1

elma asadollahi
Student ID: SBSMBADM24013643
Managerial economics
Feb 20, 2024
Part A

1. The Shampoo Company manufactures soap bars. Fixed costs are $50 to run the
business. Fill in for fixed cost (FC), total cost (TC), average variable cost (AVC),
average total cost (ATC), marginal cost (MC)

Q VC FC TC AVC ATC MC
0 $50 50
100 $10 0.5 10.5 0.1 0.105 0.39
200 $30 0.25 30.25 0.15 0.151 0.19
300 $50 0.16 50.16 0.16 0.167 0.19
400 $70 0.12 70.12 0.17 0.175 0.19
5
500 $80 0.1 80.1 0.16 0.160 0.09
600 $120 0.08 120.08 0.2 0.2 0.3

Marginal revenue per unit for the Shampoo products being $0.05 which
?would be the quantity of production chosen by the manufacture

During the manufacturing process, a company may become more or less

efficient by producing additional units. To maximise efficiency,
companies must continue to produce goods until the marginal cost is less
than the marginal revenue.
From an economic point of view, a firm always seeks to produce to the
point where the marginal cost and the marginal revenue are equal. In other
words, the firm seeks to know this point, because at this point the profit of
the firm is maximised.
The key to optimising production costs is to find this point or production
level as quickly as possible, because at a higher production point, the cost
of producing an additional unit will be greater than the generated revenue.
Therefore, if the firm wants to maximise its profits and reduce the cost per
unit of production, it must achieve the same point of marginal cost and
marginal revenue. In this table, in just 500 productions, the marginal cost
and the marginal income are close together. 0.05≈0.09
In less or more production, the cost of production does not come from
more revenue or profit.

The table below shows the amount of demand and supply for gold. What is
the equilibrium price and quantity in the market?

Economic equilibrium is a combination of economic variables (price and

quantity) that drive normal economic processes such as supply and
demand.

The equilibrium price means that supply and demand are equal, and
where the power of supply and demand are equal, the price
equilibrium is formed.
It is one of the economic concepts that explains the relaxation of the
price of an asset and commodity based on the mechanism of supply
and demand. In fact, it means that after multiple fluctuations in asset
prices, when the quantity and the power of supply and demand are
equal, the equilibrium price is created. It is used in various sectors
including the stock market, and there are people who are successful in
this market who can identify the equilibrium points well. Therefore,
we can use this concept in our trading.

From the table, we can see that this is happening at $1,150 per ounce
and the amount of 11 tons.

Explain Now, imagine that because Bitcoin’s interest, the demand for gold
decreases by 2 tons a month. Calculate the new equilibrium price and quantity and
explain why the direction of the price shift makes intuitive sense.
The decline in demand as an economic indicator that affects the level
of production is always considered by analysts. This decrease also has a
 negative effect on the amount of production, and because this trend is
continuing it will result in a stagflation of the country.

When demand decreases and supply remains constant, prices fall:

Surpluses may also occur when customers want less goods or services
even without changing supply. The effect is the same: lower prices.In such
a situation, governments should consider making decisions that
equal supply and demand, and following this balance, gradually get out of
the stagflation situation.

To improve the economy, it must abandon price control policies and allow
supply and demand to be balanced.

In this example, with 2 tons of demand falling per month, the demand
curve moves to the left and creates a new equilibrium price at $1,050 per
ounce and the amount of 10 tons.
As a result, the new equilibrium price can be balanced the market again.

3. Calculate and explain each of the type for the following elasticities:

▪ Price increases from $100 to $110 quantity demanded moves from 10 to 7.

P: 100 110 E=35/9=3.8

Q: 10 7

The price elasticity of demand is a measure of the change in the

consumption of a product in relation to a change in its price.
If the number of elastic is higher than 1, the product is elastic. Like this
one 3.8>1.
Means, price changes result in a significant change in demand.
In this example, elastic is 3.8%. that is, after the increase 3.8% of the
price, the amount of demand is much greater than 3.8% will be reduced.
For example, mineral water has a high elasticity because there are
many substitutes for it (one of the factors that affect the price elasticity of
demand). As the price of a particular brand of bottled water increases,
 consumers will switch to other brands of mineral water or regular
.drinking water

-Factors that affect the price elasticity of demand:

1. Availability
of substitutes:
The easier it is for a buyer to substitute one product for another, the lower
its price.

2. Necessity:
More discretion in the product reduces the amount of demand when the
price rises.

3. Price change interval:

How long the price change takes is also important. The demand response
to price fluctuations for one-day sales is different from price change for a
season or a year.

