Introduction to Optics

Lecture homepage : http://optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/syllabus-Optics-Part I.html

Professor : 송석호, shsong@hanyang.ac.kr, 02-2220-0923 (Room# 36-401)

Textbook : 1. Frank L. Pedrotti, "Introduction to Optics", 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall Inc.

2. Eugene Hecht, "Optics", 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.

Evaluation : Attend 10%, Homework 10%, Mid-term 40%, Final 40%

(Genesis 1-3) And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.
Also, see Figure 2-1, Pedrotti
 Optics

www.optics.rochester.edu/classes/opt100/opt100page.html

빛의 역사 (A brief history of light & those that lit the way)

저자: Richard J. Weiss
번역: 김옥수
Introduction to Optics – 3rd
 A Bit of History
Empirical Law of Wave Theory (Longitudinal)
“...and the foot of it of brass, of the (Fresnel)
lookingglasses of the women Refraction (Snell)
assembling,” (Exodus 38:8)
Light as Pressure Transverse Wave, Polarization
Rectilinear Propagation Wave (Descartes) Interference (Young)
(Euclid)
Law of Least Light & Magnetism (Faraday)
Shortest Path (Almost Right!) Time (Fermat)
(Hero of Alexandria)
v<c, & Two Kinds of EM Theory (Maxwell)
Light (Huygens)
Plane of Incidence
Rejection of Ether,
Curved Mirrors Corpuscles, Ether Early QM (Poincare,
(Al Hazen) (Newton) Einstein)

-1000 0 1000 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

(Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University)

 More Recent History
Laser Hubble
(Maiman) Telescope
Polaroid Sheets (Land)
Phase
Erbium
Optical Fiber Contrast SM Fiber HeNe
Fiber Amp
(Lamm) (Zernicke) (Hicks) (Javan)

Optical Maser GaAs

Quantum Mechanics (4 Groups) FEL
(Schalow, Townes)
(Madey)
Speed/Light
CO2
(Michaelson) Holography Commercial
(Patel) Fiber Link
(Gabor) (Chicago)
Spont. Emission Many New
(Einstein) Lasers

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

(Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University)

Lasers
 Nature of Light
• Particle
– Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
– Optics
• Wave
– Huygens (1629-1695)
– Treatise on Light (1678)
• Particle, again
– Planck (1900), Einstein (1905)
• Wave-Particle Duality
– De Broglie (1924)
Maxwell -- Electromagnetic waves
 Planck’s hypothesis (1900)
• Light as particles
• Blackbody – absorbs all wavelengths and conversely emits
all wavelengths
• Light emitted/absorbed in discrete units of energy (quanta),
E=nhf
• Thus the light emitted by the blackbody is,

2πhc ⎛⎜ 1 2
⎞
⎟
M (λ ) = 5 ⎜
λ ⎝ e λkT − 1 ⎟⎠
hc
Photoelectric Effect (1905)
• Light as particles
• Einstein’s (1879-1955) explanation
– light as particles = photons

Light of frequency ƒ Kinetic energy = hƒ - Ф

Electrons

Material with work function Ф

 Wave-particle duality (1924)

• All phenomena can be explained using either

the wave or particle picture
h
λ=
p
• Usually, one or the other is most convenient

• In PHYSICAL OPTICS we will use the wave

picture predominantly
Photons and Electrons
Nanophotonics, Paras N. Prasad, 2004, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey., ISBN 0-471-64988-0

Both photons and electrons

are elementary particles that
simultaneously exhibit particle
and wave-type behavior.

Photons and electrons may

appear to be quite different as
described by classical physics,
which defines photons as
electromagnetic waves
transporting energy and
electrons as the fundamental
charged particle (lowest mass)
of matter.

A quantum description, on the

other hand, reveals that
photons and electrons can be
treated analogously and
exhibit many similar
characteristics.
Let’s warm-up

일반물리

전자기학
 Question
How does the light propagate through a glass medium?

(1) through the voids inside the material.

(2) through the elastic collision with matter, like as for a sound.
(3) through the secondary waves generated inside the medium.

