Chapt-1-Explore The Network PDF

Lesson 1:
Internetworking
Network Fundamentals
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
Objectives
 Internetworking Basics
 Layered Models
 The OSI Model
 Ethernet Networking
 Data Encapsulation
 Cisco’s Three-Layer Model
 Written Labs and Review Questions
Internetworking Basic
 Communication
 Communication
 Communication being with a message or information that
must be sent from one individual or device to another.
 What is Network?
 The network is a system where share the information or work
together.
 Networks in Our Past and Daily Lives
 How Networks Impact Daily Life
 Describe ways communication over a network supports the
way we play
 How Networks Impact Daily Life
– Instant messaging
• Real time communication
between 2 or more
people based on typed text
– Weblogs (Blogs)
• Web pages created
by an individual
– Broadcasting
• Website that contains
audio files available
for downloading
 Types of Networks
The two most common types of network infrastructures
are:
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN).
Other types of networks include:
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Wireless LAN (WLAN)
 Storage Area Network (SAN)
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 The Internet
 Components of a Network
There are three categories of network components:
 Devices
 Media
 Services
 End Devices
Some examples of end devices are:
 Computers (work stations, laptops, file servers, web servers)
 Network printers
 VoIP phones
 Tele Presence end point.
 Security cameras
 Mobile handheld devices (such as smartphones, tablets,
PDAs(Personal Digital Assistant), and wireless debit / credit card
readers and barcode scanners)
 Network Media
 Network Representations
 Data Networking Role, Components, and
Challenges
–Devices
•These are used to
communicate with one
another
–Medium
•This is how the devices
are connected together
–Messages
•Information that
travels over the medium
–Rules
•Governs how messages
flow across network
Layer Model
 Layer Model refers how to build up a communication between

computer and other devices.
 It addresses all the processes required for effective
communication and divides these processes into logical groupings
called layers.
 When a communication system is designed in this manner, it’s
known as layered architecture.
 Layer Models
-OSI Model
-TCP/IP Model
Layer Model
 The OSI & TCP/IP Reference Model

 OSI means Open System Interconnected Model.
 TCP/IP means Transmission Control Protocol
-Depend on DoD Model (Department of Defense).
 The reference isn’t a physical model. Rather, it’s a
set of guidelines that application developers can use
to create and implement applications that run on a
network.
 It also provides a framework for creating and
implementing networking standards, devices, and
internetworking schemes.
 The Internet protocol suite is the conceptual model and set of
communications protocols used on the Internet and similar
computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP because the
foundational protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). It is occasionally
known as the Department of Defense (DoD) model, because the
development of the networking method was funded by the United
States Department of Defense through DARPA.
 From 1973 to 1974, Cerf's networking research group at Stanford
worked out details of the idea, resulting in the first TCP
specification
 From 1973 to 1974, Cerf's networking research group at Stanford
worked out details of the idea, resulting in the first TCP
specification
Layer Model
Layer Model
 The OSI Model
The upper layers
Layer Model
 The OSI Model
The lower layers
Layer Model
 The OSI Model
The Layer Functions
Layer Model
 The TCP/IP Model
Layer Model
 Connection-Oriented Communication
Layer Model
 Windowing
Layer Model
 Data Link Layer
Layer Model
 Data Link Sub layers
 Media Access Control (MAC) 802.3 Defines how packets

are placed on the media.
 Logical Link Control (LLC) 802.2 Responsible for

identifying Network layer protocols and then encapsulating
them.
Layer Model
 A hub in an network
Layer Model
 A Switch in an network
Ethernet Networking
Ethernet Networking
 Ethernet is a contention-based media access

method that allows all hosts on a network to
share the same bandwidth of a link.
 Ethernet networking uses Carrier Sense

Multiple Access with Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD), a protocol that helps devices
share the bandwidth evenly without having
two devices transmit at the same time on the
network medium.
Ethernet Networking
Ethernet Networking
 Ethernet – Communication through the LAN
Ethernet Networking
The success of Ethernet is due to the following

factors:
 Simplicity and ease of maintenance
 Ability to incorporate new technologies
 Reliability
 Low cost of installation and upgrade
 Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet, into an existing
network infrastructure.
Ethernet Networking
 Duplex Communication
-Half Duplex
-Full Duplex
 Half-duplex Ethernet is defined in the original 802.3
Ethernet; Cisco says it uses only one wire pair with a
digital signal running in both directions on the wire.
 Full-duplex Ethernet uses two pairs of wires instead of

one wire pair like half duplex. And full duplex uses a
point-to-point connection between the transmitter of
the transmitting device and the receiver of the receiving
device.
Ethernet Networking
 Full-duplex Ethernet can be used in three situations:
 With a connection from a switch to a host
 With a connection from a switch to a switch
 With a connection from a host to a host, Switch to Router,
Router to Router, etc. using a crossover cable
Ethernet Networking
 Ethernet Standard
 The IEEE 802.3 and original Ethernet Physical layer specifications.
Ethernet Networking
 Ethernet Collision Management
Ethernet Networking
Ethernet Networking
Ethernet Networking
 Ethernet Addressing
 The MAC, or hardware, address is a 48-bit (6-byte)
address written in a hexadecimal format.
− The Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI)

− Individual/Group (I/G)
− global/local (G/L)
Ethernet Cabling
Ethernet Cabling
 Three types of Ethernet cables are available:
 Straight-through cable
 Crossover cable
 Rolled cable
Ethernet Cabling
 Straight-through cable
 The straight-through cable is used to connect

− Host to switch or hub
− Router to switch or hub
Ethernet Cabling
 Crossover Cable
 The crossover cable can be used to connect
− Switch to switch
− Hub to hub
− Host to host
− Hub to switch
− Router direct to host
Ethernet Cabling
 Rolled Cable
 Although rolled cable isn’t used to connect any
Ethernet connections together, you can use a rolled
Ethernet cable to connect a host to a router console
serial communication (com) port.
Ethernet Cabling
 UTP cabling connections are specified by the Electronics
Industry Alliance/Telecommunications Industry
Association (EIA/TIA).
Ethernet Cabling
Data Encapsulation
Data Encapsulation
FCS- Frame Check Sequence
Data Encapsulation
 When a host transmits data across a network to

another device, the data goes through encapsulation
 It is wrapped with protocol information at each layer
of the OSI model.
 Each layer communicates only with its peer layer on
the receiving device.
Data Encapsulation
Data Encapsulation
 Port Numbers
 The Transport layer uses port numbers to define both
the virtual circuit and the upper-layer process.
Cisco’s Three-Layer Model
 The following are the three layers and their typical
functions:
 The core layer: backbone
 The distribution layer: routing
 The access layer: switching
Thank You

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Lesson 1:

 Layer Model refers how to build up a communication between

 The OSI & TCP/IP Reference Model

 Data Link Sub layers

 Media Access Control (MAC) 802.3 Defines how packets

 Logical Link Control (LLC) 802.2 Responsible for

 Ethernet is a contention-based media access

 Ethernet networking uses Carrier Sense

The success of Ethernet is due to the following

 Full-duplex Ethernet uses two pairs of wires instead of

 Ethernet Collision Management

− The Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI)

 Three types of Ethernet cables are available:

 The straight-through cable is used to connect

FCS- Frame Check Sequence

 When a host transmits data across a network to

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