▪ Price decreases from $11 to $10 quantity supplied moves from 90 to 75.

P: 11 10 E=18/9=2
Q: 90 75

The elasticity of supply measures the amount of change in supply relative

to the change in price. When the quantity of supply reacts a lot to price
changes, we say supply is elastic. 2>1
In this example, this product is elastic that is, the company reacted a lot to
the price decreases and decreased the supply significantly.
With a 2% reduction in the price of goods, quantity of production, more
than 2%,
diminishes.
The more accurately defined a commodity is, the greater the elasticity of
its supply. for example, the transfer of resources, from the production of
black skirts to brown women's skirts, is much easier than the transfer of
these resources, from the production of skirts to the production of trousers
in general.

The elastic depends on a large extent like:

1 - Commodity nature:
 The possibility of obtaining a substitute goods is of great importance in the
elastic supply.

2. Definition of Goods:
The more accurately defined a commodity is, the greater the elasticity of
its supply.

3. Supply reaction time:

The more time it takes, the more elastic supply.

▪ Price of A increases from $2 to $2.5, quantity demanded of B moves from

10 to 11.

P(A): 2 2.5 E= 9/22=0.4

Q(B): 10 11

Cross-elasticity of demand, it measures the relative sensitivity of the

quantity demanded of a commodity(B) to changes in the price of another
commodity(A).
In fact, the cross-elasticity tells the economist what will change in the
commodity (B) purchase if there is an increase in commodity(A) prices.
In this example, the cross-elasticity is 0.4 and positive. So, these two are
all substitute goods.
That is, 0.4 increase in the price of goods A causes 0.4 increase in the
amount of goods B.
Substitute goods are the categories of goods that can be substituted for
each other, such as chicken and mutton meat. Knowing that commodity A
is the substitute to commodity B allows the economise to best manage the
available resources by replacing goods with each other; of course, a
substitute product in industry can represent a narrow definition of industry
(a group of manufacturing institutions that produce similar goods).

▪ Price of A decreases from $3.5 to $3, quantity demanded of B moves from

10 to 9. (10 Marks)

P(A) 3.5 3 E=10/15=0.6

Q(B) 10 9
Like the previous example, the Cross-elasticity of demand between two
goods shows that due to the result, 0.6 and positive, these two are all
substitute goods.
That is, 0.6 decrease in the price of goods A causes 0.6 decrease in the
amount of goods B.
Classical substitutes include margarine and butter, tea and coffee.
substitutes occur not only from the consumer side of the market but also
from the producer.

4. Using examples from companies of your choice, explain the two pricing
techniques of your choice from those discussed in class.
Tips: name the product or service and provide details of the prices, then explain
why it has been designed in this way and the rationale of its use in this particular
case.

Pricing strategy is a way to find the competitive price of a product or

service. To choose a pricing strategy for our business, we need to know the
true value of our products and analyse the target market accurately. Before
determining the price of the product, we should consider all the costs of
raw materials, labor, operating costs, transportation, marketing, etc. In
addition, for product pricing, weneed to consider seasonal factors, demand
quantity and target market specifications.
Here are two examples of OnePlus and Sony's pricing techniques.

OnePlus company:

Market penetration occurs when a company launches a new product in

a market where similar products already exist. Since there is already an
alternative to the existing product, marketing and pricing teams need to be
creative to figure out how they can make their product stand out.
Oneplus company used dumping pricing strategy for its best product,
the OnePlus1. In this pricing, we bring our products to market at low
prices so that we can have the highest possible sales and market share in
the short time. Of course, we should do this low pricing under the pretext
and provide reasonable reasons, so that our low price does not mean low
quality in the minds of customers. That's why the company makes it with
all features of the iPhone but at a very reasonable pice of $299. Once the
company gained good market share, it launched its product with pricing
.strategy. Resent oneplus phones cost $500 to $700
 The goal of a penetration pricing strategy is to introduce the product
to consumers with low risk, attract interest in the product, and build brand
loyalty, not necessarily make a profit.