Secondary
on-going wave

Primary incident wave

Construct the wave front

tangent to the wavelets
What about –r direction?
 Electromagnetic Waves

Maxwell’s Equation

G G Q
∫ E ⋅ dA =ε0 Gauss’s Law
G G
∫ B ⋅ dA = 0 No magnetic monopole
G G dΦ B
∫ E ⋅ d s = −
dt
Faraday’s Law (Induction)
G G dΦ E
∫ B ⋅ d s = μ 0 i + ε μ
0 0
Ampere-Maxwell’s Law
dt
 Maxwell’s Equation
G G G G G G ρ
ρ ∇⋅E = Gauss’s Law
∫ E ⋅ dA = ∫ ∇ ⋅ E dv = ∫ε dv ⇒ ε0
0
G G G G G G
∫ B ⋅ dA = ∫ ∇ ⋅ Bdv = 0 ⇒ ∇⋅B = 0 No magnetic monopole
G G G G G d G G G
G G
∫ E ⋅ ds = ∫ ∇ × E ⋅ dA = − dt ∫ B ⋅ dA ⇒ ∇ × E = − ∂B Faraday’s Law (Induction)
∂t
G G G G G dΦ E
∫ B ⋅ d s = ∫ ∇ × B ⋅ d A = μ 0 i + μ ε
0 0
dt
G
G G d G G G G G ∂E
= μ 0 ∫ j ⋅ dA + μ 0 ε 0 ∫ E ⋅ dA ⇒ ∇ × B = μ 0 j + μ 0 ε 0
dt ∂t
G
∂E G G G G G
ε0 = jd ⇒ ∇ × B = μ 0 ( j + jd ) Ampere-Maxwell’s Law
∂t
 Wave equations
G G
G G ∂B G G ∂E
∇× E = − ∇ × B = μ 0ε 0 In vacuum
∂t ∂t
G
G G G G G ∂ ⎛ ∂B ⎞
( ) ∂
∇ × ∇ × B = μ 0ε 0 ∇ × E = μ 0ε 0 ⎜⎜ −
∂t
⎟
∂t ⎝ ∂t ⎟⎠
G ∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ
G G G G
( )
∇ × ∇ × B = −∇ B2
∇=
G
∂x
G G
i+
∂y
j+
∂z
G G G
k
G G
( ) ( )
∇ × ∇ × B = ∇ ∇ ⋅ B − ∇ B = −∇ B
2 2

G G G G G G G G G
G ( ) ( ) (
A× B × C = A⋅C B − A⋅ B C)
G ∂ B
2
∂2B ∂2B
∇ 2 B = μ 0ε 0 2 − μ 0ε 0 2 = 0
∂t G ∂x 2
∂t Wave equations
G ∂2E ∂ E
2
∂ E
2
∇ E = μ 0ε 0 2
2
− μ ε =0
∂t ∂x ∂t
2 0 0 2
 Scalar wave equation
∂ 2Ψ ∂ 2Ψ
− μ 0ε 0 2 = 0
∂x 2
∂t

Ψ = Ψ 0 cos( kx − ω t )

ω 1
k − μ0ε0ω = 0
2 2 = =v≡c Speed of Light
k μ 0ε 0

c = 2.99792 ×108 m / sec ≈ 3 ×108 m / s

Transverse Electro-Magnetic (TEM) waves

G
G G ∂E G G
∇ × B = −μ 0 ε 0 ⇒ E⊥B
∂t

Electromagnetic
Wave
Energy carried by Electromagnetic Waves

Poynting Vector : Intensity of an electromagnetic wave

G 1 G G
S= E×B (Watt/m2)
μ0
1 ⎛B ⎞
S= EB ⎜ = c⎟
μ0 ⎝E ⎠

1 2 c 2
= E = B
cμ 0 μ0

1
Energy density associated with an Electric field : u E = ε0 E 2
2
1 2
Energy density associated with a Magnetic field : u B = B
2μ 0
Reflection and Refraction

Smooth surface Rough surface

Reflected ray θ1 = θ1′

n1
n2
Refracted ray n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2
Reflection and Refraction

c με (λ )
In dielectric media, n (λ ) = =
v (λ ) μ 0ε 0

(Material) Dispersion
Interference & Diffraction
Reflection and Interference in Thin Films

