EKISTICS

SUBMITTED BY
GROUP 3
 INTRODUCTION
• Constantinos Apostolou
Doxiadis (4 May 1914 – 28
June 1975).
• A Greek architect and town
planner. He became known
as the lead architect of
Islamabad, the new capital
of Pakistan.
• The father of Ekistics.
 TIMELINE AND CARRIER
• Doxiadis graduated in architectural engineering from the
Technical University of Athens in 1935, obtaining a
doctorate from Charlottenburg University (today Technical
University of Berlin) a year later.
• In 1937 - He was appointed Chief Town Planning Officer for
the Greater Athens Area. During World War II he held the
post of Head of the Department of Regional and Town
Planning in the Ministry of Public Works.
• IN 1950 - He distinguished himself as Minister of
Reconstruction at the end of the war and it was this
experience that allowed him in to gain large housing
contracts in dozens of countries.
• In 1951 - He founded Doxiadis Associates, a private firm of
consulting engineers, which grew rapidly until it had offices
on five continents and projects in 40 countries.
 One Athens apartment.
Doxiadis was honored in 1965 by
Industrial Designers Society of America
(IDSA) with a Special Award for notable
results, creative and innovative concepts.
 THEORIES OF DOXIADIS
EKISTICS , THE SCIENCE OF
HUMAN SETTLEMENT
• Ekistics concerns the science of human settlements , including regional , city ,
community planning and dwelling design.
• Its major incentive was the emergence of increasingly large and complex
conurbations , tending even to a worldwide city.

• Ekistics is the principles a man takes into account when building his
settlements as well as the evolution of human settlements through history in
terms of size and quality.
• The target of ekistics is to build the city of optimum size ,
That is , a city which respects human dimensions.
• We should try to accommodate technological evolution and the needs of man
within the same settlement.
 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EKISTICS
• 1.MAXIMISATION OF HUMAN POTENTIALS –
• Mans desire to maximise his potential contacts,he
therefore looks for a location that maximises not his
actual contacts(he may not want to visit anyone at
all)but his potential contacts.
• in a certain area , man will select the location which
permits a maximum of potential contact.

• 2.MINIMISATION OF EFFORTS –
• Man always tries to do with minimum of effert,when
he encounters his physical obstacle,such as a
mountain,he does not cross it by most difficult route.
• a minimum of effort , terms of energy , time and cost
man selects the most convenient routes.
 BASIC PRINCIPLES
• 3.OPTIMISATION OF MAN’S PROTECTIVE
SPACE.
• Man does not like to be squeezed, either as
an individual or a group ,unless for a short
period and for special purposes.only in
moments of great love and great danger,do
we willingly squeeze up with each one
another.
• 4.OPTIMISATION OF MAN’S
RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS ENVIRONMENT.

• 5.OPTIMISATION OF FOUR PREVIOUS

PRINCIPLES.
 ANCIENT GREEK SETTLEMENTS
• In order to understand the relationships between
man and space,we have to make a hypothesis that
each settlement is part of a hierarchical system.
• The "village" is the basic settlement which directly
links man with space.

Man's elementary Man's relation to space: Man's relation to space:

relation to effect of effect of
space. natural forces. social and cultural forces
 EKISTICS AND REGIONAL SCIENCE
• Ekistics and regional science are two disciplines which
cover similar subjects, that is,human settlements and
regions respectively.
• Ekistics and regional science combine technology and art.
• Regional science can be seen as the extension of
geography whereas Ekistics as the extension of urban
geography.
• Since in the future we are moving towards the creation of
a universal city (Ecumenopolis) where a much higher
percentage of the surface of the earth will be covered by
human settlements, we need systematic methods inorder
to understand and guide this expansion.
MAN CITY AND AUTOMOBILE