Sony company:

In discriminatory pricing mode, first we present the new product to

the market at a higher price. Then over time and stabilise the product in the
market, we gradually reduce Its price. This kind of pricing has three
advantages. First, we can attract a number of risk-taking market leaders by
offering higher prices, who are interested in using new and up-to-date
products and prices are not a problem. Secondly, at
the begging of offering a product that sells low, we can transfer higher
liquidity to the business with each sale. Third, at the beginning of the
product’s entry, we can build a higher mental position for it in the market.
The most expensive price of the product in its lifetimewill be the same as
the first price when it was delivered.
Sony used this type of pricing in 1990.When Sonyintroduced the first
HD (with high resolution) to the Japanese market, it cost $43,000. These
TVs were only bought by people who could afford to pay this high price
for a new technology. Sony quickly lowered prices within a few years to
attract more new buyers.
This type of pricing only works under certain terms and conditions.
First, the quality and appearance of the product should support the high
price of the product, and enough buyers should demand the product
at this price. Secondly, the cost of producing a limited volume of product
shouldn't be so high that stop the benefits of further cost allocation. In this
way, competitors can not simply enter the market, compete with high
price.

5. Explain the concept of comparative advantage using two goods or

services and how this leads to corporate specialisation.

Adam Smith first mentioned privilege in The Wealth of Nations

(1776), but at the beginning of the 19th century, the great English
economist David Ricardo described the concept of comparative advantage
on his book On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation written
in 1817, although it is likely that Ricardo's mentor, James Mill, originated
the analysis.(Thweatt, William O. "James Mill and the early development
of comparative advantage." History of Political Economy, vol. 8, no. 2.
1976, pp. 207-234
David Ricardo concludes that the interest of each country is
to specialise in the production and delivery of goods and services in which
it is best, and by exchanging surpluses with other countries to meet its
need for other goods and services. (which are also the best at producing
and delivering of them)
Nations that try to be self-sufficient actually spread poverty among their
own people, because by producing the goods they are not the best at, they
sell it to their people at a higher price than other countries could offer,
while they could produce the goods, they were best at by their own
experts.
Comparative advantage says that if a country can be better than one
trading partner at producing two commodities, such as cotton and cocoa, it
is still better for that country to specialise in producing a commodity that
produces it better than the other trading partner and commodity, and this is
where the term relative advantage comes into existence.

In this way, by specialising in producing a commodity that has a relatively

greater advantage in its production, each country can supply other goods it
needs by exchanging the surplus produced by other countries. The same
logic holds true for more business partners. Free trade among nations
enhances the well-being of all trading parties. Free trade among nations
enhances the well-being of all trading parties.
As an example, handmade carpets of Iran are particular importance in
terms of export and revenue generation among exported
goods. This comparative advantage of Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan and East
Azerbaijan provinces of Iran in production and also in exporting different
types of handmade carpets in 2010-2011. To determine the relative
advantage of production, DRC (Domestic Resource Costs) and SCB
(Social Cost Benefit) index and RCA (Root Cause Analysis) index were
used. A large part of the required information was obtained through
interviews with the producers and relevant experts and another part of the
information was obtained from relevant organisations as well as websites.
The results showed that all handmade carpets produced in selected
provinces have a comparative advantage in production. In terms of relative
advantage for exports, the results obtained based on RCA index showed
that although the country still has a comparative advantage in exporting
this product, in recent years, the mentioned index has been sharply
downtrending, which indicates a relatively severe decline in
competitiveness of Iranian handmade carpets in global markets. Also, the
results of SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats )
matrix showed that traditional marketing is one of the most important
weaknesses in the handmade carpet industry. According to Ricardo,
production with relative advantage also increases peace and
peacefulness in human relationships. When people become specialised and
engage in exchange, they become dependent on each other. For example, I
depend on the grocer for a part of my food.
This form of social collaboration reduces people's motivation to harm their
business partners because they depend on each other to meet their different
needs.
Here, what is true for individuals is also true forcountries. Countries that
depend on each other by free trade are much less willing to go to war.

6. Explain the constraints faced by government in the production of public

resources? Which constraints do they face and how does this relate to the
theory of the consumer, also explain the main difference between the two.

Tips: Using a 2 resources/goods case write an introduction and a

conclusion.

"Economics is the science of the optimal allocation of scarce resources."

Lionel Robbin
“Nature and Significance of economic Science”

We all inevitably face the issues of economic science every day; when
we decide to buy a good or receive a service, or when we have to choose
between several commodities, what sectors and regions to allocate the
budget of the country or organisation, what economic relations we have in
foreign trade relations with which countries, the price of which
commodities increase and which goods are in the wake of the news
release. The economy will decline, how to allocate our savings, and how
much to invest in different areas, and so on. The most important concern
of economics is scarcity. Scarcity means that resources (facilities) do not
meet our demands, and in other words, we cannot achieve all our wishes
 and goals with available resources. Scarcity forces us to choose. Whenever
we are faced with scarcity of resources, the issue of allocation inevitably
arises. Optimal allocation refers to an allocation that brings us closer to our
goal or goals.