• 180 º Phase change

of the reflected light
by a media
with a larger n

• No Phase change
of the reflected light
by a media
with a smaller n
Interference in Thin Films

δ = 2t = (m + 1
)λ n = (m + 12 )
λ
2
n
Bright ( m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ···)
Phase change: π
m
n t δ = 2t = mλ n = λ
n
No Phase change Dark ( m = 1, 2, 3, ···)

m
δ = 2t = mλ n1 = λ
n1
Phase change: π
Bright ( m = 1, 2, 3, ···)
n1 t
δ = 2t = (m + 12 )λ n1 =
(m + 12 )
λ
n2 Phase change: π
n1
n2 > n1 Bright ( m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ···)
 Interference
Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
 Interference

The path difference δ = r2 − r1 = d sin θ

δ = d sin θ = mλ ⇒ Bright fringes m = 0, 1, 2, ····
δ = d sin θ = (m + 12 )λ ⇒ Dark fringes m = 0, 1, 2, ····

The phase difference φ = δ ⋅ 2π = 2πd sin θ

λ λ
Diffraction

Hecht,
Optics,
Chapter 10
Diffraction
Diffraction Grating
Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals

Incident Reflected
beam beam

θ θ

θ d

dsinθ
2d sin θ = mλ : Bragg’s Law
Regimes of Optical Diffraction

d >> λ d~λ d << λ

Far-field Near-field Evanescent-field

Fraunhofer Fresnel Vector diff.
d << λ : Nano-photonics

d << λ
 Science, Vol. 297, pp. 820-822, 2 August 2002.

Ag film, hole diameter=250nm, Ag film, slit width=40nm,

groove periodicity=500nm, groove periodicity=500nm,
groove depth=60nm, film thickness=300nm groove depth=60nm, film thickness=300nm
Beaming light through a sub-wavelength hole
Surface plasmons

gold
Nano-scale focusing and guiding:

A single-photon transistor using nanoscale surface plasmons,

Nature physics VOL 3 NOVEMBER 2007, pp.807-812.

Plasmonics: Merging photonics and electronics at nanoscale dimensions,

Er Science, 311, 13 January (2006)]

Ez

Er

Channel plasmon subwavelength waveguide components including interferometers and ring resonators,
Nanofocusing of Optical Energy in Tapered Plasmonic Waveguides, Nature, 440, 23 March (2006)]
Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 137404 (2004)]
42
Nano Photonic Lasers

Photonic crystal laser Fiber coupling to PCL

O. Painter et al, Science, 284, 1819-1821(1999) - Barclay et al, Opt. Lett. 29, 697 (2004)

Tapered SP coupling
Single photon generation

PRL 97, 053002 (2006) Nature physics VOL 3 NOVEMBER 2007, pp.807-
812.
Nano-scale photon measurement
Single gold nanoparticle interferometer
NSOM & AFM S.-K. Eah et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 86,031902 (2005)

www.nanonics.co.il
Nanophotonics for Bio-Sensing

SERS & 대장균

A nalyte
Silver colloid

La ser &
detection point
Silver nanoparticle

A nalyte
Silver
nanoclusters

Nano 구조물

Analog WGPD

폴리머 or 실리카
도파로

LD (TM polarized)
Analog
M-WGPD
Sensing area
(Cr 10nm, Au 50nm)

NPIC chip 실리콘 기판

A future of Nanophotonics; IBM, Purdue

Fiber coupler
Nano plasmonic delay line
Plasmonic photodetector

Plasmonic coupler
Plasmonic splitter

Plasmonic enhanced
integrated chip
Plasmonic crystal bends Plasmonic switch

46
 A future of Nanophotonics; OPERA ERC

Plasmonic Optical MEMS Devices

Crystals

Silicon Modulator

Intra-Chip
Nano plasmonic
Interconnection Plasmonic
Bio-Sensors

RF-Photonic Devices

Photonic Network
Chip-Chip
Plasmonic Interconnection

47
첨단 과학기술을 이끄는 광학

Nanophotonics