Vessel PDF

Ch 08 FM YR 12 Page 347 Friday, November 10, 2000 11:30 AM
Geometry:
similarity and
mensuration
8
VCE coverage
Area of study
Units 3 & 4 • Geometry and
trigonometry
In this cha
chapter
pter
8A Properties of angles,
triangles and polygons
8B Area and perimeter
8C Total surface area
8D Volume of prisms,
pyramids and spheres
8E Maps and similar figures
8F Similar triangles
8G Area and volume scale
factors
348 Further Mathematics
Geometry UPPER
LEVEL
Geometry is an important area of study. Many professions Bed 1
and tasks require and use geometrical concepts and its
associated techniques. Besides architects, surveyors and Bed 2
navigators, all of us use it in our daily lives — for example,
to describe shapes of objects, directions on a car trip and Bed 4 Bed 3
space or position of a house. Much of this area of study is
assumed knowledge gained from previous years of study. Stairways
Properties of angles,
triangles and polygons
In this module, we will often encounter problems where
some of the information we need is not clearly given.
To solve the problems, some missing information will
need to be deduced using the many common rules,
definitions and laws of geometry. Some of the more
important rules are presented in this chapter.
Interior angles of polygons

For a regular polygon (all sides and angles are equal) of Exterior angle
360°
n sides, the interior angle is given by 180° − ----------- .
n
For example, for a square the interior angle is:
360°
180° − ----------- = 180° − 90°
4
= 90°
360° Interior angle
The exterior angle is given by ----------- .
n
WORKED Example 1
Find the interior and exterior angle of the regular polygon shown.
THINK WRITE
360°
1 This shape is a regular pentagon, a Interior angle = 180° − -----------
5
5-sided figure.
= 180° − 72°
Substitute n = 5 into the interior angle
= 108°
formula.
360°
2 Substitute n = 5 into the exterior angle Exterior angle = -----------
5
formula.
= 72°
3 Write your answer. A regular pentagon has an interior angle of
108° and an exterior angle of 72°.
Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration 349

Geometry rules, definitions and notation rules
The following geometry rules and notation will be most valuable in establishing
unknown values in the topics covered and revised in this module.
Definitions of common terms

A Between 90°
180°
and 180°
∠ABC
Straight angle
90°
MQ FurMat fig 11.05(c)
Less than 90°
B Right angle Obtuse angle
Acute angle C
MQ F M t fi 11 05(b) MQ F rMat fig 11 05(d)
Between 180° A B
AB
and 360° Line
A B
AB
Ray
A B
AB
Line segment
Reflex angle Parallel lines Perpendicular lines MQ FurMat fig 11.05(h)
Some common notations and rules

a + b + c = 180° Two equal All equal
No equal sides sides and sides and 45°
angles 60° angles
b
a c
Scalene triangle 45°
60° 60°
MQ FurMat fig 11.06(a) Isosceles triangle Right-angled
Equilateral triangle isoceles triangle
MQ FurMat fig 11.06(b)
a + b = 90° a=b C
a + b = 180° a
b
a b
a A B
b Supplementary angles Vertically opposite
angles
Complementary angles MQ FurMat fig 11.06(f)
D
MQ FurMat fig 11.06(e)
MQ FurMat fig 11.06(g) CD is a perpendicular
bisector of AB
a=b a=b a + d = 180°

c=d c=d a b + c = 180°
a c c a c
d b b d b
d
Alternate angles Corresponding angles Co-interior angles
MQ F M fi 11 07( )
B a+b=d
b
b
a c
d Right angle at the
a c d
A C D circumference in
a + b + c + d = 360° ∠BCD is an exterior angle a semicircle
MQ FurMat fig 11.07(d) MQ FurMat fig 11 07(e)
WORKED Example 2 b
Find the values of the pronumerals in the polygon at right. c
a m
THINK WRITE dc
360°
1 This shape is a regular hexagon. The a = -----------
6
angles at the centre are all equal. 6 cm
= 60°
2 The other two angles in the triangle are
equal. a + b + c = 180°
b=c
So:
60° 60 + 2b = 180°
b = 60°
c = 60°
3 The 6 triangles are equilateral triangles,
therefore all sides are equal. d cm = 6 cm
WORKED Example 3
Find the missing pronumerals in the diagram of railings
for a set of stairs shown at right.
c
a b
THINK WRITE
1 Recognise that the top and bottom of 35°

the stair rails are parallel lines. c
a b
35°
35°
2 To find the unknown angle a, use the Given angle 35°.

alternate angle law and the given angle. a = 35°
3 The unknown angle c is a right angle,
c
using the given right angle and
corresponding angle law.
c = 90°
4 Use the straight angle rule to find the a + b + c = 180°
unknown angle b. 35° + b + 90° = 180°
b = 180° − 125°
b = 55°

remember
remember
Properties of angles, triangles and polygons
1. Draw careful diagrams.
2. Carefully interpret geometric notations, for example from the diagram below.
Equal sides
3. Carefully consider geometric rules, such as isosceles triangles have 2 equal

sides and angles. (Refer to the figures in the preceding section on definitions of
common terms and common notations and rules.)
Properties of angles,
8A triangles and polygons
WORKED 1 Find the interior and exterior angles for each of the following regular polygons.
Example
1 a Equilateral triangle b Regular quadrilateral
c Hexagon d
e Heptagon
f Nonagon
g
WORKED 2 Find the value of the pronumerals in the following figures.

Example
2 a b c
27°
130°
y c
52° a x 63°
d e f
c a b 8 cm
15° b
m 32°
c 50°
WORKED 3 Find the value of the pronumerals in the following figures.

Example
3 a b c
30° 62°
x y 35°
0° z t
d e 27° m f
81°
70° a b c
d n
a 140°
4 Name the regular polygon that has the given angle(s).

a Interior angle of 108°, exterior angle of 72°
b Interior angle of 150°, exterior angle of 30°
c Interior angle of 135°, exterior angle of 45°
d Interior angle of 120°
e Exterior angle of 120°
5 Find the unknown pronumerals.

a r b c 8 cm a
110° d
29° b 122° c
x y z 35°
h
3.6 cm
d e
40°
a 86° a
4.2 cm b
d c b
6 multiple choice
The value of a is closest to:
A 30°
B 75° a
C 90°
D 120° 150°
E 150°
7 multiple choice
An isosceles triangle has a known angle of 50°. The largest possible angle for this
triangle is:
A 80° B 130° C 90° D 65° E 50°

Area and perimeter
Much of our world is described by area (the amount of space enclosed by a closed
figure) and perimeter (the distance around a closed figure).
Some examples are the area aº 17 Corner block with expansive
of a house block, the fencing 23.55 m frontage
Lot 603
of a block of land, the size of
6
13.05 $51,000
a bedroom and the amount of
4 5 m 2
36.56
37.92
paint required to cover an
Lot 658
5
32.18
32.7
object. In this section we will 2
review the more common Corner block 761m
with wide
shapes. 17 m frontage
4.0
$47,000 5.8
6
5
14.07 23.55
Perimeter
Perimeter is the distance around a closed figure.
Some common rules are:
1. For squares, the perimter = 4l 2. For rectangles, the perimter = 2(l + w)
Square l Rectangle
l
l l w w
l
l
3. Circumference (C) is the perimeter of a circle. a c

e of irle
C = 2 × π × radius nc
e
Circumfer
r
= 2πr
WORKED Example 4
600 mm
Find the perimeter of the closed figure given at right
300 mm
(to the nearest mm).
THINK WRITE
1 The shape is composed of a semicircle Perimeter = 300 + 2 × 600 + 1
---
2
circumference
and three sides of a rectangle. where
1
---
2
of circumference = 1
---
2
× 2π r
= π × 150
= 471.24
2 Add together the three components of Perimeter = 300 + 2 × 600 + 471.24
the perimeter. = 1971.24
3 Write your answer. Perimeter of the closed figure is 1971 mm.
Area of common shapes

The areas of shapes commonly encountered are:
1. Area of a square: A = length2 = l2 Square
l
2. Area of a rectangle: A = length × width = l × w Rectangle
w
l
3. Area of a parallelogram: A = base × height = b × h Parallelogram
b
4. Area of a trapezium: A= 1
---
2
(a + b) × h Trapezium
a
h
b
5. Area of a circle: A = π × radius = π × r
2 2
Circle
r
O
6. Area of a triangle: A = 1--2- × b × h Triangle

(see the next chapter)
h
Area is measured in mm2, cm2, m2, km2 and hectares. b

1 hectare = 100 m × 100 m = 10 000 m2
WORKED Example 5 5.7 m

Find the area of the garden bed given in the diagram
2.4 m
(to the nearest square metre).

THINK WRITE 7.5 m
1 The shape of garden is a trapezium. a = 7.5 b = 5.7 h = 2.4
Use the formula for area of a trapezium. Area of garden = Area of a trapezium
Remember that the lengths of the two parallel = 1--2- (a + b) × h
sides are a and b and h is the perpendicular
distance between the two parallel sides.
2 Substitute and evaluate. = 1--2- (7.5 + 5.7) × 2.4
= 1
---
2
× 13.2 × 2.4
= 15.84 m2
3 Write your answer. Area of the garden bed is approximately
16 square metres.

Composite areas
Often a closed figure can be identified as comprising two or more different common
figures. Such figures are called composite figures. The area of a composite figure is the
sum of the areas of the individual common figures.
Area of composite figure = sum of the individual common figures

Acomposite = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + . . .
WORKED Example 6
Find the area of the hotel foyer from the plans given below (to the nearest square metre).
25 m
20 m
8m
THINK WRITE
1 The shape is composite and needs to be 25 m

separated into two or more common
16 m
16 m
shapes: in this case, a rectangle, a A1 A2 A3

8m
triangle and half of a circle.
20 m
Area of foyer = A1 + A2 + A3
Substitute and evaluate each of the A1 = area of triangle

shapes. The width of the rectangle and
= 1
---
2
×b×h
the base of the triangle is twice the
radius of the circle; that is, 16 metres. = 1
---
2
× 16 × 20
= 160 m2
A2 = Area of rectangle
=l×w
= 25 × 16
= 400 m2
A3 = Area of half of a circle
= 1
---
2
× π × r2
= 1
---
2
× π × 82
= 100.53 m2
2 Add together all three areas for the Area of foyer = A1 + A2 + A3

composite shape. = 160 + 400 + 100.53
= 660.53 m2
3 Write your answer. Area of the hotel foyer is 661 m2.