The government also faces several restrictions on public resource

production, with limited resources. These limitations include:

• Limited budget: The government has a limited amount of funds to allocate

to the production of public resources. This budget constraint means the
government has to prfioritize and choose which resources to produce and
how much to allocate to each.

• Limited financial and human resources: The country's development budget

is limited, while in the country many tasks such as building dams, schools,
hospitals, highways, bridges, etc. These resources (financial and human
resources) are not currently responsive to the start and completion of all
these projects at once, except over time and gradual development and over
several years plans.

• Political
considerations: The government is under political pressure and
considerations. This means that the production of public resources may be
influenced by factors such as public opinion, lobbying and the need to
support different interest groups.

• Time constraints: The government may face time limits on the production
of public resources. This could be due to deadlines, emergencies or the
need to respond quickly to changing situations. Time was considered
another scarce resource and had to be divided between other activities.

• Legal and regulatory restrictions: The government must act within legal and
regulatory frameworks. This means that the production of public resources
must comply with laws, regulations and policies that can impose
restrictions on government actions.

These constraints relate to consumer theory، in which both the choice and
allocation of finite resources are involved. In consumer theory, individuals
have limited income and must make decisions about how to allocate their
resources to maximise their usefulness, assuming reasonable choices and
complete information. How much of their income is spent on food,
clothing, housing, education, etc.
Similarly, the government also has limited resources (budget, time, etc.)
and must discuss how resources are allocated to produce public goods and
services that maximise social welfare.

The main difference between the two is that consumer theory focuses on
individual decision-making, while the production of public resources of
the state involves collective decision-making on the part of society as a
whole. In addition, the production of public government resources is
subject to political considerations and legal restrictions that may not apply
to individual consumers. These concepts illustrate the difference between
collective and social decision-making by governments and individual
choices by consumers.

As a result, the government faces restrictions such as limited budgets,

political considerations, time constraints and legal and regulatory
constraints on the production of public resources.In general, it can be said
that the importance and necessity of the budget is because the process of
allocation of resources is limited to unlimited needs and in order to
achieve the desired goals, it is necessary to use each of the limited
resources and make maximum use with the minimum cost. Limiting the
government's ability to produce all the public resources that citizens may
want.
These limitations relate to consumer theory in terms of the choice and
allocation of limited resources butdiffer in terms of collective decision-
making and the impact of political and legal factors.

Part B
Question 1: Cost-Benefit Analysis in International Logistics
Imagine you are a manager of a multinational company involved in international
logistics. Conduct a cost-benefit analysis of implementing a new logistics strategy
for your global supply chain Consider. factors such as transportation costs,
inventory carrying costs, and customs duties. Discuss how managerial economics
principles can be applied to optimize decision making in international logistics.
Provide specific examples and recommendations based on your analysis.
 A global supply chain is a global system that a business uses to
produce products or services. Almost all providers of product and service
creation around the world are somehow connected with logistics and
supply chains. Every logistical operation has a reasonable cost and
therefore logistics should be minimised. Logistical operations, on the other
hand, are very diverse, and show up at almost every stage of production.
This diversity and breadth allow management to provide proper planning
and reduce its costs in relation to logistical activities. For many companies,
success lies in the effective management of the global supply chain.
Companies often manage this chain to ensure that the international
network of suppliers, vendors, distributors, carriers, warehouses and
retailers is working well. Obviously, a good and robust financial plan is
vital to a global supply chain presence. If your business doesn't have
enough working capital and can't afford to pay for its infrastructure, it
probably won't be in business for long.

