalist society, in its very essence, requires that people be placed into such a structure and, even

better, that they come to believe and accept that it is natural and just. The only way to get rid of

alienation would be to get rid of the basic structure of separation of the producers from the means of

production.

These are some of what are often regarded as dehumanizing conditions of work under capitalism.

(i) workers must do detail work and are crippled monstrosities.

(ii) separation of mental and manual labour.

(iii) monotony of repeated tasks.

(iv) labour not creative but merely concerned with possession.

Note that some of these effects are social-psycholigical types of effects that may be associated more

with meaningless or powerlessness. However, it is the alienation of objects, processes, and self that

produces these results.

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a. Alienation of Labour not just Individual Alienation. Some consider alienation to be a personal

or psychological problem. While this aspect of alienation certainly exists, for Marx the origin of

alienation is not with the individual, nor can the problems it creates be solved on a person by person

basis, perhaps by reorganizing workplaces or providing assistance to individuals. Rather, the origin

of alienation is in the social structure, in the fact that society is organized in a way that production

takes place with alienated labour, i.e. on the capital/labour basis. It is the fact that capitalists own the

means of production, that workers must work for these capitalists, that is at the root of alienation.

The solution must be a structural one, not merely an individual one. (See Ritzer, p. 51).

b. Social Order and Disorder. Many other sociological theorists were concerned with the

economic, political and social disorganization that results from capitalism and industrialization, and

as a result they focussed their studies on values, religion, ideology, the state, or consensus. For these

theorists, the latter forces were ways in which social order could be created and maintained. In

contrast, Marx shows how social disorganization is built into capitalism with a system with private

property. Marx's solution to overcoming alienation is to remove the conditions creating alienation,

rather than modifying or reforming sociey to create greater social organization. See quotes 9 and 10.

c. Solution to Alienation. Marx connects alienation with the division of labour, wages and private

property. In early society, there was a very simple form of the division of labour, perhaps by sex and

age. People may not have specialized in particular occupations, rather there were often group or

communal activities. As the division of labour developed, and as people began to specialize in

different occupational activities, a surplus began to develop. Exchange of products became

necessary, and this created the possibility of alienation. At this stage, production was generally small

scale and exchange mostly at a local level, so that control over production was close to the producer.

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Conclusion

In spite of these weaknesses, the concept of alienation has proved to be a very useful and fruitful

one. It is widely used today in politics, in social psychology, studies of labour and work, and so on.

For Marx's system itself, the analysis of alienation is associated with the early stage of his writings.

The analysis of alienation allowed him to pull together his philosophical background, his

observations of early nineteenth century capitalism, his interest in political issues, and his first

forays into a discussion of political economy. In the Marxian system, alienation becomes

transformed into exploitation and surplus value, and it is the latter that the late Marx is more

concerned with explaining.

Marx's contribution was to provide a systematic analysis of alienation, and show how it had

material origin, being rooted in the organization of labour and private property. His theoretical

approach is also evident in the study of alienation, with a dialectical analysis combining elements

from various other writers, but developing a new approach to the study of alienation.

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ALIENATION IN THE URBAN SETTING

Fig. 8. Edward Hopper’s Portrayals of Alienation “Office in a Small City”

from https://artanddesigninspiration.com/edward-hoppers-portrayals-of-
alienation/

Conducting city planning by studying the concepts and theories that help meet the needs of

people in housing. These cities depend on a number of social, economic and human measures, and

on this basis, urban planning for cities aim towards providing three basic elements for man to

function— shelter, employment, and luxury.

In a study by Dale L. Gibbs in 1997, “The (Form) of Alienation: Architectural Theory in an Age

of Change”, he tackled the concept of alienation through its discussion of contemporary architectural

ideas resulting in an era of rapid change taking place in society. In his study, he mentioned the

changing relationship of an architect with society to conform to new norms and succumbing to

leaving tradition. Gibbs also mentioned that he cannot generalize that all architects are expatriates,

either in person or in their relations with society, and that the traditional architect is far from the

mainstream of the society he serves, some architects feel strange, and some feel an indifference to
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the future. This

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is also a type of alienation, and that its roots lie in a new type of society, where strangers take the

form of revolution. People in the past viewed alienation traditionally as imposed on them by

circumstances socially or economically, but increasingly at the present time the position of alienation

has been chosen by the people as their attitude towards society.

