Mebowemah ALL Dodie JSNT Technical Services Course Faculty Flat No.; §1-B, Apna Enclave, Mr. Devinder.K. Jain Railway Road, Near Railway Station, B.E- Metallurgy (1.Sc. Bangalore) Gurgaon -122001 NDT Level ill (RT,UT,PT.MT,VT) ToleFax: 0124-2307194 #: 098115 80926 2 jsnty +. o124.osorsa4 Bese, D.K. JAIN PE, Art LBe, Canary) oad Assessor (OA ‘ACCP Poesia & ASNT NOT Lee Level 3 (EN473 /1S0.9712) RT.UTPTMT VT (ae Fat Enclave, Radway Road, News. Ry Son ‘Gugeen-12 01 (Hanan) 5 jan et. jdkTBG ya com wu services como MT Level I! Training Course Material Quality and NDT Introduction Introduction of Magnetic Particle Testing Different Type of Magnetic Fields and Current Testing Methods and Indications Testing Parameters, Indications and Demagnetizations & conclusion ASME sec V- (NDT) Article 7 areb®7 PRACT ACAL MPL deny SpAsy, Covkse wrmeay. YSNT Technical Services Course Faculty Fiat No.: 51-B, Apna Enclave, Devinder.K. Jain Railway Road, Near Railway Station; B.E.- Metallurgy (1.1.Sc., Bangalore) Gurgaon -12201 NDT Level ill (RT,UT,PT.MT, VT) TeleFax: 0124-2307194 4: 09811580926» £2 jsnt@vsnl.net _jaindk78@gmail.com www jsntservices.comQuality 4 The totality of features and characteristies of a produet or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. 4 Itis conformance to the applicable specification. 4. Fitness for intended use for the designed lif. Life of the product depends upon 1. Mechanical Properties Design,Raw material Properties 2, Chemical Properties as per the requirement 3. Dim sion, shape & finish : 4. Freedom from defects Its necessary to ensure that the product should be free from defects so that product gives trouble free service, which is known as reliability What is a defect? Is there any difference among the following terms? {Defect 4Discontinuity 4Flaw é ; Imperfection 4Inhomogeneities Fault= Discontinuity & Defect Group A- Discontinuity, Imperfection & Inhomogenei = Group B- Defect, Flaw & Fault i Discontinuity- An intentional or unintentional interruption in the physical structure or configuration of a part. Defect- A condition or discontinuity having a size, shape, orientation, nature or location that impairs the useful service x of the part or that is rejectable according to specification ot J standard. ~ 7 ee on : 7 e So, it is necessary to ensure that all the products free from defects before itis put into intended use. 2 a DEFCy DS CWACCEPTABLE Daseen jasyssy 2 Need for NDT s +Non Destructive testing (NDT), Non-Destructive a Examination(NDE) are the terms use to represent the techniques TA ee. cag that are based on application of physical principles employed for SASLE the purpose of determining the characteristics of the materials or * components or systems and for detecting and assessing the inhomogeneities and harmful defecis without impairing the usefulness of such material or components or systems. NDT is carried out during the various stages of manufacturing and before dispatch and condition monitoring of various items during operation to prediet and assess the remaining life of the x component. ‘4It improves the reliability of the components and hence the 6 system and make the item fit for trouble free service for the a designed period,Type of NDT Methods Visual Testing Method (VT) Liquid Penetrant Testing Method (PT) Magnetic Particle Testing Method (MT/MPI) Radiographic Testing Method (RT) Ultrasonic Testing Method (UT) Eddy Current(Electro Magnetic) Testing Method (ET) ‘Acoustic Emission (AE) Leak Testing Method (LT) Neutron Radiography Testiig Method (NRT)* 10. Vibration Analysis Testing Method (VA) 11. ‘Thermal /Infrared ‘Testing Method (IR) 12. Laser Beam Testing Comparison of DT & NDT Destructive Test Non-Destructive Test ‘Advantages: Limitations: {. Measurements are direct & ‘1.Measurements are indirect & reliable unreliable 2. Quantitative measurements 2. Only Qualitative measurements Limitation: ‘Advantages: 1. Tests are made only on sample | 1.TTests are made on the actual 2. Asingle test measure so only | product few properties . _ |2Man NDT methods can be applied 3, In-service testing is not ‘on the same product so all the possible properties of interest can be Preparation of test specimen is | Measured costiy 3.In service testing is possible. Time requirements are 4. Very Little Preparation is generally high sulfcientJ MT Level I Training Course Material Module-1 Introduction of Magnetic Particle Testing JSNT Technical Services Course Faculty Flat No.: §1-B, Apna Enclave, Devinder.K. Jain | Railway Road, Near Railway Station, B.E.