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Principles of Microeconomics
Solution to Selected Review Questions #5
The government wants to reduce pollution to 120 units so it gives each firm 40
permits.
a. If the permits could not be traded, then firm A would have to reduce its pollution
by 30 units at a cost of $20 x 30 = $600, firm B would reduce its pollution by 40
units at a cost of $25 x 40 = $1,000, and firm C would reduce its pollution by 10
units at a cost of $10 x 10 = $100. The total cost of pollution reduction would be
$1,700.
b. One permit is worth $25 to firm B, $20 to firm A, and $10 to firm C, since that is
the cost of reducing pollution by one unit. Since firm B faces the highest costs of
reducing pollution, it will keep its own 40 permits and buy 40 permits from the
other firms, so that it can still pollute by 80 units. That leaves 40 permits for
firms A and C. Since firm A values them most highly, it will keep its own 40
permits. So it must be that firm C sells its 40 permits to firm B. Thus firm B does
not reduce its pollution at all, firm A reduces its pollution by 30 units at a cost of
$20 x 30 = $600, and firm C reduces its pollution by 50 units at a cost of $10 x 50
= $500. The total cost of pollution reduction is $1,100. Thus trade saves $600
cost of pollution control (compare with costs in a).
2. (moderate) It is well known that we can use either Pigouvian Tax or
Tradable Pollution Permits to control pollution. As shown in the
diagram, both the policy instruments lead to the same result.
Supply of
$
pollution permits
Pigouvian tax
t
Demand for
pollution rights
Q Pollution (Q)
a. With a Pigovian tax, the price of pollution remains unchanged and the
quantity of pollution declines from Q1 to Q2.
b. With pollution permits, the price of pollution permits declines from P1 to P2
and the quantity of pollution is unchanged.
3
. (easy) Greater consumption of alcohol leads to more motor vehicle
accidents and, thus imposes costs on people who do not drink and drive.
a. Illustrate the market for alcohol. How will the market equilibrium
level of alcohol consumption differ from that of optimal consumption
level?
b. On your diagram show the deadweight loss caused by over-
consumption of alcohol.
c. What is the level of Pigouvian tax that can induce alcohol consumers
to reduce consumption to optimal level?
Supply
A
Pmarket
B
Popt
C Private D
Social D
Qopt Qmarket Alcohol
c. A Pigouvian tax equal to the Marginal External Harm (at the optimal
level) will shift the private demand curve to the left such that this new
private demand curve after tax will coincide with the social demand curve.
Consequently, the private optimal level of consumption (in the face of
taxation) will be equal to the socially optimal level of consumption.
4. (hard) UBC has $100 million dollars that it can spend for cancer research
or other educational activities. If it gets $10 million grant from the
provincial government for cancer research (Note this $10 million can be
used only for cancer research),
a. Since the price of coffee rises, her budget constraint swivels from BC1 to
BC2.
6. (tricky) Keyboards and Computers are perfect complements. With the help
of a diagram, show the effect of an increase in the price of Keyboards on the
consumption of both Keyboards and Computers (show both income and
substitution effects).
Since Keyboards and computers are complements, the indifference curves are L
shaped and consumers will always consume them in a fixed proportion (for
example (2, 2) or (1, 1)). With the increase in the price of Keyboards, the
consumption will decrease from say (2, 2) to say (1, 1). Since consumers will not
substitute to computers because of the decrease in the price of Keyboards there is
no substitution effect (or substitution effect is zero). The movement from (2, 2) to
(1, 1) with the decrease in utility from U1 to U2 is purely due to income effects.
Computers
2 U1
1 U2
1 2 Keyboards
a. Budget constraint BC1 shows the budget constraint if you pay no taxes.
Budget constraint BC2 shows the budget constraint with a 15 percent tax.
b. This figure below shows indifference curves for which a person will work
more as a result of the tax because the income effect (less leisure) outweighs the
substitution effect (more leisure), so there is less leisure overall.
Figure below shows a situation in which a person will work fewer hours as a
result of the tax because the income effect (less leisure) is smaller than the
substitution effect (more leisure), so there is more leisure overall.
Figure below shows a situation in which a person will work the same number of
hours after the tax because the income effect (less leisure) equals the substitution
effect (more leisure), so there is the same amount of leisure overall.
9. Suppose you take a job that pays $30,000 and set some of this income aside in a
saving account pays annual interest of 5%. Use a diagram that to show how your
consumption changes in each of the following situation.
a. Your salary increases to $40,000.
b. The interest on your account rises to 8%.
a. Figure below shows the situation in which your salary increases from
$30,000 to $40,000. With numbers shown in thousands of dollars in the
figure, your initial budget constraint, BC1, has a horizontal intercept of 30,
since you could spend all your income when young. The vertical intercept
is 31.5, since if you spent nothing when young and saved all your income,
earning 5 percent interest, you would have $31,500 to spend when old. If
your salary increases to $40,000, your budget constraint shifts out in a
parallel fashion, with intercepts of 40 and 42, respectively. This is an
income effect only, so if consumption when young and old are both
normal goods, you will spend more in both periods.
b. If the interest rate on your bank account rises to 8 %, your budget
constraint rotates. If you spend all your income when young, you will
spend just $30,000, as before. But if you save all your income, your old-
age consumption increases to $30,000 x 1.08 = $32,400, compared to
$31,500 before. As Figure bellow, the steeper budget line leads you to
substitute future consumption for current consumption. But the income
effect of the higher return on your saving leads you to want to increase
both future and current consumption if both are normal goods. The result
is that your consumption when old certainly rises and your consumption
when young could increase or decrease, depending on whether the
income or substitution effect dominates.