Conversion of units of area

Often the units of area need to be converted, for example from cm2 to m2 and vice
versa.
1. To convert to smaller units, for example m2 to cm2, multiply (×).
2. To convert to larger units, for example, mm2 to cm2, divide (÷).
Some examples are:
(a) 1 cm2 = 10 mm × 10 mm = 100 mm2 Area
(b) 1 m2 = 100 cm × 100 cm = 10 000 cm2 ÷102 ÷1002 ÷10002
(c) 1 km = 1000 m × 1000 m = 1 000 000 m
2 2 mm 2
cm2 m2 km2
(d) 1 hectare = 10 000 m2 × 102 × 1002 × 10002
WORKED Example 7
Convert 1.12 m2 to square centimetres (cm2).
THINK WRITE
1 Conversion factor for metres to 1.12 m2= 1.12 × 1 metre × 1 metre

centimetres is multiply by 100. That is,
1 metre = 100 centimetres.
2 Conversion factor for metres2 to = 1.12 × 100 cm × 100 cm
centimetres2 is multiply by 1002 = 11 200 cm2
or 10 000.
3 Write your answer. 1.12 m2 is equal to 11 200 square
centimetres (cm2).
WORKED Example 8
Convert 156 000 metres2 to a kilometres2 b hectares.
THINK WRITE
a 1 Conversion factor for metres to a 156 000 m2 = 156 000 × 1

------------
1000
km × 1
------------
1000
km
kilometres is divide by 1000;
that is, 1 metre = -----------
1000
1
- kilometre.
156 000
2 Conversion factor for metres2 to = ------------------------------
1000 × 1000
kilometres2 is divide by 10002 or
= 0.156 km2
1 000 000.
3 Write the answer in correct units. 156 000 m2 = 0.156 square kilometres (km2)
b 1 Conversion factor is b 156 000 m2 = 156 000 × 1
----------------
10 000
hectares
10 000 m2 = 1 hectare; that is, = 156 000
------------------- hectares
1 m2 = ---------------
1
- hectare
10 000
10 000
= 15.6 hectares
2 Write the answer. 156 000 m = 15.6 hectares
2

remember
remember
Area and perimeter
1. Perimeter is the distance around a closed figure.
(a) For squares, the perimeter = 4l Square
l
l
l
l
(b) For rectangles, the perimeter = 2(l + w) Rectangle
l
w w
l
o
(c) Circumference (C) is the perimeter of a circle. nce f a
ircu ere
C = 2 × π × radius
circle
r
mf
C
2. Area is measured in mm2, cm2, m2, km2 and hectares.
3. (a) 1 cm2 = 10 mm × 10 mm = 100 mm2
(b) 1 m2 = 100 cm × 100 cm = 10 000 cm2
(c) 1 km2 = 1000 m × 1000 m = 1 000 000 m2
(d) 1 hectare = 10 000 m2
4. Area of shapes commonly encountered are:
(a) area of a square: A = l2
(b) Area of a rectangle: A = l × w
(c) Area of a parallelogram: A = b × h
(d) Area of a trapezium: A = 1--2- (a + b) × h
(e) Area of a circle: A = π r 2
(f) Area of a triangle: A = 1--2- × b × h
5. Area of composite figure = sum of the individual common figures
Acomposite = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + . . .
8B Area and perimeter
WORKED 1 Find the areas of the following figures (to the nearest whole units).
Example
5
a b 12 m c 23.7 cm Math
cm
15.4 cm
cad
5m
.8
7m 4m Area
17
and
27.5 cm perimeter
70 m
d e f
5m 7.5 m
4m
8.1
210 m
120 m
13.5 mm HEET
SkillS
11.5 m
90
m
WORKED 2 Find the perimeters of the closed figures in question 1.

Example
4
WORKED
3 Find the areas of the following figures (to 1 decimal place).
Example a 10 m b c
6 14 m
12 m
17 m
3.5 m
25 m
2m
20 m 12 m
d 48 mm e 16 cm f 22 m
90 mm m
0c
8 cm
24 mm
m
11 m
1
13
125 mm
cm
44 m
10 cm
34 m
12
21 cm
7m
20 m
4 Find the perimeters of the closed figures in question 3.
8.2 WORKED 5 Convert the following areas to the units given in brackets.
HEET Example
a 20 000 mm2 (cm2) b 320 000 cm2 (m2) c 0.035 m2 (cm2)
SkillS
7, 8
2 2 2 2
d 0.035 m (mm ) e 2 500 000 m (km ) f 357 000 m2 (hectares)
g 2 750 000 000 mm2 (m2) h 0.000 06 km2 (m2)
6 A kite has the dimensions in the figure at right. Find the 70 cm

area of the kite (to the nearest cm2).
180 cm
0m
1.2
7 Find the area of the regular hexagon

as shown in the diagram at left
(to 2 decimal places, in m2).
2.08 m
30 mm
8 A cutting blade for a craft knife has the dimensions
20 mm
shown in the diagram. 5 mm

What is the area of steel in the blade? 40 mm

9 multiple choice
0.8 m 0.8 m 0.8 m 0.8 m

The area in m2 of the stacked objects shown at right
is closest to: 0.6 m
A 1.44
B 1.68 0.8 m
C 1.92
1.0 m
D 3.84
E 11.52 1.2 m
10 multiple choice
The perimeter of the figure shown in centimetres is: 7 cm
A 34 2 cm
B 24 + 5π
3 cm
C 24 + 2.5π
D 29 + 5π
12 cm
E 29 + 2.5π
11 multiple choice
The perimeter of the enclosed figure shown is 20.5 m
x
156.6 metres. The unknown length, x, is closest to:
35.2 m
A 20.5 m
B 35.2 m
C 40.2 m
D 80.4 m
E Cannot be determined
12 A 3-ring dartboard has dimensions as shown below left. (Give all answers to 1
decimal place.)
40 cm
20 cm
6 cm
1
2
3
2
1
MQ FurMat fig 11.59
a What is the total area

of the dartboard?
b What is the area of the
bullseye (inner circle)?
c What is the area of the
2-point middle ring?
HEET
8.3
d Express each area of the three
SkillS
rings as a percentage of the total

area (to 2 decimal places).
13 On a western movie set, a horse is tied to a railing outside a saloon bar. The
railing is 2 metres long; the lead on the horse is also 2 metres long and tied at one
of the ends of the railing.
a Draw a diagram of this situation.
b To how much area does the horse now have access (to 1 decimal place)?
The lead is now tied to the centre of the railing.
c Draw a diagram of this situation.
d To how much area does the horse have access (to 1 decimal place)?
14 The rectangular rear window of a car has an area of 1.28 m2.
a Find the height of the rear window if its length is 160 centimetres (to the nearest
centimetre).
A wiper blade is 50 cm long and the end just reaches the top of the window as it
makes a semicircular sweep. The base of the wiper is situated at the bottom centre of
the rear window.
b Draw a diagram of the situation.
c Find the area of the window that is swept by the wiper (to the nearest cm2).
d Find the percentage of the window’s area that is not swept by the wiper.
The manufacturer decides to increase the wiper length by 10 cm.
e Find the new area of the rear window that is swept.
f Find the percentage of the window’s area that is not
swept by the wiper.
15 A signwriter charges his clients by the width and height of
the sign to be painted. A client advises the signwriter to
paint 12 words with 10 cm high characters and a
20 cm length for each word.
a What is the area of each word?
b What are all the different ways of arranging the words
in a rectangular pattern?
c If the charge is $2 per 10 cm in height and $1.50 per
10 cm in length, find the minimum cost for the sign and
its dimensions.

Total surface area
The total surface area (TSA) of a solid object is the sum of the areas of the surfaces.
In some cases, we can use established formulas of very common everyday objects. In
other situations we will need to derive a formula by using the net of an object.
Total surface area formulas of common objects

Cube Cuboid Cylinder
r
l
h l
w h
Cubes: Cuboids:
TSA = 6l2 TSA = 2(lw + lh + wh) r
Cone
Sphere Cylinders:
TSA = 2π r(r + h)
Slant
h s height
r
r
Cones: Spheres:
TSA = π r(r + s) where TSA = 4π r 2
s is the slant height
WORKED Example 9
Find the total surface area of a poster tube with
a length of 1.13 metres and a radius of 5 cm.
Give your answer to the nearest 100 cm2.
3m
1.1
5 cm
THINK WRITE
1 A poster tube is a cylinder. Radius, r = 5 cm
Express all dimensions in centimetres. Height, h = 1.13 m
Remember 1 metre = 100 centimetres. = 113 cm
2 Substitute and evaluate. TSA of a tube = 2π r(r + h)
Remember BODMAS. = 2 × π × 5(5 + 113)
= 2 × π × 5 × 118
= 3707.08
3 Write your answer. The total surface area of a poster tube is
approximately 3700 cm2.
WORKED Example 10
Find the total surface area of a size 7 basketball with
a diameter of 25 cm. Give your answer to the nearest 10 cm2.
THINK WRITE
1 Use the formula for the total Diameter = 25 cm
surface area of a sphere. Use Radius = 12.5 cm
the diameter to find the radius TSA of sphere = 4π r 2
of the basketball and = 4 × π × 12.52
substitute into the formula. = 1963.495
2 Write your answer. Total surface area of the ball is approximately 1960 cm2.
WORKED Example 11
A die used in a board game has a total surface area of 1350 mm2.
Find the linear dimensions of the die (to the nearest millimetre).
THINK WRITE
1 A die is a cube. We can TSA = 6 × l2
substitute into the total TSA = 1350 mm2
surface area of a cube to 1350 = 6 × l2
determine the dimension of
the cube. Divide both sides l2 = 1350
------------
6
by 6. = 225
2 Take the square root of both l = 225
sides to find l. = 15 mm
3 Write your answer. The dimensions of the die are:
15 mm × 15 mm × 15 mm
Total surface area using a net

If the object is not a common object or a variation of one, such as an open cylinder, then
it is easier to generate the formula from first principles by constructing a net of the object.
A net of an object is a plane figure that represents the surface of a 3-dimensional object.
Square pyramid
Slant
height
Net
MQ FurMat fig 11.68
Net
MQ FurMat fig 11.69

Net

WORKED Example 12
Find the total surface area of the triangular prism shown in the diagram.
6 cm
cm
20
10 cm
8 cm
THINK WRITE
1 Form a net of the triangular prism,

cm
transferring all the dimensions to each 10 cm 10 A4 6 cm
of the sides of the surfaces. 8 cm
20 cm
20 cm
20 cm
A1 A2 A3
10 cm 8 cm 6 cm
10 A4 6 cm
cm
2 Identify the different-sized common TSA = A1 + A2 + A3 + 2 × A4

figures and set up a sum of the surface A1 = l1 × w1
areas. The two triangles are the same. = 20 × 10
= 200 cm2
A2 = l2 × w2
= 20 × 8
= 160 cm2
A3 = l3 × w3
= 20 × 6
= 120 cm2
A4 = 1
---
2
× b2 × h 2
= 1
---
2
×8×6
= 24 cm2
3 Sum the areas. TSA = A1 + A2 + A3 + 2 × A4