- Metallurgy (I.1.Sc., Bangalore) | Gurgaon -12201 NDT Level Ill (RT,UT,PT.MT, V1) TeleFax: 0124-2307194 4: 098115 80926 &2 jsnt@vsnl.net_jaindk78@gmail,com | www jsntservices.com | | lYon = 3 em Dr CF Sav avsipeed grea SE Wt Lao nBrogh pgranet « Joao ¥e Sooocae, SOIR. Introduction * This module is intended to present information on the widely used method of magnetic particle inspection. * Magnetic particle inspection can detect both production discontinuities (seams, laps, grinding cracks and quenching cracks) and in-service damage (fatigue and overload cracks). . Magnetic Particle Testing FS Collection of ink A particles due to leakage field 2 Prods DC or AC 10/25/201040/25/2010 Prod Method i a HEAD. SHOT METHSD eS MmMagnetic Particle Testing « wa Acrack like indication TIN WELD DEN Powpeg— WWINE BACK aE, i 10/25/201010/25/2010 TPAC EAT © Me = chad | Electromagnetic Fields The Right Hand Rule of Electro-Magnetization Mmi- 4Magnetic Field In and Around a Bar Magnet Magnetic Fields in and around Horseshoe Magnets 10/25/2010 Min 5Introduction to Magnetism Magnetic field fines fim_complee oops. is the ability of matter to | atiract other matter to itself. Objects ssess the property of re suid to be magnetic ar || Follow the path of least cd and magnetic lines of resistance. ‘be found in and around the | | +All have the same strength, ‘Have a direction such that hey cause poles (0 attract or repel. a ‘Magnetic ines of force Opposite poles atracting Similar poles epeliog ‘around a bar magnet How Does Magnetic Particle Inspection Work? A ferromagnetic test specimen is magnetized with a strong magnetic field created by a magnet or special equipment, If the specimen has a discontinuity, the discontinuity will interrupt the magnetic field flowing through the specimen and a leakage field will occur. PigPrinciple of MPT Seas FLUX LEAKAGE QE =. ! Magnetic Particle Testin The technique uses the principle that magnetic lines of force (flux) will be distorted by the presence of a flaw in a manner that will reveal it's presence. IRON POWDER nds === = ae is N CRACK 10/25/2010 hMi-7The flaw (for example, a crack) is located from the "flux leakage", following the application of fine iron particles, to the area under examination. There are variations in the way the magnetic field is applied. IRON POWDER IRON POWDER CRAC! How Does Magnetic Particle Inspection Work? (Cont.) Finely milled iron particles coated with a dye pigment ae applied to the test specimen. These particles are attracted to leakage fields and will cluster to form an indication directly over the discontinuity. This indication can be visually detected under proper lighting conditions. ey, 10/25/2010 PingDefect Detection rack A: 45° __ regular Cracks ill Show May Show Guirent ie mb UCT Magnetic Lovett Field Crack Wil Show Transverse Clack Will Not Syow Bests at bd Magness VFaakd OR oO Fe Current - Flux Leakage at Crack Flux Leakage Pagans © Packs 10/25/2010 bigBasic Procedure Basic steps involved: 4. Component pre-cleaning 2. Introduction of magnetic field 3. Application of magnetic media 4. Interpretation of magnetic particle indications Surface irregularities and scratches can give misleading - indications. Therefore it is necessary to ensure careful preparation of the surface before magnetic particle testing is undertaken. 