Furthermore, Gibbs defined the negative an positive level of alienation.

The negative side being;

1. Existential pessimism with the futility of the attempt.

2. The search for a sanctuary or a place of certainty

3. Lack of trust in utopias, or ideals, or any commitment to the future.

As for the Positive Level, there is a yearning or aspiration for;

1. Truthfulness or honesty

2. Direct confrontation with an unpleasant or hateful truth

3. Th denial of the cosmic truth

4. Emphasis on self-centeredness

Gibbs also identified the main themes of alienation, namely;

1. A yearning or ambition for cultural integration, assimilation or assimilation.

2. The pursuit of meeting an experience or an experience.

3. A sense of delinquency in the present moment.

Lastly, the study has shown the reasons for this alienation into four influences--Technology forces,

Discontinuity, Decomposition, and Cultural Change. The study in this way has been confined to the

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study of alienation from the side of the architectural idea only, and it is also not specified individuals

constituting the concept of alienation.

FORMS OF ALIENATION

Spatial Alienation

It is the disconnection of the connection between the individual and the place in which he is, so

this type of alienation has arisen in the urban environment that suffers from the distortion of the

image of it and the scattering of its parts and its lack of adherence to its failure to meet the human

requirements, all of this leads to the disconnection of the individual. Firstly the moral and then the

physical, that the spatial alienation of the individual does not come by chance, but rather is the result

of the changes that occur to the urban structure and the change in its shape, and this happens when

there is a lack of connection between parts of the place and the tyranny of a system over the existing

urban systems due to the removal and replacement of the original system, and this process includes

stages that cause The disintegration of the urban structure.

Psychological Alienation

One of the psychological characteristics of marginal and estranged people is affective binary in

terms of duality of consciousness, attitudes, double loyalty, lack of belonging to self-confidence,

excessive anxiety about the future, feeling of isolation, loneliness, feeling helpless and insults in

one's choices. What he wants and wishes, and what he achieves in the actual reality, affects his

psychological structure in terms of his safety and disorder, and the sick individual feels that he is

separate from himself and his feelings and separated from people for others and from society, so the

phenomenon of alienation refers to a person’s relationship with the surrounding external world and

to his relationship
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with himself.

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Cultural Alienation

Refers to the individual's departure from the culture of his society, and the end of society is a

coalition of customs and traditions prevailing in that society and the violation of the standards that

control the ownership of its members, as you find the individual rejecting these elements and

alienating them and not abiding by them, but preferring everything that is foreign and foreign to

them.

The Causes

The relationship between human settlements and the natural environment or ecological systems is

complex, iterative and continually changing. The natural environment provides the basic elements

that human beings need to survive such as food, water and shelter. The impact of human settlements

on the environment increases with population growth, settlement expansion, economic growth and

increased consumption. Thus, resulting in humans finding new ways to sustain their livelihood, in

return, compromising the natural environment.

The following has been identified to be some of the major causes of alienation in the urban setting;

1. The unprecedented increase of population

2. The tremendous rate of urbanization

3. The huge increase of the average per capita income

4. The unexpected, unforeseen, and non-systematic technological progress

5. The social and political factors

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The Effects of New and Expanding Settlements

Such problems arise because of poor urban planning, causing man to flee the buzz and the noise

of the concrete utopia and settle for temporary havens on the countryside, until he feels estranged

and repeats the cycle again and again. The scholars have concluded that the physical framework of a

place has a psychological and behavioral effect on the individual, so if this frame is a physical

projection of the moral constituents, then its effect is no different from it. His action is

homogeneous, and the nature of its constituents forms the character, spirit and conscience of the

place through our extrapolation of historical and social data, that despite the spread of its physical

and moral framework, the place still affects the collective conscience of individuals, and it still

defines their behavior, which made us certain that the place has a memory that remains alive despite

its demise. It is derived from the strength of the urban and architectural presence within the existing

fabric, so all activities and actions that take place within the space and repeat in it become a feature

of its characteristics, and over time form the memory of the place, so the change of the physical

framework to a degree that inevitably leads to a change in the internal behavior, as well as changing

customs, traditions and activities. Within the space there is a reason to change its physical

framework, that making changes to the place without an in- depth and comprehensive study may

lose its function and make the place not suitable for meetings and living. Many cities that he sought

to evaluate by changing their centers and visiting vital ones that came to be innate, a job, and the

establishment of new centers according to new architectural and urban patterns, the results came

disappointing, where the restless soul usually falls under the shock of a strange and frightening

emotional reality, so the sense of loss and fear remains attached to it.