= 200 + 160 + 120 + 2 × 24
= 528 cm2
4 Write your answer. The total surface area of the triangular prism is
528 cm2.
WORKED Example 13
Find the surface area of an open cylindrical can that is 12 cm high and 8 cm in diameter
(to 1 decimal place).
12 cm
8 cm
fi
THINK WRITE
1 Form a net of the open cylinder, 2π r
transferring all the dimensions to each
of the surfaces.
12 cm
A1
A2
4 cm
2 Identify the different-sized common TSA = A1 + A2

figures and set up a sum of the surface A1 = 2 π r × w
areas. The length of the rectangle is the = 2 × π × 4 × 12
circumference of the circle. = 301.59 cm2
A2 = π × r 2
= π × 42
= 50.27 cm2
3 Sum the areas. TSA = A1 + A2
= 301.59 + 50.27
= 351.86 cm2
4 Write your answer. The total surface area of the open cylindrical
can is 351.9 cm2.
remember
remember
Total surface area
1. Total surface area (TSA) is measured in mm2, cm2, m2 and km2.
2. The TSAs of some common objects are as follows:
(a) Cubes: TSA = 6l2
(b) Cuboids: TSA = 2(lw + lh + wh)
(c) Cylinders: TSA = 2π r(r + h)
(d) Cones: TSA = π r(r + s) where s is the slant height
(e) Spheres: TSA = 4π r2
3. For all other shapes, form their nets and establish the total surface area formulas.
8C Total surface area
WORKED 1 Find the total surface area for each of the solids a to f from the following information. Math
Example
Give answers to 1 decimal place.
cad
9
a A cube with side lengths of 110 cm Total
surface
b A cuboid with dimensions of 12 m × 5 m × 8 m (l × w × h) area
c A sphere with a radius of 0.8 metres
d A closed cylinder with a radius of 1.2 cm and a height of 6 cm
e A closed cone with a radius of 7 cm and a slant height of 11 cm
f An opened cylinder with a diameter of 100 mm and height of 30 mm
WORKED 2 Find the total surface area of the objects given in the diagrams. Give answers to
Example
10 1 decimal place.
a Length = 1.5 m b c
14 cm
410 mm Diameter = 43 cm
7 cm 4 cm
d e f
6 cm
90 cm
4 cm
28 cm 8 cm
2 cm
WORKED 3 Find the unknown dimensions, given the total surface area of the objects. Give
Example
11 answers to 1 decimal place.
a Length of a cube with a total surface area of 24 m2
b The radius of a sphere with a total surface area of 633.5 cm2
c Length of a cuboid with width of 12 mm, height of 6 cm and a total surface area
of 468 cm2
d Diameter of a playing ball with a total surface area of 157 630 cm2
WORKED 4 Find the total surface areas for the objects given in the diagrams. Give answers to
Example
12 1 decimal place.
a b
4 cm
5 cm
m
6.06 cm
15 c
10 cm
m
30 c
7 cm
c d
Area = 22 cm2
22 mm
mm 40 mm mm
30 105
8 cm
80 mm
13 cm
e f 5m
4m
15
12 mm
m
m 6m m
4m
30
25 mm 7m
9 mm
WORKED 5 Find the total surface area of each of the objects in the diagrams below. Give answers
Example
13
to 1 decimal place.
a Rubbish bin b 13.5 cm
cm
10 15
cm
10.5 cm
250 mm
20 cm
250 mm
c 2.5 m d
3 cm
1.2 m
2 cm
0.9 m
7 cm
4.5 cm
1.5 m
6 A concrete swimming pool is a cuboid with the following dimensions: length of

6 metres, width of 4 metres and depth of 1.3 metres. What surface area of tiles is
needed to line the inside of the pool? (Give answer in m2 and cm2 to 1 decimal
place.)

7 What is the total area of canvas needed for the tent
2.5
1.0 m
(including the base) shown in the diagram at right? m
Give the answer to 2 decimal places.
1.5 m
6.5 m
4.5 m
8 multiple choice
The total surface area of a
48 mm-diameter ball
used in a game of
pool is closest to:
A 1810 mm2
B 2300 mm2
C 7240 mm2
D 28 950 mm2
E 115 800 mm2
9 multiple choice
The total surface of a golf ball of radius 21 mm is closest to:
A 550 mm2 B 55 cm2 C 55 000 mm2 D 0.055 m2 E 5.5 cm2
10 multiple choice
The formula for the total surface area for the object shown is:
1
A --- abh
2
B 2× 1
---
2
bh + ab + 2 × ah
C 3( 1--2- bh + ab) h
a
D 1
---
2
bh + 3ab
b
E bh + 3ab
11 multiple choice
The total surface area of a poster tube that is 115 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is
closest to:
A 3000 cm2 B 2900 cm2 C 1500 mm2 D 6200 m2 E 23 000 cm2
12 A baker is investigating the best shape for a loaf of bread. The shape with the smallest
surface area stays freshest. The baker has come up with two shapes: a rectangular
prism with a 12 cm-square base and a cylinder with a round end that has a 14 cm
diameter. SHE
ET 8.1
Work
a Which shape stays fresher if they have the same overall length of 32 cm?
b What is the difference between the total surface areas of the two loaves of bread?
Volume of prisms, pyramids and spheres

The most common volumes
considered in the real world are
the volumes of prisms, pyramids,
spheres and objects which are a
combination of these. For example,
country people who rely on tank
water need to know the capacity
(volume) of water that the tank is
holding.
Volume is the amount of space
occupied by a 3-dimensional object.
The units of volume are mm3
(cubic millimetres), cm3 (cubic
centimetres or cc), and m3 (cubic
metres).
1000 mm3 = 1 cm3
1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3
Another measure of volume is
the litre which is used primarily
for quantities of liquids but also for
capacity, like the capacity of a
refrigerator, or the size of motor
car engines.
1 litre = 1000 cm3
1000 litres = 1 m3
Conversion of units of volume

Often the units of volume need to be converted, for example from cm3 to m3 and vice versa.
Volume
÷103 ÷1003
mm3 cm3 m3
× 103 × 1003
WORKED Example 14
Convert 1.12 cm3 to mm3.
THINK WRITE
1 The conversion from centimetres to 1.12 cm3 = 1.12 × 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm
millimetres is 1 cm = 10 mm. = 1.12 × 10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm
2 The conversion factor for cm3 to mm3 = 1.12 × 1000 mm3

is to multiply by 103 or 1000; that is, = 1120 mm3
1cm3 = 1000 mm3.
3 Write the answer in correct units. 1.12 cm3 is equal to 1120 mm3.

WORKED Example 15
Convert 156 000 cm3 to: a m3 b litres.
THINK WRITE
a 1 The conversion factor for a 156 000 cm3 = 156 000 × 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm

centimetres to metres is = 156 000 × 1
--------- m× 1
--------- m× 1
--------- m
divide by 100; that is, 100 100 100
1 cm = --------
1
100
- m.
156 000
2 The conversion factor for cm3 to m3 = --------------------------------------- m3
100 × 100 × 100
is divide by 1003 or 1 000 000;
that is, 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3. = 0.156 m3
3 Write the answer in correct 156 000 cm3 = 0.156 cubic metres (m3)
units.
b 1 Conversion factor is b 156 000 cm3 = 156 000 × 1
------------
1000
litres
1000 cm3 = 1 litre; that is, = 156 000
------------------- litres
1 cm3 = -----------
1
- litre. 1000
1000
= 156 litres
2 Write the answer. 156 000 cm3 = 156 litres
Volume of prisms
A prism is a 3-dimensional object that has a
uniform cross-section.
Triangular prism
Square
Cylinder prism
A prism is named in accordance with its uniform cross-
sectional area. Note: Circular prisms are called cylinders.
Uniform
cross-section
To find the volume of a prism we need to determine
the area of the uniform cross-section (or base) and
multiply by the height. This is the same for all prisms. Height
Volume of a prism, Vprism, can be generalised by the formula:

Vprism = area of uniform cross-section × height
V=A×H
WORKED Example 16
Find the volume of the object (to the nearest cm3).
20 cm
THINK WRITE
15 cm
1 The object has a circle as a uniform Vcylinder = A × H
cross-section. It is a cylinder. The area where Acircle = π r 2
of the base is: area of a circle = π r 2.
Volume is cross-sectional area times Vcylinder = π × r 2 × H
height. = π × 152 × 20
= 4500 π
= 14 137.1669 cm3
2 Write your answer. The volume of the cylinder is 14 137 cm3.
WORKED Example 17
Find (to the nearest mm3) the volume of the slice of bread with a uniform cross-sectional area
of 250 mm2 and a thickness of 17 mm.
Area 250 mm2
17 mm
THINK WRITE
1 The slice of bread has a uniform cross- V=A×H
section. The area of the cross-section is where A = 250 mm 2
not a common figure but its area has V = 250 mm2 × 17 mm
been given. = 4250 mm3
2 Write your answer. The volume of the slice of bread is 4250 mm3.
Given the volume of an object, we can use the volume formula to find an unknown
dimension of the object by transposing the formula.

WORKED Example 18 Volume of prism = 6.6 m3
Find the height of the triangular prism from the information
provided in the diagram at right (to 1 decimal place).
h
m
1.1
2m
THINK WRITE
1 The volume of the object is given, V = 6.6 m3, H = 1.1 m, b = 2 m
along with the width of the triangular V=A×H
cross-section and the height of the where A = 1--2- × b × h
prism. V= 1
--- ×b×h×H
2
2 Substitute the values, transpose and 6.6 = 1--2- × 2 × h × 1.1

evaluate. = 1.1 h
6.6
h = -------
1.1
3 Write your answer. The height of the triangle in the given prism is
6.0 metres.
Volume of pyramids
A pyramid is a 3-dimensional object that has a similar cross-section but the size
reduces as it approaches the vertex.
Vertex
Triangular pyramid
Cone
The name of the pyramid is related to its similar cross-sectional area (or base).
Note: Circular pyramids are commonly called cones.
To find the volume of the pyramids above, we take a similar approach to prisms but
the volume of a pyramid is always one-third of a prism with the same initial base and
same height, H. This is the same for all pyramids.
Volume of a pyramid, Vpyramids, can be generalised by

the formula:
Vpyramids = 1
---
3
× area of cross-section at the base × height H
V= 1
---
3
×A×H A
The height of a pyramid, H, is sometimes called the altitude.

WORKED Example 19
Height of pyramid = 40 m
Find the volume of the pyramid at right (to the nearest m3).
THINK WRITE 30 m 30 m
1 The pyramid has a square base. It is a Vpyramid = × A × H
1
---
3
square pyramid. The area of the base is: where Asquare = l 2
Area of a square = l 2.
Vpyramid = 1--3- × l 2 × H
= 1--3- × 302 × 40
= 12 000 m3
2 Write your answer. The volume of the square pyramid is 12 000 m3.
Volume of spheres and composite objects

Volume of a sphere
Spheres are unique but common objects that deserve special attention.
The formula for the volume of spheres is: r
Vsphere = 4--3- π r 3
where r is the radius of the sphere.