10/25/2010 JPre-cleaning When inspecting a test part with the magnetic pates method it is essential for the particles to ‘ave an unimpeded path for migration to both strong and weak leakage fields alike. The part's surface should be clean and dry before inspection. Contaminants such as oil, grease, or scale may not only prevent particles from being attracted to leakage fields, they may also interfere with interpretation of indications. Introduction of the Magnetic Field The required magnetic field can be introduced into a component in a number of different ways. 4. Using a permanent magnot or an electromagnet that contacts the test piece 2. Flowing an electrical current through the specimen 3. Flowing an electrical current through a coil of wire around the part or through a central conductor running fear the part. 10/25/2010 Mi 11Properties of Magnets * Opposite poles attract each other. + Same poles repel each other. + If magnets are broken into 2 pieces, new poles are created + Every broken piece also has two poles North & South and have all the properties of the big magnet. + If Magnet is slightly cut, theh also polés are created at the cut location Type of Materials Material can be divided into 3 groups depending upon the ability to get ‘magnetized by using permanent magnet or Electric current 1. Ferro-Magnetic Substance ~ The material, which can be easily magnetized ‘when placed in the magnetic field and get strongly attracted to the magnets. Eg. Iron, Cobalt & Nickel., Gadolinium. 2. Para-Magnetic Substance ~ Materials which get weekly magnetized when Platinium, 3. Diamagnetic Substance ~ Materials which have negative susceptibility ic. ‘when placed in a magnetic field their magnetic moments tend to pint in a direction opposite to that of the magnetic field. Fg. Bismuth, Gold.,Zinc, Mercury Note: 1. Only Ferromagnetic materials are suitable for MPI Testi placed in magnetic field and get weekly atracted to magnets, Aluminium. Cu. NA 5 epee sro-Magnetic material becomes paramagnet 10/25/2010 WSC 8 Aer oy sled ac fore vapadlc. Loeraetic oA ees) Pri 1210/25/2010 Ferromagnetic Materials + Amaterial is considered ferromagnetic if it can be magnetized. Materials with a significant Iron, nickel or cobalt content are generally ferromagnetic. + Ferromagnetic materials are made up of many regions in which the magnetic fields of atoms are aligned. These regions are call magnetic domains. + Magnetic domains point randomly in demagnetized material, but can be aligned using electrical current or an external magnetic field to magnetize the material. F 4 Demagnetized Domains: Region inside a Ferromagnetic mattrial in which the atomic magnetic Magnetized Material-In this the moments all point in the same direction. _various domains point in the same The net magnetization of various domains “l*eetion is in random ditection in an un- ‘magnetized material Mi 43Indication of cracks in a weldment Indication Of Cracks 1! = 10/25/2010 min 14Before and after inspection pictures _ of cracks emanating from a hole — by MPI Magnetic particle wet fluorescent indication of cracks at'a fastener hole 10/25/2010 wh. ao Ft on Yeon oY Het rete) Bos. wed unto Bri 15,®@oe wr eveweveveeesv oe SG2Feoeoec ev eTese2e2G0G008 MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING TERMINOLOGY MAGNETIC FLUX The lines of force in amagnetic circuit always form closed loops or paths hence a magnetic circuit is always closed.The total number of magnetic lines existing in a magnetic circuit is called magnetic flux. The unit of flux is called Maxwell ; designated by Greek letter phi. FLUX DENSITY This is the flux per unit area through an element which cuts the unit area at right angles to the direction of the flux. Flux density or induction is usually designated by the letter B and the unit of measurement is GAUSS. nog Sines | wi OO, PERMEABILITY The ease with which a magnetic flux is established in a given material is referred toas permeability. Permeability is numerically equal to B/H or the ratio of flux density to magnetizing force. Thus a material which has high permeability has low reluctance and vice versa. RELUCTANCE Reluctance is the opposition of a magnetic material to the establishment of magnetic flux.The reluctance of the material determines the magnitude of the flux produced by a given mag- mie19 netic force.Reluctance is analogous to the resistance in an electric circuit RESIDUAL MAGNETISM Residual magnetism is the amount of magnetism which a mag- netic