In future cities, new types of neighborhoods need to

be constructed which will be served but not crossed by
automobiles, and where there will be no wasted land
but as many green areas as possible.
The immediate goal is to recreate the cells of urban
life on a human scale,
while the ultimate goal is to separate permanently all
roads for automobiles and those for people to different
levels on the ground.
MAN AND THE SPACE AROUND
HIM
In the past, man lived in several scales: in part he lived
in his personal scale, that is, by himself; in part, with
his family; in part, with his immediate neighbours.
His participation in the life of people beyond his
city was very small, and his meetings with other
nationals were very often limited to the battlefield.
Modern technology has the power to bring men together
but
it can also separate them with unforeseen barriers.
ECUMENOPOLIS: TOMORROW’S CITY
 Humanity has never before had to deal with such forces of change as
exist at present, in technology and population growth.
 Currently, we are building the wrong cities for the future, wasting and
spoiling natural resources and allowing man to lose his importance
inside the cities due to traffic and pollution.
 The cities of the future will be extra-human in dimension, therefore
our task is to create them as a web of many communities with human
dimensions.
 Such cities will finally be interconnected in one continuous network,
the Ecumenopolis, which will retain its human content despite its size.
 In these cities, man will have more time to spend in education and
leisure rather than in transportation.
 According to Doxiadis, the great increase of urban population and the dynamic
growth of cities will lead to their interconnection in a continuous network, into
one universal city which we may call the ecumenic city, or Ecumenopolis.
 This is an inevitable reality that is already under construction and is likely to start
acquiring shape at the beginning of the 22nd century.
 The big question that arises for Doxiadis is not about the dimensions, the
structure, and the form of Ecumenopolis, but about its function, the type of life
that will be created within it, and the quality of life that will offer to the people

 Doxiadis anticipates that the cities of the future will be extra-human, beyond
human's capacity to control them. The world may be led to inhuman conditions
as the problems and weaknesses of the 20th century's cities are multiplied.
 At the same time, he believes that Ecumenopolis may be “the real city of human”
as for the first time in history, people will have one city rather than many cities
belonging to different national, racial, religious, or local groups. Ecumenopolis will
form a continuous, differentiated, but also unified texture consisting of many
cells, the human communities. According to Doxiadis, this evolution corresponds
to the dream of a cosmopolis, as the ideal state in which all people will be equal
and united into one world.
 DEATH OF OUR CITIES
 During the last four decades, many changes have taken place
which have created a deterioration of conditions in human
cities.
 Three big events are responsible for these changes. These are:
an unprecedented increase of population, the socialization
encompassing all political systems and social classes and the
emergence of the machine in our lives.
 The aim is to orientate ourselves to a new conception of the
city and of the policies prevailing the growth of the city.
 Modern cities should accommodate the machine to the benefit
of man.

 Doxiadis also coined the term 'entopia', coming from the

Greek word έν (“in”) and τόπος (“place”). He quoted "What
human beings need is not utopia ('no place') but entopia ('in
place') a real city which they can build, a place which satisfies
the dreamer and is acceptable to the scientist, a place where
the projections of the artist and the builder merge."
 EKISTICS : DOXIADIUS
The term Ekistics was coined Doxiadis in 1942.
• Applies to the science of human settlements.
• Includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EKISTICS

• MAXIMIZATION OF HUMAN POTENTIALS -Unity of Purpose
• MINIMIZATION OF EFFORTS -Hierarchy of Functions
• OPTIMIZATION OF MAN’S PROTECTIVE SPACE -Four dimensions
• OPTIMIZATION OF MAN’S RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS
ENVIRONMENT
 EKISTICS : DOXIADIUS
Ekistics aims to encompass all scales of human habitation and
seeks to learn from the archeological and historical record by
looking not only at great cities, but, as much as possible, at the
total settlement pattern.