Volume of composite objects
Often the object can be identified as comprising two or more different common prisms,
pyramids or spheres. Such figures are called composite objects. The volume of a com-
posite object is found by adding the volumes of the individual common figures or
deducting volumes. The grain silo can be modelled as the sum of a cylinder and a large
cone, less the tip of the large cone.
Volume of composite object = sum of the individual common prisms, pyramids or
spheres.
Vcomposite = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . . (or Vcomposite = V1 − V2)
WORKED Example 20 12 cm
Find the volume of the object shown at right (to the nearest litre).
20 cm
25 cm
THINK WRITE 18 cm
1 The object is a composite of a cylinder r = 6 cm

H = 20 cm
and a square prism.

25 cm
18
cm
18 cm
The volume of the composite object is Vcomposite = volume of cylinder + volume of
the sum of volumes of the cylinder plus square prism
the prism. = Acircle × Hcircle + Asquare × Hsquare
= (π r 2 × Hc) + (l2 × Hs)
= (π × 62 × 20) + (182 × 25)
= 2261.946 711 + 8100
= 10 361.946 711 cm3
2 Convert to litres using the conversion of 10 362 cm2 = 10.362 litres
1000 cm2 = 1 litre.
3 Write your answer. The volume of the object is 10 litres.
remember
remember
1. Volume is the amount of space occupied by a 3-dimensional object.
2. (a) The units of volume are mm3, cm3 (or cc), m3.
(b) 1000 mm3 = 1 cm3
(c) 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3
(d) 1 litre = 1000 cm3
(e) 1000 litres = 1 m3
3. The volume of a prism is Vprism = area of uniform cross-section × height
V=A×H
4. (a) The volume of a pyramid is Vpyramid = 1--3- × area of cross-section at the
base × height
V= 1
---
3
×A×H
(b) The height of a pyramid, H, is sometimes called the altitude.
5. The volume of a sphere is Vsphere = 4--3- π r 3.
6. The volume of a composite object = sum of the individual common prisms,
pyramids or spheres.
Vcomposite = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . .
(or Vcomposite = V1 − V2 . . . )
Volume of prisms, pyramids

8D and spheres
hca
d WORKED 1 Convert the volumes to the units specified.
Example
Mat
Volume 14, 15 a 0.35 cm3 to mm3 b 4800 cm3 to m3 c 56 000 cm3 to litres
formulas d 15 litres to cm3 e 1.6 m3 to litres f 0.0023 cm3 to mm3
g 0.000 57 m3 to cm3 h 140 000 mm3 to litres i 250 000 mm3 to cm3
HEET
8.4
2 Find the volume of the following prisms to the nearest whole unit.
SkillS
WORKED
Example
16 a b c 7 cm
51.2 cm
mm
75
cm
104.8 cm
23
4000 mm 4 cm
15 cm
d e f
m3m0
2.1 m
14 mm
20 mm
m
4.8 m
6.4 m 57 m
22 mm
34 mm

WORKED 3 Find the volume of the following prisms (to 2 decimal places).
Example
17 a 2 b
Area = 4.2 m
m
0.5
2.9 m
Area = 1000 cm2
c d
Area = 120 mm2 Area = 15 cm2
14.5 mm
Area =
32 cm2 cm
8.5
WORKED 4 Find the measurement of the unknown dimension (to 1 decimal place).
Example
18
a Volume of cube b Volume of triangular prism = c x d

Volume of prism = 10 1–8 litres
= 1.728 m3 1316.1 cm3 15
.0 c
m
120 mm
x
x
cm
21.4
Volume of cylinder 3x
= 150 796.4 mm3 x
WORKED 5 Find the volume of these pyramids (to the nearest whole unit).
Example
19 a V b c VO = 17m V
35 cm
VO = 10 cm
11 cm
8m O 12 m
O
12 cm 11 cm
d e 12 mm f V
4 cm
O V
VO = 15 cm
4 cm
VO = 8 cm Altitude of square
pyramid = 18 mm O
6 cm
Base of
6 cm
pyramid
10 cm
WORKED 6 Find the volume of these objects (to the nearest whole unit).
Example
20 a b 4 cm c 3m
8 cm 7 cm
r=
5m
8 cm
10 cm
4m
20 cm
d e f
3m
1m
2m
10 cm 2.1 m
15 cm 6m
6m 10 cm 2.5 m
4m
g h
42 m
19 m
60 m 100 mm
42 m
25 mm
7 a Find the volume of a cube with sides 4.5 cm long.

b Find the volume of a room, 3.5 m by 3 m by 2.1 m high.
c Find the radius of a baseball that has a volume of 125 cm3.
d Find the volume of a square pyramid, 12 cm square and 10 cm high.
e Find the height of a cylinder that is 20 cm in diameter with a volume of 2.5 litres
(to the nearest unit).
f Find the height of a triangular prism with a base area of 128 mm2 and volume of
1024 mm3.
g Find the depth of water in a swimming pool which has a capacity of 56 000 litres.
The pool has rectangular dimensions of 8 metres by 5.25 metres.
h Find the radius of an ice-cream cone with a height of 12 cm and a volume of
9.425 cm3.
8 The medicine cup below has the shape of a cone with a diameter of 4 cm and a height
of 5 cm (not including the cup’s base). Find the volume to the nearest millilitre, where
1 cm3 = 1 mL.
4 cm
5 cm

9 Tennis balls have a diameter of 6.5 cm and are packaged in a cylinder
that can hold four tennis balls.
Assuming the balls just fit inside a cylinder, find:
a the height of the cylindrical can
b the volume of the can (to 1 decimal place)
c the volume of the four tennis balls (to 1 decimal place)
d the volume of the can occupied by air
e the fraction of the can’s volume occupied by the balls.
10 multiple choice
The volume 200 000 mm3 is equivalent to:
A 2 litres B 2 cm3 C 20 cm3 D 200 cm3 E 2000 cm3
11 multiple choice
The ratio of the volume of a sphere to that of a cylinder of similar dimensions, as
shown in the diagram, is best expressed as:
4
A ---
3 r
2
B ---
3
4
--- r
3
C -
----
h
r
3
D ---
4
3
E ---
2
12 multiple choice
If the volume of the square pyramid shown is 6000 m3, then the perimeter of the base
is closest to:
A 900 m V
VO = 20 m
B 20 m
C 30 m
D 80 m
O
E 120 m
13 multiple choice
A tin of fruit is 13 cm high and 10 cm in diameter. Its volume, to 1 decimal place, is:
A 1021.0 cm3 B 510.5 cm3 C 1021.4 cm3
3 3
D 1020.1 cm E 4084.1 cm
14 A model aeroplane is controlled by a tethered string of 10 metres length. The operator
stands in the middle of an oval. (Give all answers to the nearest whole unit.)
a What is the maximum area of the oval occupied by the plane in flight?
b If the plane can be manoeuvred in a hemispherical zone, find:
i the surface area of the airspace that the plane can occupy
ii the volume of airspace that is needed by the operator for controlling the plane.
c Repeat part b with a new control string length of 15 metres.
Maps and similar figures

Maps and scales
We often need to refer to maps for specifying locations or for establishing distances
between two locations. Maps are a reduction of lengths in real life; that is, they have
the same shape as the original but are much smaller in size. A measure of the amount
of reduction is the map scale.
There are two types of map scales.
1. A ratio scale where, for example, 1:100 means that 1 unit on the map represents
100 units in real life. In the map below one unit on the map represents 50 000 units.
SCALE 1:50 000

METRES 1000 0 1 2 3 KILOMETRES
2. A simple conversion scale where, for example, 1 cm = 100 m means 1 cm on the

map represents 100 metres in real life. In the map below 1 cm on the map represents
1 km.
Kilometres 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kilometres
Converting from one type of map scale to another is shown in the following
example.

WORKED Example 21
Convert the following map ratio scales:
a 1:50 000 to a simple conversion scale with units of centimetres
b 2:25 model scale to simple scale with units of millimetres
c 1:250 000 to simple scale with units of centimetres.
THINK WRITE
a 1 Rewrite the map scale including the a 1:50 000
unit centimetres. 1 cm: 50 000 cm
2 Convert 50 000 cm to a more 50 000
appropriate unit of length, for 1 cm: ---------------- m
100
example 100 cm = 1 m. 1 cm = 500 m
b Rewrite the map scale including the unit b 2:25
millimetres. Divide by 2 to reduce to a 2 mm = 25 mm
unit. 1 mm = 12.5 mm
c 1 Rewrite the map scale including the c 1:250 000
unit centimetres. 1 cm = 250 000 cm
2 Convert 250 000 cm to a more 250 000
appropriate unit of length. 1 cm = ------------------- m
100
Remember 100 cm = 1 m 2500
1000 m = 1 km 1 cm = ------------ km
1000
1 cm = 2.5 km
To find the distance represented on a map, use the simple conversion scale and
proportion to the desired value as shown in the next two examples.
Converting map distances to real-life distances
WORKED Example 22
Find the distance in real life represented by:
a 7 mm on a map with 1:100 000 scale
b 11.5 cm on a map with a scale 1 cm = 50 km.
THINK WRITE
a 1 Convert map scale ratio to a a 1:100 000
conversion scale. 1 mm:100 000 mm
1 mm:100 m
2 A map distance of 7 mm corresponds 7 × 1 mm = 7 × 100 m
to an actual distance of 7 times 100 m. 7 mm = 700 m
3 Write your answer. 7 mm on the map represents 700 m in
real life.
b 1 Proportion the scale by multiplying b 1 cm = 50 km
both sides by 11.5. 11.5 × 1 cm = 11.5 × 50 km
11.5 cm = 575 km
2 Write your answer. On a map with a scale of 1 cm = 50 km,
11.5 cm represents 575 km.
Converting real life distances to map distances
WORKED Example 23
On a map with a map ratio scale of 1:200 000, find the distance that would represent a
distance of:
a 5 km b 500 m.
THINK WRITE
a 1 Convert ratio scale to a simple a 1:200 000
conversion scale using an 1 cm:200 000 cm
appropriate unit of measure. 1 cm = 2000 m
1 cm = 2 km
2 Multiply by 2.5 to go from 2 km to 1 cm = 2 km
5 km and do it with both sides. × 2.5 × 2.5
x cm = 5 km
2.5 cm = 5 km
3 Write your answer. On a 1:200 000 map, 5 km is represented as
2.5 cm.
b 1 Use 1 cm = 2000 m and divide both b 1 cm = 2000 m
sides by 4 to go from 2000 m to 500 m. ÷4 ÷4
x cm = 500 m
0.25 cm = 500 m
2.5 mm = 500 m
2 Convert 1--4- or 0.25 cm to mm.
3 Write your answer. On a 1:200 000 map, 500 m is represented
by 2.5 mm.
Similar figures
Two objects that have the same shape but different size are said to be similar.
For two figures to be similar, they must have the

following properties: 2 C'
B' C
B 1
1. The ratios of the corresponding sides must be equal. 4 6 2 3
A′B′ B′C′ C′D′ A′D′ A 1
------------ = ------------ = ------------ = ------------ = common ratio A' D
AB BC CD AD 2 D'
C'
2. The corresponding angles must be equal. B' 125° 60°
C
B
∠A = ∠A′ ∠B = ∠B′ ∠C = ∠C′ ∠D = ∠D′ 125°
60°
85°
85° A
A' D
D'