material retains after the magnetizing force is removed. RETENTIVITY The retentivity of a particular magnetic material is its property to retain to a greater or lesser degree a certain amount of residual magnetism. COERCIVE FORCE Coercive forceis defined as the reverse magnetizing force neces- sary to remove the residual magnetism so as to demagnetize a specimen. Fexve mags & Jeon, Co, NA = mak tnt Xo Rg Z Gads anion Raramermdat = Ar, OX ak Raa 7 Cu L ae Dianamdeo = Merry Basak 3 — A2n 2 QhaA bay 7MYT Level Il Training Course Material Module-2 Different Type of Magnetic Fields and Current JSNT Technical Services Course Faculty Flat No.: 51-B, Apna Enclave, Railway Road, Near Railway Station; Gurgaon -12201 TeleFax: 0124-2307194 # : 098115 80926 £2: jsnt@vsni.net jaindk78@gmail.com www jsntservices.com Devinder.K. Jain B.E.- Metallurgy (I.1.Sc., Bangalore) NDT Level li! (RT,UT,PT,MT, VT)Electromagnetic Fields The Right Hand Rule of Electro-Magnetization = o 7 oe Bo, a g = sx? Type of Currents ae TEES es 10/25/2010 ma10/25/2010 Direction of the Magnetic Field ‘Two general types of magnetic fields (longitudinal and circular) may be established within the specimen. pe of magnetic field established is determined ie the method used to magnetize the specimen. * A longitudinal magnetic field has magnetic lines of force that run parallel to the long axis of the part, . : * Acircular magnetic field has magnetic lines of force that run circumferentially around the perimeter of a part. Importance of Magnetic Field - Direction Being able to magnetize the part in two directions is important because the best detection of defects occurs when the lines of magnetic force are established at right angles to the longest dimension of the defect. TI orientation creates the largest disruption of the magnetic field within the part and the greatest flux leakage at the surface of the part. An orientation of 45 to 90 degrees between the magne! ct is necessary to form an indication, Since defects may exgser ‘occur in various and ad unknown directions, ‘each part is normally magnetized in two directions at right angles to each other. Neer Mm2-2 nr a inane in thetient heat ies mail entieaih ale Peal acdc D Titec: AlQuestion From the previous slide regarding the optimum test sensitivity, which kinds of defect are easily found in the images below? ei “o Longitudinal (along the axis) Transverse satan axis) Longitudinal Magnetic Field When a current-carrying conductor is formed into a loop, the lines of force circling the conductor from a magnetic field inside and outside the loop is created. Inside the loop the field is, similar to that of a bar magnet and is said to be longitudinal magnetic field When a coil consists of several loops, the magnetic field within the coil is strengthened in,proportion to the number of loops, The defects oriented in the circular direction (right angles to the flux) will be revealed during the MP Test 10/25/2010 Ma 3Producing a Longitudinal Magnetic Field Using a Coil ‘A longitudinal magnetic field is usually establis edby placing the part near the Inside or a coil’s annulus. This produces magnetic * lines of force that are parallel to the long axis of the test part. 10/25/2010 rae 4 a a10/25/2010 Longitudinal Field using Coil 2 ccupren cot 2 — ss Ve sat ui . 2 FIELD a a a —_ —== 2 2 Current: For parts with L/D ratio =>4 — Amp X Turns= 35000! (L/D +2) For pars with L/D rato <4 but greater than 2 Amp X Tums~ 45000/(L/D) ras s5Portable Coils and Conductive Cables Current: For parts with L/D ratio =>4 ~ Amp X Tums 36000/ (LID +2) For parts with LD ratio < 4 but greater than 2~ Amp X Tums= 45000/ (L/D) Producing a Longitudinal Field U: Permanent or Electrornagnetic Magnets Permanent magnets and electromagnetic yokes are . also often used to Pe produce a longitudinal magnetic field. The magnetic lines of force run from one pole to the other, and the poles are positioned such that any flaws present run normal to these lines of force. 