BASIC PARTS OF COMPOSITE HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

•Homogeneous parts-fields;
•Central parts-built-up villages;
•Circulatory parts-roads & paths within the fields; and
•Special parts-i.e., a monastery contained within the
homogeneous part.
 EKISTICS : DOXIADIUS
CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
•By Ekistics Units
•By Ekistics Elements
•By Ekistics Functions
•By Evolutionary Phases
•By Factors & Disciplines
 EKISTICS : DOXIADIUS
CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
•By Ekistics Units
o MINOR SHELLS OR ELEMENTARY UNITS
Man, room, house
o MICRO SETTLEMENTS
Units smaller than, or small ass, the traditional town where people used,
do& still do achieve interconnection by walking (house group, small
neighbourhood)
o MESO – SETTLEMENTS
Between traditional town & conurbation within which one commute
daily (small polis, small metrpolis)
o MACRO – SETTLEMENTS
Whose largest possible expression is the Ecumenopolis
 EKISTICS : DOXIADIUS
NEED TO BALANCE ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
We are dealing by necessity with:
•Nature, which is being spoilt;
•Man, who is continuously changing;
•Society, which is changing because of man’ snewneeds;
•Shells, which must be constructed;
•Networks, which are also changing to cope up with new demands
 EKISTICS : DOXIADIUS
EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
Phase1: Primitive non-organised human settlements (started with
evolution of man)
Phase2 :Primitive organised settlements-ECopolis
(periodofvillageslasted10,000years )
Phase3: Static urban settlements or cities-Polis
(lastedabout5,000to6,000years)
Phase 4: Dynamic urban settlements- Dynapolis
(lasted200to400years) Phase5: Universal City Ecumenopolis (which
is now beginning)
 EKISTICS : DOXIADIUS
Large City – a city with large population and many services having
less than 1 million but over 3 lakhs people
City – a city with abundant but not with as many services as in a
large city having over 1 lakh to 3 lakhs people
Large town – Population of 20,000 to 1 lakh
Town – Population of 1,000 to 20,000
Village – Population of 100 to 1000
Hamlet – tiny population
Isolated - 1 or 2 buildings of families with negligible services, if any.
 EKISTICS : DOXIADIUS
The figure below are for Doxiadis' ideal
future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that
Earth would achieve zero population growth
at a population of 50,000,000,000 with
human civilization being powered by fusion
energy
 ISLAMABAD-THE CREATION OF
•
NEW CAPITAL
Islamabad, the new Capital of
Pakistan, planned by Constantinos A.
Doxiadis and Doxiadis Associates in
the late 1950s, is now a fast-growing
city of about 1.5 million inhabitants,
forming, together with the adjacent
old city of Rawalpindi and a National
Park, a Metropolitan Area (Greater
Islamabad/Rawalpindi Area) of about
4.5 million inhabitants.
• The greater area of the capital, the
metropolitan area, has been planned
for a future population of about
2,500,000
• 10th largest city in world
• Most developed city and divied into
sectors and zones
 ISLAMABAD-BIRTH & LOCATION
• Planned in the period ,1959-63 on the basis
of EKISTICS, Doxiadis SCIENCE OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
• Islamabad is being developed fully
respecting the Doxiadis Plan
• A new capital for pakisthan was necessary
following the independence of india in
1947 and the inevitable partition into india
and pakistan.
• Various solution were proposed for the
location of the new capital from 1947-1959
when the final decision was reached.
• In feb 1959, the govt decided to investigate
the problem in more thorough way.A
commission & 9 sub-committees were
formed.
• In march 1959,C.A.Doxiadis, proposed a
site he visited in summer ,which was finally
approved(margala hills in north pakistan)
 ISLAMABAD-DYNAMETROPOLIS
CONCEPT
• Islamabad will be the capital of the
nation and will serve mainly
administrative and cultural functions
• It has been designed on the basis of the
ideal city of the future and to form a
dyna-metropolis.
• Each is planned to develop dynamically
towards the south-west, their center
cores growing simultaneously and
together with their residential and
other functions
• Overall plan is based on dynametropolis
concept, giving the possibility of
continuous expansion with the least
possible adverse effects in traffic and
generally , in the functioning of
metropolis.
 THE HIERARCHIAL CONCEPT IN
COMMUNITIES,LAND USES &
•
TRANSPORTATION
Islamabad is planned according to
SYSTEM
heirarchial system of communities of
various classes
• These communities are properly served
by a major transportation system
developed within wide corridors of a
grid –iron configuration ,surrounding
and defining the higher class
communities .
• Local and collector low speed roads
,wide side walks , pedestrian roads and
bicycle lanes within the lower class
‘human communities’ provided access
to the major transportation system.
• Promote green
transport(walking,cycling,public
transport)
 ISLAMABAD-MASTERPLAN
3 DISTINCTIVE AREAS:
(subdivided into sectors)
• Islamabad proper (expansion
towards SW): Capital of nation
mainly administrative & cultural
functions.
• Rawalpindi (expansion towards
SW): regional centre serving
industrial & commercial functions.
• National Park: to retain certain
agricultural functions & where sites
must be provided for national
sports centre, university, research
institute, etc. (expansion towards
SE).
The Landscape Pattern and the Highways The backbone of the
Islamabad Metropolitan Area Master Plan is formed by two
highways, Islamabad Highway and Murree Highway, the alignment of
which was dictated by the natural landscape pattern and theexisting
man made obstacles.
Main axis through core of
Islamabad :Capital Avenue.
• Looks towards the
Presidential Palace located on
top of a hill.
• Due to fixed road & location
of administrative centre on a
higher level, this section of the
capital – which is its brain
centre and pulsating heart -
will dominate the city even
after it has expanded and fully
grown along the patterns
provided for.
A Community Class V for about A Community Class IV for about A Community Class III for
40, 000 people. 12,000 people. about 3,000 people.