Scale factor, k
A measure of the relative size of the two similar figures is the scale factor. The scale factor
is the common ratio of the corresponding sides and quantifies the amount of enlargement
or reduction one figure undergoes to transform into the other figure. The starting shape is
commonly referred to as the original and the transformed shape as the image.
1. Scale factor, k, is the amount of enlargement or reduction B'
and is expressed as integers, fraction or map scale ratios.
For example, k = 2, k = 1
------
12
or 1:10 000. B
length of image A′B′ B′C′ C′A′ 9 9

2. Scale factor, k = -------------------------------------------- = ------------ = ------------ = ------------ 3 3
length of original AB BC CA
where for enlargements, k is greater than 1 and for
A 1 C
reductions, k is between 0 and 1.
3. For k = 1, the figures are exactly the same shape and size and A' 3 C'
are referred to as congruent.
Enlargements and reductions are important in many aspects of photography, map
making and modelling. Often, photographs are doubled in size (enlarged), while house
plans are an example of a reduction to a scale, for example 1:25.
WORKED Example 24
For the similar shapes shown at right: Original
a find the scale factor for the reduction of the shape cm Image
b find the unknown length in the small shape. 20
cm
45 cm
10
THINK WRITE x
a 1 As it is a reduction, the larger shape a

is the original and the smaller shape
Continued over page
is the image.
THINK WRITE
length of image
2 The two shapes have been stated Scale factor, k = -----------------------------------------
length of original
as being similar, so set up the
scale factor ratio, k. A′B′
= ------------
AB
10 cm
= ---------------
20 cm
= --2-
1
b 1 Use the scale factor to determine b Scale factor, k = 1

---
2
the unknown length as all length of image
corresponding lengths are in the k = -----------------------------------------
length of original
same ratio.
x
--- = --------------
1
2 45 cm
x = 1--2- × 45 cm
x = 22.5 cm
2 Write your answers. The scale factor of reduction is 1--2- and the
unknown length on the smaller shape is 22.5 cm.
WORKED Example 25
a Prove that the figures given below are similar.
b Given that the scale factor is 2, find the lengths of the two unknown sides s and t.
40°
s
100m
20°
30° t
30°
50 m
20°
70
40°
m
30
THINK WRITE
a Firstly, orientate the figures to identify a
corresponding sides and angles easily. 40°
Calculate the missing angles and s
100m
compare each pair of corresponding 270°

m
angles. 30° 40°

50 m
30
270°
20°
70
30° t
m
20°
Image Original
Sum of interior angles = 360°
All corresponding angles are equal.

THINK WRITE
length of image
b 1 As the scale factor given is for b Scale factor, k = -----------------------------------------
length of original
enlargements, the original is the
s
smaller figure. For s 2 = ------------
30 m
2 Set up the scale factor ratio for each s = 2 × 30 m
of the two sides. = 60 m
70 m
For t 2 = ------------
t
70 m
t = ------------
2
= 35 m
remember
remember
Maps and scales
Map scales can be stated as:
1. A ratio scale. For example, 1:100 means that 1 unit on the map represents
100 units in real life.
2. A simple conversion scale. For example, 1 cm = 100 m means 1 cm on the map

represents 100 metres in real life.
Similar figures C'

2
For two figures to be similar, they must have the B' C
B 1
following properties:
4 6 2
1. The ratios of the corresponding sides must be equal. 3
A′B′ B′C′ C′D′ A′D′ A 1
------------ = ------------ = ------------ = ------------ = common ratio A'
2 D
AB BC CD AD D'
C'
2. The corresponding angles must be equal. B' 125° 60°
C
B
∠A = ∠A′ ∠B = ∠B′ ∠C = ∠C′ ∠D = ∠D′ 125°
60°
85°
85° A
A' D
D'
Scale factor, k
1. Scale factor, k, is the amount of enlargement or reduction and is expressed as
integers, fractions or map scale ratios, for example k = 2, k = -----
12
1
- or 1:10 000.
length of image A′B′ B′C′ C′A′

2. Scale factor, k = ----------------------------------------- = ------------ = ------------ = ------------ B'
length of original AB BC CA B
where for enlargements, k is greater than 1 and for 3 3 9 9
reductions, k is between 0 and 1.
A1C
A' 3 C'
3. For k = 1, the figures are exactly the same shape and size and
are referred to as congruent.
8E Maps and similar figures
WORKED 1 Convert the following map ratio scales to simple conversion scales with cm as the unit
Example
21
of measure.
a 1:500 000 b 1:1000 c 1:125 000
d 2:40 000 e 1:1 750 000 f 1:500
hca
d WORKED 2 State the real-life distance represented on a map for each of the following:
Example
Mat
Scale 22 a 22 cm on a 1 cm = 1.5 km map b 8.5 cm on a 1 cm = 200 m map

factor
c 8 mm on a 1 mm = 100 m map d 13 cm on a 1:750 000 map
e 17 cm on a 1:20 000 map f 25 mm on a 1:200 000 map.
WORKED 3 State the distance on a map for each of the following:

Example
23 a 4 km on a 1:100 000 map b 750 m on a 1:25 000 map
c 100 km on a 1:200 000 map d 25 m on a 1:500 map
e 300 m on a 1:150 000 map f 12 km on a 1:750 000 map.
WORKED 4 For each of these pairs of similar shapes, find:

Example
24
i the scale factor ii the value of x and y.
a 200 cm b
y cm
25 metres
x cm
50
50
x cm
70
1m
y cm
4m 20 cm
c d y mm 42 mm
m
2c
8 cm
m
8c
y cm x
63 mm
x cm 7 mm
4 cm
21 mm

WORKED 5 Prove that the following pairs are similar figures and find the value of a.
Example
a b
25 1– m
m a 15°
82 45°
24 cm
60°
30°
mm
17
mc
30°
36
17 22
mm cm
48 cm
60°
41 cm
a
45°
15° 37 cm
38 cm
c d 7.5
12
62 mm
24
40 mm
33° 30
a
32 10
Photo
a° 16
Height of person = 186 cm 40
6 A photo has the dimensions 10 cm by 12 cm. The photo is enlarged by a factor of 2.5.
Find the new dimensions of the photo.
7 Most scale model cars are in the ratio 1:12. Find:
a the length of a real car if the model is 20 cm long (in metres to 1 decimal place)
b the height of a real car if the model is 3 cm high (to the nearest centimetre)
c the length of a model if the real car is 3 metres long.
8 The dimensions of a student’s room are 4300 mm by 3560 mm. An appropriate scale
to draw a scale diagram
on an A4 sheet is 1:20. N Thomas
Badger
Find the dimensions of
the scale drawing of the Blazing
room and state whether er
Riv
the drawing should be DAVIS LAND
landscape or portrait on Temple
ple
the A4 sheet. Tem
Rom
e Parry
9 The map at right uses a Danby
line scale. West Clowes Riv
er
a Convert the line scale to Sea Sharpe
a simple conversion scale.
KILOMETRES
b State the map scale ratio. 0 10 20 30 40
c Find the straight-line
McLeod
distances between:
i McLeod and Thomas Gold mine Copper mine
ii McLeod and Clowes
Coal mine Silver mine
iii Sharpe and Thomas.
10 Find the distance between the following pairs of locations in the map (to the nearest
kilometre).
SCALE 1:1 000 000

N
2750 m
Kantar
r
ve Stuckley
Ri Sea
Martina
Paxton
Shelly Beach
Reneton
Foster
Plains
Baletta BRAMBLETOWN
er
Riv
Snake
River
Goldern 1253 m
ing
Newbury
Sea
Sw
Bolivia
3014 m Markham
Jewel
Ross
Charleston
a From Brambletown to Ross in a straight line

b From Charleston to Markham in a straight line
c From Shelly Beach to Baletta in a straight line
d From Charleston to Ross in a straight line
e From Charleston to Ross via the roads.
(Hint: Use a length of string to measure the distance.)
11 Using the map from question 10, state which town(s) is/are within 15 kilometres of
Brambletown.
12 multiple choice
The perimeter of the real object shown in the scale diagram of
4 cm
1:25 is:
A 464 cm B 514 cm C 357 cm D 14.28 cm E 150 cm
2 cm
13 multiple choice
A 1:27 scale model of a truck is made from clay. What is the length of the tray on the
original truck, if it is 27 cm length on the model?
A 1 cm B 100 cm C 270 cm D 540 cm E 729 cm
14 multiple choice
A scale factor of 0.2 is:
A a reduction with a scale of 1 cm = 2 cm
B an enlargement with a scale of 1 cm = 0.2 cm
C an enlargement with a scale of 1 cm = 5 cm
D a reduction with a scale of 1 cm = 5 cm
E a reduction with a scale of 1 cm = 20 cm

Similar triangles
Similar triangles can be used to find the height of trees and buildings or widths of rivers
and mountains. One extra rule can be used to identify similar triangles to those men-
tioned for similar shapes in the previous section. Two triangles are similar if one of the
following conditions is identified:
1. All three corresponding angles
are equal (AAA).
2. All three corresponding pairs 1 2

of sides are in the same
ratio (linear scale factor) 3 1 2 3
sf = --- = --- = --- = 0.5
2 4 6
(SSS). 2 4
3. Two corresponding pairs of sides 3

are in the same ratio and the
included angles are equal 2 sf = 6
--- = 4
--- =2
3 2
(SAS). 6
As in the previous section, we use the known values of a pair of corresponding sides
to determine the scale factor for the similar triangles.
OA′ length of side of image
Scale factor, k = ---------- = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OA length of corresponding side of original
WORKED Example 26
For the similar triangles in the diagram, find B
a the scale factor 4 100° B'
b the value of the pronumeral, x. 30°
A 6 C 100°
6
THINK WRITE A' 30° C'

x
a 1 Identify that the two triangles a B
are similar because they have Original
4 100° B'
equal angles (AAA). The third 30° 50°
A C 100°
angle is not given but use the 6 6 Image
rule that all angles in a triangle
A' 30° 50° C'
sum to 180°. x
Continued over page

THINK WRITE
2 Always select the triangle with Scale factor,

the unknown length, x, as the length of side of image
image. Evaluate the scale factor k = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
length of corresponding side of original
by selecting a pair of
A′B′
corresponding sides from the = ------------
two triangles with known AB
lengths. = 6
---
4
= 1.5
b 1 Use the scale factor to find the b Scale factor, k = 1.5
unknown length, x. A′C′
Transpose and evaluate. 1.5 = ------------
AC
x
1.5 = ---
6
x = 1.5 × 6
x=9
2 Write answer in the correct The scale factor is 1.5 and the unknown length, x,
units and level of accuracy. is 9 units.
WORKED Example 27
For the given similar triangles, find the value of the D
3.5
pronumeral, x. B
4.0 E
x
C
A 7
All measurements in m
THINK WRITE
1 Confirm that the two triangles are B Original

similar because they have equal angles m
(AAA). This conclusion is supported by 4.0 C
the parallel lines shown and using A 7m D
corresponding law and common Image
angle, ∠A. .5
m
7 E
(7 + x) m
A
2 For clear analysis separate the two AD = 4.0 + 3.5

triangles. Note that the lengths of the = 7.5 m
sides AE and AD are the sum of the AE = (7 + x) m
given values.