10/25/2010 Mi- 6Yoke Method Gurrent Carrying Wire Coryine Magnetic Fiux In Gogs of Yoxe crack," Magnet Rux Electro-Magnetic Yoke *A yoke may be used-to magnetize a specimen longitudinally. It also can be used for creating circular Magnetization, “Essentially, itis temporary horseshoe magnet made of soft, low- retentivity iron, which is magnetized by a small coil wound around ‘ts horizontal bar. When the energized yoke is placed on a specimen, the flux flow from the yokes south pole through the specimen to the north pole jnduces a local-longitudinal field in the specimen. The current can be AC or DC. used to detect surface defects and DC surface and sub-surface defects. Minimum Lifting Power of Yoke- For AC- 4.5 Kg. & for DC 18 Ko Atthe yn nale snacine used 10/25/2010 Pra-7had 9 Pourip) BoC ie: ie DC \8 wKyCae Poon) 10/25/2010 ™2-8 well eel ciel a a a Dh Bi BAe 4d) 2 DD De YD DP pp10/25/2010 Circular Magnetic Fields ne Circular magnetic fields are produced by passing current through the part or by placing the part in a strong elreular magnet field. A headshot on a wet horizontal test unit. and the use of prods are several common ‘methods of injecting current in a part to produce a circular magnetic field, acing parts on a central conductors ing high current is another way to e the field, prov Application of Magnetic Media (Wet Versus Dry) MPI can be performed using either dry particles, or particles suspended in a liquid. With the * dry method, the particles are lightly dusted on to the surface. ith the wet method, the part is flooded with a solution carrying the particles. The dry method is more portable. The wet method is genorally more i liquid carrier gives the magnetic particles additional mobility.Dry Magnetic Particles Magnetic particles come in a variety of colors. A color that produces a high level of contrast against the background should be used. Wet Magnetic Particles Wet particles are typically supplied as visible or fluorescent. Visible particles are viewed under normal white light and fluorescent particles are viewed under black light. 10/25/2010 MH2A— 10Crane Hook with Service Induced Crack Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method $$ Circular Magnetic Fields a . Circular magnetic fields are produced by Bassing current through the part or by Placing the part in a strong clreular ‘magnet field. A headshot on a wet horizont and the us ‘methods o Produce a lacing parts on a central conductors carrying high current is another way to produce the field. test unit, 10/25/2010 DeenCircular Magnetic Field When a current is passed directly through a item, a circular magnetic field is created around the item. Ifa longitudinally oriented discontinuity is present on or near the surface of the item magnetic particles will be attracted to the additional poles created by the presence of discontinuity. The current can be passed in different ways: 1.Head Shot Method 2.Prods_ Method. 5 “ 3.Central_ Conductor Method Head Shot Method MAGNETIC FIELD ELECTRIC CURRENT 10/25/201010/25/2010 CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION Stationary EquipmeHead Shot Equipment Magnaflux indication of Trans- verse crack in @ Cylindrical Part 10/25/2010 ™a2-14a | 10/25/2010 hr-4510/25/2010 Ma- 1610/25/201010/25/2010 ™2—18 < ; 7 3 5 2 a ’ 510/25/2010 Prod Method Portable Prod Unit Equipment for Prod Method 2-1910/25/2010 aerate tatiana Ma 20| 10/25/2010 wae 2110/25/2010 Ma 22Circular Field created by Prod Method 10/25/2010 Ma— 2310/25/2010 Central Conductor Method Ma— 24AC/ DC Equipments AC ( Transformers) equipments are easily available, Lighter . Leaves the parts demagnetized. DC ( HW AC/DC equipments are able to find out Surface and Sub surface discontinuity. 10/25/2010MT Laval Il Training Course Material Module-3 Testing Methods and Indications JSNT Technical Services Course Faculty Devinder.K. Jain B.E.