Furthermore, there is an increase in the number of settlements which is not developing in

accordance with the needs of a community, which then leads to disintegration. The physical shells of

our settlements clearly demonstrates the continuous disintegration from which they are suffering.
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Millions of settlements are left behind by evolution, where physical wealth is disintegrating. The

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expansion of big urban areas where a lot of factions are irrationally mixed together cannot function

properly and assume its appropriate shape and form, resulting in congestion and overbuilding in the

centers of our city. In an effort to lessen the urban density we experience, traffic engineers

unfortunately would only make it worse by cutting the community into many different pieces

without proper planning. In the end, new communities are far worse off than old existing ones,

giving the impact that unnecessary and rapid, irrational building is not the solution, but rather,

developing and planning appropriately for the growth of already existing communities is a much

more plausible solution.

In an attempt to address this problem in urbanization and man’s relationship to the urban structure

that he belongs to, there are three possible assumptions that can be made;

 The situation is inevitable. As long as the city’s structure is confused, people’s minds

cannot do better and we are being led to disaster.

 The situation is not inevitable. It is a transitional one and conditions will be ameliorated

in the natural course of time.

 The situation is not inevitable. It is up to the people to change it.

This can also be achieved through the coordination of different professionals involved in assuring

the linear growth of a community.

 The architect at the buildings

 The planner at the two-dimensional layout of the city

 The engineer at the public utilities and structures

 The administrator at the local government problems

 The economist on money matter

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 EKISTICS & MAN’S ALIENATION

 The social scientists on people

Moreover, economists, engineers, and city officials all play a vital role in ensuring that such problem

be adequately addressed and foreseen. In this way, if they work in harmony towards a common goal

of finding proper solutions to the human settlement problems, the growth of the community and the

alienation of man to his surroundings can be help lessened.

REFERENCES
250, S. (2002). Marx on Alienation. Retrieved from https://uregina.ca/~gingrich/s3002.htm

Alesna, H. J. (n.d.). EKISTICS. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/hanenalesna/ekistics-49197636

Doxiadis, C. (n.d.). Ekistics, the Science of Human. Retrieved from

https://www.doxiadis.org/Downloads/ecistics_the_science_of_human_settlements.pdf

Glazer, N. (1947). The Study of Man: The Alienation of Modern Man. COMMENTARY: Culture & Civilization.
Retrieved from https://www.commentary.org/articles/nathan-glazer-2/the-study-of-man-the-
alienation-of-modern-man/

Guy-Evans, O. (2023). Marx’s Theory Of Alienation. Simply Sociology: Marxism Examples. Retrieved
from https://simplysociology.com/marx-alienation.html

Horowits, A. (2010). Marx’s Theory of Alienation. AS/POLS 2900.6A Perspectives on Politics 2010-11.
Retrieved from https://www.yorku.ca/horowitz/courses/lectures/35_marx_alienation.html

Mishra, H. (n.d.). Doxiadis : Ekistics the science of human settlement. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/HemantMishra8/doxiadis-ekistics-the-science-of-human-settlement

Sahan, A. H. (2021). Alienation in the urban structure and its impact on the individual and society.
abacademies.org. Retrieved from https://www.abacademies.org/articles/alienation-in-the-urban-
structure-and-its-impact-on-the-individual-and-society-12745.html

SCHOOL, A. (n.d.). DOXIADIS (HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANING). Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/mohammadaffan21/doxiadis-human-settlement-and-planing

Science, I. C. (2019). Understanding the Characteristics of “Ekistics” Elements in Determining Factors of

Urban Settlement Growth. The 4rd International Conference in Planning in the 2019 Era of
Uncertainty. Retrieved from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-
1315/328/1/012065/pdf

Thompson, L. A. (1979). THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARX'S CONCEPT OF ALIENATION: AN INTRODUCTION.

Retrieved from https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/6083/MARSV4N1A2.pdf

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