THINK WRITE
3 Select as the image the triangle with the Scale factor,
unknown length. Evaluate the scale length of side of image
factor by selecting a pair of k = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
corresponding sides from the two
AD
triangles with known lengths. = --------
AB
7.5
= -------
4.0
k = 1.875
4 Use the scale factor to find the Scale factor,
unknown length. length of side of image
Transpose and evaluate. k = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AE
1.875 = --------
AC
7+x
1.875 = ------------
7
1.875 × 7 = 7 + x
13.125 = 7 + x
x = 13.125 − 7
x = 6.125
5 Write answer in the correct units and The value of x is 6 1--8- metres.
level of accuracy.
There are many practical applications of similar triangles in the real world. It is particu-
larly useful for determining the lengths of inaccessible features such as the height of
tall trees or the widths of rivers. This problem is overcome by setting up a triangle
similar to the feature to be examined, as shown in the next example.
WORKED Example 28 ray

s
Find the height of the tree shown in the diagram at right. n's
Su
Give the answer to 1 decimal place.
Shadow
(140 cm)
Girl
(168 cm)
THINK WRITE 14 metres

1 Confirm that the two triangles are Original
similar because they have equal angles
168 cm
(AAA). This conclusion is supported by
parallel lines, assuming the tree and the
girl are perpendicular to the ground and 140 cm xm
using corresponding law and common Image
angle, ∠A.
14 m Continued over page
THINK WRITE
2 For clear analysis separate the two triangles.

height of tree (image)
3 Select the triangle with the unknown Scale factor, k = -------------------------------------------------------
height of girl (original)
length as the image. Evaluate the scale
14 x
factor by selecting a pair of k = ------- = ----------
corresponding sides from the two 1.4 1.68
triangles with known lengths. x
10 = ----------
Note: All measurements should be in 1.68
the same units, preferably in metres.
4 Transpose and evaluate. x = 10 × 1.68
= 16.8 m
5 Write answer in the correct units. Height of the tree is 16.8 metres.
remember
remember
Similar triangles
OA′ length of side of image

1. Scale factor, k = ---------- = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OA length of corresponding side of original
2. Two triangles are similar if one of the following

conditions is identified:
(a) All three corresponding angles are equal (AAA).
(b) All three corresponding pairs of sides are in the 1 2

same ratio (linear scale factor) (SSS).
3
2 4
6
1 2 3
sf = —
2 = —
4 = —
6 = 0.5
(c) Two corresponding pairs of sides are in the 3

same ratio and the included angles are equal 6
(SAS). 4
8
8F Similar triangles
WORKED 1 State the rule (SSS or AAA or SAS) that proves the pair of triangles are similar and
Example
26a
determine the scale factor (expressed as an enlargement k > 1).
a mm
b c
320 5.6 5
25°
4.6
10
240 mm 4.4 8.8 4.5
25°
m m
m
9.2
m 0
0 48
64 11
.2 9
d e f
10.5
10.5 10.5
14 3 3.5
7 . 0
4
7
2
WORKED 2 For the given similar triangles, find the value of the pronumeral, a.
Example Cabri Geom
a b c
etry
26b 22.5 mm 45 cm
62° 62° am Similar
m triangles
15
m
15 mm 12 m 14.4 m 59 cm
75
am
25
cm
62° 62°
56° 38° 38°
cm
mm
56°
20
a
d 7 e f
71° 4 a
12 16 3.2 6
8 6
67° 12 13
a
14 9.6 7.8
9
x a x x x
WORKED 3 For the given similar triangles, find the value of the pronumeral, a.
Example
27
a b c
a
7.5
6 2
a 4.5
.5
12
10
3
12 8 a
d e f a
17 m
2
80°
15.
m 32
18 4m
m
17.2 am
a
10
8m
68 m
m
80°
m
43 142 m
WORKED 4 Find the height of the flagpole shown in the diagram

Example
28
at right (to the nearest centimetre).
Guy wire
0.9 m
1m
9m
5 Find the length of the bridge, AB , needed to span B
the river, using similar triangles as shown (to the
nearest decimetre). (Not to scale
All measurement
are in metres)
2.5 m
A 12.5 m
4.3 m
6 The shadow of a tree is 4 metres and at the same time the shadow of a 1 metre stick is
25 cm. Assuming both the tree and stick are perpendicular to the horizontal ground,
what is the height of the tree?
Lake B
7 Find the width of the lake (to the nearest metre) using
these surveyor’s notes at right. A
8 multiple choice 25 m
In the given diagram, the length of
side b is closest to:
12
16
2m
Not to scale A 24
1.2 m
B 22
20
b
C 16
D 15
E 9.6
1.1 m
Questions 9 and 10 refer to the following information.

A young tennis player’s serve is shown in the diagram.
x
Assume the ball travels in a straight line.

y
0.9 m
9 multiple choice
The height of the ball just as it is hit, x, is closest to: 5m 10 m
A 3.6 m B 2.7 m C 2.5 m D 1.8 m E 1.6 m
SHE
ET 8.2 10 multiple choice
Work
The height of the player, y, as shown is closest to:


Area and volume scale factors
An unknown area or volume of a figure can be found without the need to use known
formulas such as in exercises 8B and 8D. We have seen that two figures that are similar
have all corresponding lengths in the same ratio or (linear) scale factor, k. The same can
be shown for the area and volume of two similar figures.
Area of similar figures

If the lengths of similar figures are in the ratio a:b or k, then the areas of the similar
shapes are in the ratio a2:b2 or k2. Following are investigations to support this relationship.
Different length ratios (or scale factors) of a square Area
1 cm =
length of blue square 2 cm 1 cm2
-------------------------------------------------- = ----------- = 2 = k
length of red square 1 cm 1 cm
area of blue square 4 cm 2
--------------------------------------------- = -------------2- = 4 = 2 2 = k 2
area of red square 1 cm
2 cm Area = 4 cm2
length of green square 3 cm
----------------------------------------------------- = ----------- = 3 = k 2 cm
length of red square 1 cm
area of green square 9 cm 2

------------------------------------------------ = -------------2- = 9 = 3 2 = k 2
area of red square 1 cm
3 cm Area = 9 cm2
Different length ratios (or scale factors) of a circle 3 cm
radius length of blue circle 2 cm

------------------------------------------------------------------ = ----------- = 2 = k
radius length of red circle 1 cm
1 cm
Area = πr 2 = 1π cm2
area of blue circle 4 π cm 2
------------------------------------------- = -----------------2- = 4 = 2 2 = k 2
area of red circle 1 π cm
2 cm
Area = π r 2 = 4π cm2
radius length of green circle 3 cm
--------------------------------------------------------------------- = ----------- = 3 = k
radius length of red circle 1 cm
3 cm
Area = π r 2 = 9π cm2
area of green circle 9 π cm 2

---------------------------------------------- = -----------------2- = 9 = 3 2 = k 2
area of red circle 1 π cm
From above, as long as two figures are similar then the area ratio or scale factor is
the square of the linear scale factor, k. The same applies for the total surface area.
area of image
Area scale ratio or factor (asf) = ------------------------------------
area of original
= square of linear scale factor (lsf)
= (lsf)2
= k2
The steps required to solve for length, area or volume (investigated later) using
similarity are:
1. Clearly identify the known corresponding measurements (length, area or volume) of
the similar shape.
2. Establish a scale factor (linear, area or volume) using known measurements.
3. Convert to an appropriate scale factor to determine the unknown measurement.
4. Use the scale factor and ratio to evaluate the unknown.
WORKED Example 29
For the 2 similar triangles shown, find the
area, x cm2, of the small triangle.
Area = x Area = 100 cm2
THINK WRITE 2.4 cm 4.8 cm
length of small triangle (image)

1 Determine a scale factor, in this Linear scale factor = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
length of large triangle (original)
instance the linear scale factor,
2.4 cm
from the two corresponding lengths k = ----------------
given. It is preferred that the 4.8 cm
unknown triangle is the image. = --2-
1
2 Determine the area scale factor. Area scale factor = k2

2
= 1---
 2
= 1
---
4
area of small triangle (image)
3 Use the area scale factor to find Area scale factor = --------------------------------------------------------------------------
area of large triangle (original)
the unknown area.
x cm 2
--- = --------------------
1
4 100 cm 2
4 Transpose the equation to get x = --4- × 100
1
unknown by itself. x = 25
5 Write your answer. The area of the small triangle is 25 cm2.
WORKED Example 30 x
For the two similar shapes shown, find the 2 cm
unknown length, x cm.
250 cm 2
10 cm 2
THINK WRITE
area of image (large trapezium)
1 Determine a scale factor, in Area scale factor = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
area of original (small trapezium)
this instance the area scale
250 cm 2
factor, as both areas are k2 = -------------------2-
known. It is preferred that the 10 cm
triangle with the unknown is = 25
stated as the image.