- Metallurgy (1.1.Sc., Bangalore) NDT Level til (RT,UT,PT,MT, VT) Flat No.: 51-B, Apna Enclave, Railway Road, Near Railway Station, Gurgaon -12201 TeleFax: 0124-2307194 # : 098115 80926 £2: jsnt@vsnl net jaindk78@gmail.com www jsntservices.comMagnetic Powder & Application Magnetic Particles The particles used in of iron and iron oxides and are made from ferrom: tic particle testing are a combination materials, This allows the particles to attract towards any type of flux on the surface of a ferromagnetic part. The particles have High permeability allows the magnetic parficles to be easily ‘magnetized and low retentivity keeps the particles from b&coming permanently magnet This allows easy removal. If the part under inspection has a high retentivity or residual magnetism, too many magnetic particles will adhere to the surface of the part. Magnetic Particle Testing The iron particles can be applied dry or wet; suspended in a liquid, colored or fluorescent. While magnetic particle inspection is primarily used to find surface breaking flaws, it can also be used to locate sub-surface flaws. But it's effectiveness quickly diminishes depending on the flaw depth and type. 10/25/2010 V3—4Dry Magnetic Particles Dry Particle Application 10/25/2010 Mi3— 210/25/2010 Throat and Toe Cracks in Partially Ground Weld Visible, Dry Powder Method Wet Particles Wet magnetic particle testing is usually as an oil-base or water-bass A darkened wMa- 310/25/2010 Wet Magnetic Particles Wet particles are typically supplied as visible or fluorescent. Visible particles are viewed under normal white light and fluorescent particles are viewed under black light. Fluorescent Inspection of Rolled Bars- Application of Bath ma- 4ee 10/25/2010 MBsParticle Concentration and Condition 4 10/25/2010Magnetic particle wet fluorescent indication of cracks at a fastener hole “Continuous method./Residual - method. Application of wet’particles can be as simple as pouring the bath solution over the surface of the part while the magnetic field is applied, or through an automated system by dumping ot spraying, This is called the continuous method, a ‘The most common application methods are aerosol cans or a pump attached to a hand-held nozzle. Applying particles after the magnetic field has stopped is called the Residual method, ¢ Bedsodinds Wah tian vat RaidadlUltraviolet Lights. (0 EAGT C SLACK Liana) DARK CHAMBER | 10/25/2010 My 8Fluorescent Inspection of Rolled Bars Magnetic particle wet fluorescent indication of cracks at a fastener hole 10/25/2010Type of Indications + Linear Indications An indication having length greater than 3 times of width. Law + Round/ Non-Linear Indication An indication having length less than or equal to 3 times of width: Leow . Type of Indications & Acceptance Standard 1, Non-Relovant indications: These indications are not due to mechanical discontinutes,tese may be due to: a. Excossive surface roughness b. Magnetic permeability variations such as edges of heat effected zones in Welding, change in material ike Brazing . Grain Boundary, welding between dissimilar materials To identity Non-Relevant indications. Wipe off th ‘suspension again, wi iagnetizin \dication and apply 2, Relevant Indications: These indications are due to mechanical discontinuities. ‘Acceptance Standard: As per most of tho standards aay relevant linear indications {fe not acceptable. Components are either should be repaired or shout Tejecte Itrepairis carried out, after repair the component must be re-examined by the same. method, 10/25/2010 | q WHB~ 1010/25/2010 3-11MT Level I Training Course Material Module-4 TEND CAWIoN § + Testing Parameters and Demagnetizations & conclusion JSNT Technical Services Fiat No.: 51-B, Apna Enclave, Railway Road, Near Railway Station, Gurgaon -12201 TeleFax: 0124-2307194 # : 098115 80926 £2 jsnt@vsni.net jaindk78@gmail.com www jsntservices.com Course Faculty Devinder.K. Jain B.E.- Metallurgy (I.1.Sc., Bangalore) NDT Level lil (RT,UT,PT.MT, VT)Interpretation of Indications After applying the magnetic field, indications that form must interpreted. This process requires that the inspector distinguish between relevant and non-relevant indications, eo t The following series of images depict >,’ relevant indications produced from a & variety of components inspected A with the magnetié particle method. 