A global supply chain can make manufacturers and industrial sectors more
efficient, productive and profitable by reducing costs and encouraging
business companies to expand to international markets. By reducing the
costs of product development through cheaper labor, technology, or
resources, businesses have a greater ability to expand and enter new
markets. Hence one of the most important benefits of the global supply
chain is to make more profit by reducing costs. A global supply chain
usually gives companies access to a wider audience, enabling them to find
materials at a lower price. Instead of importing labor and resources, they
can outsource them to countries that provide these services at a lower cost.
They generally enjoy the benefits of accessing multiple quality
suppliers and also, they provide better quality using materials and labor
force that may not be available in their country.
Organisations access to the latest technologies by partnering with foreign
companies fosters business growth. Businesses can often reach new
customers and improve sales by moving to new locations to explore
untapped markets. By producing items at a lower cost, they can have
multiple warehouses in different regions to store these products. Hence,
companies that have sufficient inventory can also reduce delivery times
during times of crisis and shortage. Another advantage is that it can make
it easier to sell products and services to customers around the world. Food
and beverage companies, mining, oil and gas, electronics and textile
 industries are just a fraction of the industries that grow with global
supply chains...
Logistics costs can be divided into two general categories:
(a) Fixed investment costs in procurement:
Investing in a system is expensive. These costs include everything that is
necessary to create a logistics system. Such as investment costs for
creating warehouses and warehousing equipment, providing infrastructure
and transportation equipment, creating suitable platforms for data transfer
(information transfer equipment), software development and deployment
of logistics systems, creation of packaging units.
(b) Ongoing costs in procurement:
When a logistical activity is supplied in a chain، it imposes a cost to that
system. We call this the umbrella cost.
Four main categories:
1. Costs associated with logistics management:
What refers to the issue of procurement management in the supply chain
will have a cost that should fall into this category.
2. Costs related to material transportation:
This part of the cost is associated with the movement of materials (raw
materials, semi-fabricated and product) along the supply chain. All costs
resulting from handling materials and moving towards the final product
fall into this category of costs. The major costs associated with material
transportation are:
• Material transport costs (customs transport, Return empty of shipping /
insurance cost etc)
• Storage costs (inventory maintenance/internal
transfer/insurance/unloading...)
• Costs of packaging materials and products
• Cost of delivery to the end customer (distribution of the final product)
• After-sales service fee
• Cost of receiving orders from customers
Obviously، transportation always increases costs، but many countries
have lower production costs، which makes extending the supply chain to
the rest of the world attractive. When the dollar is stronger against the
national currency of the country you are doing business with, you may be
able to reduce costs by purchasing goods and services from a supplier.
3. Costs associated with data transfer
4. Financing related costs: Financial activities in procurement will also
cost money. Thus، in this part of the costs، the financing costs and the cost
of transferring liquidity between the components of the chain can be
referred to as the important and fundamental costs that the procurement
management is struggling with.

But there are ways to reduce these costs.

First, by outsourcing logistical activities to third-party companies.
Activities may be carried out professionally by specialist companies and
thus reduce costs. And secondly, with proper planning, remove some
waste activities as well as increase logistical activities in order to reduce
logistical costs. These companies automatically reduce the costs of
companies with a specialised approach to logistical activities. One of the
main reasons for this outsourcing is that logistical activities are not key to
many companies. Therefore، assigning a non-key activity to a company
that can perform it professionally is considered the right decision from the
perspective of the management of the company. Another major reason for
using third-party companies for logistics is extreme pressures to lower
prices. Today's business world is the world of competition and in this
competition will be one of the parameters determining the price. Logistics
.costs can play a decisive role in the final price of the product
A company's global supply chain management should investigate the
logistical and geopolitical implications, local laws, standards and
regulations of countries involved in the global supply chain and suppliers
in those countries. Hiring a bilingual agent to interpret information
between both parties correctly can allow the company to avoid an
unplanned stop in its supply chain. Company's managers need to be
familiar with regional culture, local holidays and weather patterns of the
country where they want to expand their business to avoid risks easily. For
example, if an organisationtransports goods to Asia during the monsoon
season, it may need to use special waterproof packaging for its
goods. Management can build stronger working relationships with
suppliers via videoconferencing rather than phone or email. It also deals
with them flexibly to fulfils orders during certain periods.

As a result, if our business is producing a product for sale to the public on

a large scale, it may have a good chance of being in a global supply chain.
to reduce logistical costs, we first examine the costs of logistics and
creation processes. These costs are then analysed in the second stage، and
finally، in the third phase، by reviewing and evaluating these costs، a plan
is presented to reduce them. Finally, global supply chain management
companies can react quickly to unforeseen market conditions, improve
transportation strategies, minimise costs, and bring their product to market
.more quickly