THINK WRITE
2 Determine the linear scale Linear scale factor = k2

factor. k = 25
k=5
length of image (large trapezium)
3 Use the linear scale factor to Linear scale factor = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
length of original (small trapezium)
find the unknown length.
x cm
5 = ------------
2 cm
4 Transpose the equation to get x=5×2
5 Write your answer. The length, x, is 10 cm.
Volume of similar figures

If the lengths of similar figures are in the ratio a:b or k, then the volume of the similar
shapes are in the ratio a3:b3 or k3. The following is an investigation of two different
objects, cubes and rectangular prisms. Volume = 1 × 1 × 1
= 1 cm 3
A cube
length of large (blue) cube 2 cm
--------------------------------------------------------------- = ----------- = 2 = k
length of small (red) cube 1 cm 1 cm
1 cm
1 cm
volume of large cube 8 cm 2 Volume =

--------------------------------------------------- = -------------2- = 8 = 2 3 = k 3 2×2×2
volume of small cube 1 cm = 8 cm3
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
A rectangular prism Volume =

1×1×3
length of small prism 3 cm 1 = 3 cm3
--------------------------------------------------- = ----------- = --- = k
length of large prism 6 cm 2 1 cm
3 3 cm
cm 3
------------------------------------------------------ = ----------------3- = --- =  --- = k 3
volume of small prism 3 1 1
 2 1 cm
volume of large prism 24 cm 8
Volume =
From above, as long as two figures are similar then the 2×2×6
volume ratio or scale factor is the cube of the linear scale = 24 cm3
factor, k.
volume of image 2 cm
Volume scale factor (vsf) = -------------------------------------------- 6 cm
volume of original
2 cm
= cube of linear scale factor (lsf)
= (lsf)3
= k3
WORKED Example 31
For the two similar figures shown, find the volume of the smaller cone. Volume of
large cone
= 540 cm3 6 cm 9 cm
THINK WRITE
1 Separate the two figures to Volume =

540 cm3
clarify the details of the
6 cm
similar figures. 9 cm
Volume =
x cm3
length of small triangle (image)

2 Determine a scale factor, in this Linear scale factor = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
length of large triangle (original)
instance the linear scale factor,
6 cm
from the two corresponding k = -----------
lengths given. It is preferred 9 cm
that the unknown triangle is the = 2
---
3
image.
3 Determine the volume scale Volume scale factor = k3
factor. 3
k= 2---
 3
k= 8
------
27
volume of small cone (image)

4 Use the volume scale factor to Volume scale factor = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
volume of large cone (original)
find the unknown length.
x cm 3
------ = --------------------
8
27 540 cm 3
5 Transpose the equation to get x = -----

27
8
- × 540
the unknown by itself. x = 160
6 Write your answer. The volume of the smaller cone is 160 cm3.
We can use the relationship between linear, area and volume scale factors to find any
unknown in any pair of similar figures as long as a scale factor can be established.
1. Given linear scale factor (lsf) = k area scale factor = k2 volume scale factor = k2
For example: =2 = 22 = 4 = 23 = 8
2
2. Given area scale factor (asf) = k2 linear scale factor = k volume scale factor = k3
For example: =4 k= 4 =2 = 23 = 8
3
3. Given volume scale factor (vsf) = k3 linear scale factor = 3
k area scale factor = k2
For example: =8 k= 3 8 =2 = 22 = 4

WORKED Example 32
For two similar triangular prisms with volumes of 64 m3 and 8 m3, find the total surface
area of the larger triangular prism, if the smaller prism has a total surface area of 2.5 m2.
THINK WRITE
volume of larger prism (image)
1 Determine a scale factor, in Volume scale factor = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
volume of smaller prism (original)
-
this instance the volume scale
64 m 3
factor, from the two known k3 = -------------
-
volumes. It is preferred that 8 m3
the larger unknown triangular k3 = 8
prism is stated as the image.
2 Determine the area scale Linear scale factor = 3
k3 = k
factor. For ease of calculation,
k= 3 8 =2
change volume scale factor to
linear and then to area scale Area scale factor = k2
factor. = 22
=4
area of larger prism (image)
3 Use the area scale factor to Area scale factor = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
area of smaller prism (original)
find the total surface area.
x m2
4 = ---------------2-
2.5 m
4 Transpose the equation to get x = 4 × 2.5
5 Write your answer. The total surface area of the larger triangular prism is 10 m2.
remember
remember
The steps required to solve for length, area or volume using similarity are:
1. Clearly identify the known corresponding measurements (length, area or
volume) of the similar shape.
2. Establish a scale factor (linear, area or volume) using known pairs of
measurements.
Area scale factors
area of image
Area scale ratio or factor (asf) = ------------------------------------
area of original
= k2
Volume scale factor
volume of image
Volume scale ratio or factor (vsf) = --------------------------------------------
volume of original
= k3
Area and volume scale

8G factors
d 1 Complete the following table of values.
hca
Mat
Linear scale factors Area scale factors Volume scale factors

Area and
volume
k k2 k3
scale 2 8
factors
16
3
125
100
64
0.027
36
0.1
100
0.16
400
WORKED 2 Find the unknown area of the following pairs of similar figures.
Example
29
a b 12 cm2
m
540 mm2
8c
x mm2
cm
48
x cm2
15 mm 22.5 mm
c d
7m
2m
122.5 m 2 21 mm 14 mm
x m2
Surface area Surface area

= x mm2 = 100 mm2
WORKED 3 a Find the unknown length of the following pairs of similar figures.
Example
30
i ii 25 cm
Area =
xm 6.25 m2
1.7 m Area =2 Area =
1.0 m Area = 3000 cm2
750 cm2
x

b Two similar trapezium-shaped strips of land have an area of 0.5 hectares and
2 hectares. The larger block has a distance of 50 metres between the parallel sides.
Find the same length in the smaller block.
c Two photographs have areas of 48 cm2 and 80 cm2. The smaller photo has a width
of 6 cm. Find the width of the larger photo.
WORKED 4 Find the unknown volume in the following pairs of similar objects.
Example
31
a b Volume of small pyramid
x cm3 = 40 cm3
7 cm
2400 cm 3 2 cm
12 cm
14 cm
c d
45 cm
Volume
= 1200 cm3
30 cm
Volume of large sphere
= 8 litres
WORKED 5 a For the 2 similar triangular pyramids with volumes of 27 m3 and 3 m3, find the
Example
32
total surface area of the larger triangular prism if the smaller prism has a total sur-
face area of 1.5 m2.
b For a baseball with diameter of 10 cm and a basketball with a diameter of 25 cm,
find the total surface area of the baseball if the basketball has a total surface area
of 1963.5 cm2.
c For a 14 inch car tyre and 20 inch truck tyre that are similar, find the volume (to
the nearest litre) of the truck tyre if the car tyre has a volume of 70 litres.
d For 2 similar kitchen mixing bowls with total surface areas of 1500 cm2 and
3375 cm2, find the capacity of the larger bowl if the smaller bowl has a capacity of
1.25 litres (to the nearest quarter of a litre).
6 a Find the volume of the b Find the volume of the larger

small cone. triangular pyramid
Area = 45 cm2
TSA of small pyramid

Area = = 200 cm2
5 cm2
Volume of small pyramid
= 1000 cm3
Volume of TSA of large pyramid

large cone = 288 cm2
= 270 cm3
c Find total surface area of d Find the diameter of the

the small prism small cylinder.
Area = 12 cm2 12 cm
TSA = x cm
78 cm2
Area =
6 cm2
TSA = Volume Volume
x cm2 = 1280 cm3 = 20 cm3
7 A plan of a holiday bungalow has a scale of 1 cm = 50 cm. 10 cm

a What is the area of the plan? 5 cm
b Express the drawing scale as a linear scale factor. 12 cm
c Using similarity, find the actual area of the bungalow
(in m2 to 2 decimal places).
8 cm
d What is the area scale factor (k2)?

8 What is the area ratio of:
a two similar squares with side lengths of 3 cm and 12 cm?
b two similar circles with diameters of 9 m and 12 m?
c two similar regular pentagons with sides of 16 cm and 20 cm?
d two similar right-angled triangles with bases of 7.2 mm and 4.8 mm?
9 Find the volume ratios from the similar shapes given in question 8. TSA of
large cone
= 840 cm2
10 Find the total surface area of the small cone as given in the diagram.
11 A 1:12 scale model of a car is created from plaster and painted.
a If the actual car has a volume of 3.5 m3, find the amount of
plaster needed for the model to the nearest litre.
b The model needed 25 millilitres of paint. How much paint would be needed for
the actual car (in litres to 1 decimal place)?
12 Find the ratios of the volume of 2 cubes whose sides are in the ratio of 3:4.
13 An island in the Pacific Ocean has an area of 500 km2. What is the area of its
representation on a map drawn to scale of 1 cm = 5 km?
14 Two statutes of a famous person used 500 cm3 and 1.5 litres of clay. The smaller
statue stood 15 cm tall. What is the height of the other statue (to the nearest
centimetre)?
15 The ratio of the volume of two cubes is 27:8. What is the ratio of:
a the lengths of their edges?
b the total surface area?
16 The radius of one sphere is equal to the diameter of another sphere. Find the ratio of
the small sphere to the large sphere:
a for total surface area
b for volume.
17 A cone is half-filled with ice-cream. What is the ratio of ice cream to empty space?
18 multiple choice
A 1:27 scale model of a truck is made from clay. The ratio of volume of the model to
the real truck is:
A 1:3 B 3:1 C 1:9 D 1:729 E 1:19 683
19 multiple choice
The ratio of the volume of the blue portion to the volume of
the red portion is:
h
A 1:3
3h
B 1:8
C 1:9
D 1:26
E 1:27
20 multiple choice
A 1:100 scale model of a building is a cube with sides of 100 cm. The volume of the
real building is:
A 10 000 000 m3 B 1 000 000 m3 C 100 000 m3
3 3
D 10 000 m E 1000 m
summary
Properties of angles, triangles and polygons
• Draw careful diagrams.
• Carefully interpret geometric notations, such as Equal sides
the diagram at right.
• Carefully consider geometric rules, such as
isosceles triangles have 2 equal sides and angles.
Area and perimeter

• Perimeter is the distance around a closed figure.
• Circumference is the perimeter of a circle.
C = 2 × π × radius
= 2π r
• Area is measured in mm2, cm2, m2, km2 and hectares.
• 1 cm2 = 10 mm × 10 mm = 100 mm2
1 m2 = 100 cm × 100 cm = 10 000 cm2
1 km2 = 1000 m × 1000 m = 1 000 000 m2
1 hectare = 10 000 m2
• Area of shapes commonly encountered are:
1. Area of a square: A = l 2
2. Area of a rectangle: A = l × w
3. Area of a parallelogram: A = b × h
4. Area of trapezium: A = 1--2- (a + b) × h
5. Area of a circle: A = π r 2
6. Area of a triangle: A = 1--2- × b × h
• Area of composite figure = sum of the individual common figures
Acomposite = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + . . .
Total surface area (TSA)

• Total surface area (TSA) is measured in mm2, cm2, m2 and km2.
• The TSAs of some common objects are as follows:
1. Cubes: TSA = 6l2
2. Cuboids: TSA = 2(lw + lh + wh)
3. Cylinders: TSA = 2π r(r + h)
4. Cones: TSA = π r(r + s) where s is the slant height
5. Spheres: TSA = 4π r 2
• For all other objects, form their nets and establish the total surface area formulas.