10/25/2010 4-110/25/2010 Field Verification using Pie Gage Lux meter to check intensity of visible light ba 210/25/2010 ‘Measurement of Black Light intensity mM4- 310/25/2010 Eye Adaptation- Min. Time 5 Minutes DAY MWevnod 4-4MmeTHOD Crane Hook with Service Induced Crack 10/25/2010 4-5Gear with Service Induced Crack Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method Drive Shaft with Heat Treatment Induced Cracks Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method 10/25/2010 m4 6— 10/25/2010 Splined Shaft with Service Induced Cracks Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method Threaded Shaft with Service Induced Crack Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method 4-710/25/2010 Large Bolt with Service Induced Crack Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method Crank Shaft with Service Induced Crack Near Lube Hole Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method _———— M4- 610/25/2010 Lack of Fusion in SMAW Weld Visible, Ory Powder Method vad~9Throat and Toe Cracks in Partially Ground Weld Visible, Dry Powder Method Indication of cracks in a weldment 10/25/2010 4-1010/25/2010 Indication of cracks originating at a fastener hole Before and after inspection pictures of cracks emanating from a holeIndication of cracks running between attachment holes in a hinge; Magnetic particle wet fluorescent indication.of cracks in a drive shaft 10/25/2010 M4—12 Diced ead cil dD cD ee Dal dtd aD? oD Dac TaD de Diee)Magnetic particle wet fluorescent indication of a crack in a bearing Magnetic particle wet fluorescent indication of a crack in a crane hook 10/25/2010 A= 13Magnetic particle wet fluorescent indication of a crack at a sharp radius Magnetic particle wet fluorescent indication of a crack in a casting 10/25/2010 4-1410/25/2010 Magnetic particle wet fluorescent indication of cracks at a fastener hole Measurement of Residual Magnetic Field me 15Demagnetization * Parts inspected by the magnetic particle method may sometimes have an objectionable residual magnetic field that may interfere with subsequent manufacturing operations or service of the component. * Possible reasons for demagnetization include: — May interfere with welding and/or machining operations ~ Can effect gauges that are sensitive to magnetic fields if placed in close proximity. ~ Abrasive particles may adhere to components surface and cause and increase in wear to engines components, gears, bearings etc. Demagnetization (Cont.) + Demagnetization requires that the residual magnetic field is reversed and reduced by the inspector. + This process will scramble the magnetic domains and reduce the strength ofthe residual level. field to an acceptable eA AZA Demagnetized 10/25/2010 4 M4A~ 46 hh Oe rf10/25/2010 ‘Magnetizing coil to remove Residual Magnetic Fiold ™4 4710/25/2010 ‘ iis = athe De-Magnetizing operation using coil- AC Current ii als mA 4g i10/25/2010 Measurement of Residual Magnetic Field in Bars after De-Magentization The Hysteresis Loop and Magnetic Properties ‘ B FuDeniyDemagnetization Measuring Residual Magnetic Fields after De-Magnetization 10/25/2010 wHA- 20Advantages of Magnetic Particle Inspection + Can detect both surface and near sub-surface defects. + Can inspect parts with irregular shapes easily. + Precleaning of components is not as critical as it is for some other inspection methods. Most contaminants within a flaw will not hinder flaw detectability, ~/ Fast method of inspection and indications are visible directly on the specimen surface. + Considered low cost compared to many ether NDT methods. + Isa very portable inspection method especially when used with battery powered equipment. Magnetic Particle Inspection * Cannot inspect non-ferrous materials such as aluminum, magnesium or most stainless steels. * Inspection of large parts may require use of equipment with special power requirements. * Some parts may require removal of coating or plating to achieve desired inspection sensitivity. * Limited subsurface discontinuity detection Capabilities. Maximum depth sensitivity is approximately 0.6" (under ideal conditions}. * Post cleaning, and post demagnetization is often necessary. * Alignment between magnetic flux and defect is important Limitations of 10/25/2010 4-24