Part B

Question 2: Government Policies and International Logistics

Explore the impact of government policies on international logistics and

supply chain management. Choose a specific country and analyse how trade
policies, tariffs, and regulations influence the efficiency and cost-effectiveness
of the logistics operations for businesses operating in that country. Discuss
how managers can navigate and strategise in response to government
interventions, applying managerial economics concepts. Provide real-world
examples to support your analysis and suggest managerial strategies to
.mitigate risks associated with governmental policies in international logistics

Logistically, Iran is in an extraordinary position and can easily use

different routes for transportation and transfer of goods. The most
important of them is being located in the Middle East region and the five
main transit corridors of international transportation of goods. However,
its performance in the logistics sector is very weak. Many countries
without Iran's logistical advantages, earn up to several times more revenue
from the field of transportation. In 2018, Iran received a score of 2.5 out
of 5 in the Logistics Performance Index and ranked 64th out of 160
countries. This position shows that all logistical power available in Iran
has not been used. If logistical conditions are inadequate in any
country, business costs will increase and reduce the country's ability to
join the global supply chain, especially in relation to developing countries.
For this reason, policymakers are trying to improve the logistics chain in
their country by implementing orderly and sustainable policies as well as
strengthening and integrating the supply chain and becoming an engine of
growth for emerging countries.

Let's analyse the impact of government policies, tariffs and regulations on

logistical operations in Iran and discuss how managers can navigate and
strategy in response to these interventions using managerial economics
concepts.
In Iran, trade policies, tariffs and regulations can significantly affect the
efficiency and affordability of logistical operations for business. The
Iranian government has implemented various trade policies and
regulations to protect domestic industries, promote self-sufficiency, and
control imports and exports. Trade facilitation and transport facilitation are
not independent of each other. In fact, these two areas are
interconnected and, in some cases, even overlap. Facilitation measures in
one area without regard to the problems and barriers that are effective in
the other domain can not lead to an effective and desirable result. The
absence of a single trustee for logistics, inconsistencies and parallelism in
decision-making and policy making can affect the competitiveness of the
country.
Legal barriers are among the most important challenges for startups
formation in the country. The same applies to logistics startups and their
support services. For example, internet traffic marketplaces that have been
in existence for several years face numerous legal barriers to serious
activity in the market and transportation of goods. These markets are not
allowed to issue bill of lading according to the trade law and will only be
allowed to do so when they receive the license of large-scale smart
companies. But obtaining this license also has consequences such as
owning a traditional stock brokerage company. Which, due to the conflict
of interest of the traditional and modern sector, will hinder the growth of
startups.
Tariffs play an important role in Iran's trade policies. Higher tariffs on
imported goods can increase the cost of imports and reduce their
competitiveness in the market. This can affect the efficiency and cost-
effectiveness of logistics operations for businesses that rely on imported
raw materials or final goods. Managers should carefully consider these
costs when deciding on resources and optimising their supply chain. In
response to government interventions, managers can apply managerial
economics concepts to strategy and reduce the impact on logistical
operations. They can conduct cost-benefit analysis to assess the impact of
tariffs and mandates on their supply chain. The analysis involves weighing
compliance costs, such as tariffs and administrative burdens, against the
benefits of operating in the Iranian market. Managers can also explore
alternative resource options to minimise the impact of tariffs and
regulations. They can consider local resources، joint ventures، or
partnerships with Iranian companies to reduce dependence on imported
 goods. This strategy can help reduce the impact of tariffs and regulatory
hurdles on logistics operations.

As a result, policies, tariffs and regulations, the government has a

significant impact on logistical operations in Iran. Managers can invest in
technology and data analysis to optimise logistics operations in Iran. They
should guide these interventions using managerial economics concepts
such as game theory, exploring alternative resource options, using
technology, and adopting strategic approaches. In addition, by
implementing advanced supply chain management systems, businesses can
improve visibility, track transportation and streamline processes. By doing
so, they can ensure efficient and cost-effective logistical operations for
businesses operating in Iran. Logistics management in
an organisation’s supply chain plays the role of coordinating programs and
powerful control over them. In the absence of coordination of the above,
an organisation’s supply chain will be disrupted and will hinder the
progress of the set goals.

References

1. https://www.wired.com/2014/11/oneplus-one/
2. https://hackaday.com/2018/01/03/why-sonys-trinitron-tubes-were-the-best/

https://books.google.ae/books?id=ejIcAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA156&dq=

%22Trinitron

%22&article_id=7004,5303864&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwil0Oe
 vqZiEAxUAXvEDHSXCBCsQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=

%22Trinitron%22&f=false

3. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/comparative-advantage
4. https://www.mehrnews.com