• Volume is the amount of space occupied by a 3-dimensional object.
• The units of volume are mm3, cm3 (or cc) and m3.
1. 1000 mm3 = 1 cm3
2. 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3
3. 1 litre = 1000 cm3
4. 1000 litres = 1 m3

• Volume of a prism, Vprism = area of uniform cross-section × height
V=A×H
• Volume of a pyramid, Vpyramid = 1
---
3
× area of cross-section at the base × height
V= 1
---
3
×A×H
• The height of a pyramid, H, is sometimes call the altitude.
• Volume of a sphere is Vsphere = 4
---
3
πr3
• Volume of a composite object = sum of the individual common prisms, pyramids or
spheres.
Vcomposite = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . .
or Vcomposite = V1 − V2 . . .
Maps and scales
• Ratio scale, for example 1:100, means that 1 unit on the map represents 100 units in
real life.
SCALE 1:50 000

METRES 1000 0 1 2 3 KILOMETRES
• A simple conversion scale, for example 1 cm = 100 m, means 1 cm on the map

represents 100 metres in real life.
Kilometres 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kilometres
Similar figures 2 C'

• Two objects that have the same shape but different size B' C
B 1
are said to be similar.
4 6 2
• For 2 figures to be similar, they must have the following 3
properties: A 1
(a) The ratios of the corresponding sides must be equal. A' 2 D' D
C'
A′B′ B′C′ C′D′ A′D′ B' 125° 60°
------------ = ------------ = ------------ = ------------ = common ratio B
C
60°
AB BC CD AD 125°
(b) The corresponding angles are equal.

∠A = ∠A′ ∠B = ∠B′ ∠C = ∠C′ ∠D = ∠D′ 85° A 85°
A' D
D'
Scale factor, k
length of image A′B′ A′B′ B′C′ C′A′
• Scale factor, k = ----------------------------------------- = ------------ = ------------ = ------------ = ------------
length of original AB AB BC CA B'
where for enlargements, k is greater than 1 and B
for reductions, k is between 0 and 1.
• For k = 1, the figures are exactly the same shape and size and are 3 3 9 9
referred to as congruent. A1C

A' 3 C'
Similar triangles
• Two triangles are similar if one of the following conditions is identified:
1. All 3 corresponding angles are equal (AAA).
2. All 3 corresponding pairs of sides are in the same ratio (linear scale factor)
(SSS).
3. Two corresponding pairs of sides are in the same ratio and the included angles
are equal (SAS).

• The steps required to solve for length, area or volume using similarity are:
1. Clearly identify the known corresponding measurements (length, area or
volume) of the similar shapes.
2. Establish a scale factor (linear, area or volume) using known pairs of
measurements.
Area scale factor

area of image
• Area scale ratio or factor (asf) = ------------------------------------
area of original
= k2
Volume scale factor

volume of image
• Volume scale ratio or factor (vsf) = --------------------------------------------
volume of original
= k3
CHAPTER
review
Multiple choice
1 For the triangle shown in a semicircle, x is:
A 32° 8A
B 58°
C 68°
32° x°
D 90°
E none of the above
2 A triangle LABC has the following values given. AB = 10 cm, AC = 12 cm where AB

and AC are perpendicular. The area of the triangle is 8B
A 120 cm2 B 30 cm2 C 240 cm2 D 121 cm2 E 60 cm2
3 The area of the kitchen bench shown in the plan is closest to:
A 1250π + 19 600 cm2
220
8B
B 1250π + 37 600 cm2 80
C 1250π + 29 600 cm2
D 2500π + 29 600 cm2 All
200
E 30 100 cm2 measurements
in cm
50
4 The total surface area of a closed cylinder with a radius of 40 cm and a height of 20 cm is
given by: 8C
A 2 × π × 20 × (40) B 2 × π × 40 × (40) C 2 × π × 40 × (100)
D 2 × π × 40 × (60) E 2 × π × 20 × (60)
5 The net of an object is shown in the diagram. An appropriate name

for the object is: 8C
A rectangular prism
B rectangular pyramid
C triangular prism
D triangular pyramid
E trapezium prism
6 The volume of a sphere with a diameter of 15 cm is closest to:

A 560π cm3 B 900π cm3 C 4500π cm3 8D
D 4500π cm 3
E 36 000π cm 3
V
7 The volume of the composite object, given that VO = 10 cm is closest to:

A 1000 cm3 8D
B 1300 cm3 O
C 1500 cm3
D 2000 cm3
E 10 000 cm3
8E 8 A map ratio scale of 1:150 000 expressed as a simple conversion scale is:
A 1 cm = 15 m B 1 cm = 150 m C 1 cm = 1500 m
D 1 mm = 1.5 km E 1 cm = 15 km
8E 9 In the triangle shown, the value of c is:

A 3 3
B 6
2.6
C 9 c
D 12
E 4 7.8
8E 10 The circumference of the larger cone is closest to:

A 113 mm 24 mm
B 151 mm 189 mm
C 226 mm
D 302 mm
63 mm
E 459 mm
8F 11 The diagonal distance on the television screen is used to specify
45 cm
h cm
the different sizes available. If the height on a 51 cm television 34 cm 51 cm
is 45 cm, then a similar 34 cm television has a height, h, which
is closest to:
8F 12 The diagram at right shows the

path of a pool ball into the
6
middle pocket of a 12 by 6-x

6
6 billiard table. To achieve
this, the expression for x
the value of x is: 4
12
6 6–x
A --- = -----------
4 x
4 6–x
B --- = -----------
6 x
6 x–6
C --- = -----------
4 x
12 6–x
D ------ = -----------
6 x
6 2+x
E --- = ------------
4 x

13 Jennifer is standing 2 metres directly in front of her bedroom
window which is 1 metre wide. The width (w) of her view of 8F
a mountain range 1 kilometre from her window is (to the w
nearest metre):
A 1002 metres
1000 m
B 1000 metres 1m
C 499 metres
2m
D 501 metres
E 500 metres
14 The large cone is filled to one-third of its height with water as shown. The ratio of the
volume of water to air is: 8G
A 1:27
B 1:26
C 27:1
D 1:9
E 1:3
Short answer
1 For each of the figures, find the value of the pronumeral.
a b a
8A
a c b
b
40° c
2 Find the outer perimeter and area of the flower.

8B
r = 11 mm
r = 22 mm
3 For the triangular prism:

a Sketch an appropriate net for the given solid prism. 8C
b Transfer the units appropriately to the net from part a. 4m 3m
c Calculate the total surface area of the object. 5m 6m
4 a What is the volume contained by the solid and framed

6m sections (to 1 decimal place)?
b What is the volume of the solid part only?
10 m
8D 5 The dimensions of a rectangular prism tub are 30 cm by 20 cm by 15 cm. The tub is filled
completely with water and then transferred into a cylinder tank that is 10 cm in radius and
40 cm tall. How high is the water level in the cylinder?
8E 6 A plan of a region is to the scale 1:200 000.

a If the distance on the map between 2 towns is 27 mm, find the actual distances between
the towns.
b The distance between the fire station and the local airport is 2.4 km. Find the distance
represented on the plan.
8F 7 Two ladders are placed against the wall at the same angle. The ladders are 2 metres and
3 metres long. If the taller ladder reaches 2.1 metres up the wall, how far up will the second
ladder reach (to 1 decimal place)?
8F 8 A yacht is an unknown distance from the shore.

A family on the beach make the measurements
as shown in the diagram at right. How far is it to the yacht
(to the nearest metre)?
10 m 1 m
6m
8G 9 A plan is drawn to scale of 1:50 000. Find:
a the length in centimetres on the plan that represents 1 km
b the area in hectares of a region represented by 4 cm2 on the plan
c the area on the plan of a region of 25 hectares.
Analysis
A rectangular block of modelling clay has dimensions of 30 cm by 20 cm by 10 cm.
1 a What is the volume of the block of clay?
b Express in litres your answer from question 1 a.
c What is the total surface area of the clay?
2 The entire block of clay is remoulded to a shape of a cylinder with a height of 30 cm.
a Find the diameter of the cylindrical block of clay (to 2 decimal places).
b Find the new total surface area of the clay when moulded as a cylinder (to nearest cm2).
c What fraction of the volume needs to be removed to turn the cylindrical block into a cone
with the same diameter and height?
4.5 cm
3 Clay is moulded to the shape at right to represent a 1:100 scale
model of a grain silo.
a Find the volume of clay needed to make a scale model grain silo
(to 1 decimal place). 6 cm
b Find the actual volume of the grain silo. Express your answer to
the nearest cubic metre.
c What is the ratio of the volume of model to the volume of the
actual grain silo? 6 cm 5 cm
d If the scale model has a total surface area of 143.14 cm2, find the
test total surface area of the actual silo.
yourself
CHAPTER
4 It is decided that another silo, half the size of the silo in question 3, is to be built. What
8 fraction will this smaller silo be in volume compared to the larger silo?

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Ch 08 FM YR 12 Page 347 Friday, November 10, 2000 11:30 AM

348 Further Mathematics

Interior angles of polygons

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration 349

Definitions of common terms

Some common notations and rules

a=b a=b a + d = 180°

350 Further Mathematics

1 Recognise that the top and bottom of 35°

2 To find the unknown angle a, use the Given angle 35°.

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration 351

1. Draw careful diagrams.

3. Carefully consider geometric rules, such as isosceles triangles have 2 equal

WORKED 2 Find the value of the pronumerals in the following figures.

352 Further Mathematics

WORKED 3 Find the value of the pronumerals in the following figures.

4 Name the regular polygon that has the given angle(s).

5 Find the unknown pronumerals.

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration 353

3. Circumference (C) is the perimeter of a circle. a c

(to the nearest mm).

354 Further Mathematics

Area of common shapes

6. Area of a triangle: A = 1--2- × b × h Triangle

Area is measured in mm2, cm2, m2, km2 and hectares. b

WORKED Example 5 5.7 m

(to the nearest square metre).

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration 355

Area of composite figure = sum of the individual common figures

1 The shape is composite and needs to be 25 m

shapes: in this case, a rectangle, a A1 A2 A3

Substitute and evaluate each of the A1 = area of triangle

2 Add together all three areas for the Area of foyer = A1 + A2 + A3

3 Write your answer. Area of the hotel foyer is 661 m2.

356 Further Mathematics

Conversion of units of area

(d) 1 hectare = 10 000 m2 × 102 × 1002 × 10002

1 Conversion factor for metres to 1.12 m2= 1.12 × 1 metre × 1 metre

a 1 Conversion factor for metres to a 156 000 m2 = 156 000 × 1

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration 357

8B Area and perimeter

358 Further Mathematics

WORKED 2 Find the perimeters of the closed figures in question 1.

4 Find the perimeters of the closed figures in question 3.

6 A kite has the dimensions in the figure at right. Find the 70 cm

7 Find the area of the regular hexagon

shown in the diagram. 5 mm

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration 359

0.8 m 0.8 m 0.8 m 0.8 m

a What is the total area

rings as a percentage of the total

360 Further Mathematics

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration 361

Total surface area formulas of common objects

362 Further Mathematics

Total surface area using a net

MQ FurMat fig 11.68

MQ FurMat fig 11.69

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration 363

1 Form a net of the triangular prism,

2 Identify the different-sized common TSA = A1 + A2 + A3 + 2 × A4

3 Sum the areas. TSA = A1 + A2 + A3 + 2 × A4

364 Further Mathematics