• Each sector (Community Class V) of Islamabad is self-contained & self-supported wrt

everyday life.
• Sub-divided into 3 or 4 smaller Communities (Class IV) by income groups of occupants.
• Centre of sector is the civic centre, containing shopping, business and civic activities.
• Each Class IV Community is subdivided into several Communities Class III, which are
further subdivided into Communities Class II.
• Arrangement of functions best serves the inhabitants of each sector and with least
time required for approach.
Pedestrian and Vehicle Traffic:
• Segregated by a road system where
scales of human & motor-vehicle
movements differ.
• Pedestrians move within human
community though spatial hierarchy
from small pedestrian streets towards
larger ones of a Class II Community,
then to centre of a Class III Community,
& so on.
• Spaces & perspectives created along
way agree with same hierarchical order.
• For roads leading to specific targets
aesthetically related and presenting a
unity of scale.
• Extensive use of cul-de-sacs at end of
access roads.
• Pattern of motor traffic leading to
houses without interfering with
pedestrian-street systems.
• Street Design-The Positive Space:
Detached houses are the greatest challenge
in terms of a proper shaping of space.
• Houses are situated as much as possible
in accordance with the morphology of the
site.
House Design: Plots vary from 111 sq.
yards to about 3,000 sq. yards, depending
on income group. Frontage dimensions of
plots are less than their depth. Most plots
are rectangular. Special efforts were made
to avoid irregular plots, especially in low-
income areas.
 Low-income house (perspective view)

Minimum Accommodation:
• No house has less than two rooms, a kitchen, WC, & a shower room.
• Sufficient space for outdoor living.
• Each house has closed, semi-covered or open living spaces.
• Supplied with running water & electricity, and connected with sewage
system.
 ISLAMABAD-TODAY
• Islamabad today is not what it was
designed for
• It is no more isolated from the business and
commercial activity
• Population risen from 0.340 million to
1.124 million
• The increasing economic activities have
given birth to high rise buildings,residential
apartments, housing schemes, educational
institute,industrial unit and new markets.
• These pressure forced capital development
authority(CDA) to alter the master plan of
islamabad and upgrade the physical
infrastructure.
• Islamabad is a “UNIQUE” example of a large
new city “PLANNED FOR THE FUTURE AND
BUILT FOR THE PRESENT”, fully respecting
the long-term planning.
 BAGHDAD-DOXIADIS
• DoxiadiS Associates identified
Tigrisas reference for establishing
a central axis of growth.
• Ideal limits of the future Iraqi
capital set to 3million—
approximately three times
largerthan 1958 population which
suggested Baghdad’s maximum
limits, defined with an elongated
rectangle orientated along the
main NW-SE axis of the river.
• Rectangular area incorporated
some of existing major roads &
suggested opening of new roads
that would adopt a rectilinear
pattern.
 BAGHDAD-DOXIADIS

• Residential sectors & subsectors

arranged according to rectangular
grid system, modified in middle,
to accommodate commercial
district.
• Commercial district included old
city centre & new commercial
centres expected to emerge
along main axis of Dynapolis.
• New commercial centres to abide
by rectilinear logic of road system
& residential grid.
 BAGHDAD-DOXIADIS

Plan of Community Sector in West Baghdad Model of Community Sector in West Baghdad

Western Baghdad Development Scheme” to house 100,000 people.

• Composed of different “community sectors” of seven to ten thousand
people.
• Each sector provided for administrative, social, educational, health & other
community buildings, shopping centers, green areas, coffee houses, &
mosques.
 BAGHDAD-DOXIADIS

Sub-hamlets built in groups of 10

or 15 small attached houses beside
a pedestrian way, at end of which
was a small gossip square (an idea
from Hassan Fathy, the Egyptian
architect who joined the Ekistics
group in 1957).

• Doxiadis asked that term to be

replaced with “community squares
of first degree”.
BAGHDAD-DOXIADIS

House Types in West Baghdad Upper-Income Housing in West Baghdad

Standardized “house types” pushed courtyards to side or back of each unit,

thereby losing any of traditional courtyards’ climatic benefits & secluded
qualities.
 ASPRA SPITIA– DOXIADIS
• Aspra Spitia is a small settlement planned by Doxiadis Associates for the
company "Aluminion de Grece" tohouse industrial workers and personnel
employed at itsnearby aluminum plant.
• Aspra Spitia (modern Greek for "White Houses"), situated on the coast of
the Corinthian Gulf about one hour's drive from Delphi, was designed for a
projected population of5,000.
• Theprogram proposed the construction of a totalof 1,100 dwellings,
including o ne and two-storey houses ,bachelor apartments, stores and
shops, a customs house ,a school and recreational and other facilities
 ASPRA SPITIA– DOXIADUS

• A simple, strong and"primitive“ architecture composed

of natural, local materials, which the people could add
to with flower pots and pergolas, rather than a modern
architecture

• These thoughts are reflected in the general plan of

the town: on the L-shaped site (the short leg of
which is b ordered by the sea, while the long one is
flanked by two hills) four neighborhoods were
created, each surrounded by a peripheral road and
penetrated by culs-de-sac inselected locations only
 UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE
• In April 1959, Doxiadis Associates were
commissioned by the University to
undertake the design work of the project.
• On the 16th of May an agreement was
signed.
• The problem presented to Doxiadis
Associates by this highly cultural region
with a deep-rooted tradition was one of
the most complex ever handled by this
office.
• Doxiadis was involved in the design of this
new campus
in Pakistan and used ekistic principles to
create a
campus he believed was built for true
"human scale.
 UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

• " Doxiadis limited the number of roads on campus,

banning them from the classroom areas. All the
educational buildings are interconnected to permit
people to walk from one to the other. Courtyards provide
a place for meetings between people.
• a partial and progressive materialization of buildings
and services;
• the transformation of traditional skills and experiences
(as in construction) into contemporary techniques;
• the preservation of the true essence of traditional
patterns;
• the climate, site conditions, etc.
THANK YOU
GROUP 3

RISHAD
SADIR
SAFWAN
SAIBHADRA
SAJJAD BADUSHA
SALAMA
SHANU SANEEM
SHARON
SUHAIL
VINAYAK
VISHAL