NATIONAL POWER TRAINING INSTITUTE OF NIGERIA

CONTROL CIRCUIT WITH SINGLE LINE

DIAGRAM
 INTRODUCTION

 Control circuits are devices used for fast isolation of affected

equipment to save them from damage during power system
faults.

 Other functions of control circuits besides switching on or off of

circuit breakers and isolators are:

1. Voltage raise or lower in tap changer device of power

transformers.

2. Frequency regulation and load control.

 CONT’D

4. Power system monitoring such as power factor

control.

5. Alarm and indication control.

6. Circuit supervision.

7. Audio/visual annunciation.
 INFORMATION REQUIRED TO
APPLY PROTECTION
1. One-line diagram of the system or area involved.

2. Impedances and connections of power equipment, system frequency,

voltage level and phase sequence.

3. Existing schemes.

4. Operating procedures and practices affecting protection.

5. Importance of protection required and maximum allowed clearance

times.
 CONT’D

6. System fault studies

7. Maximum load and system swing limits

8. CTs and VTs locations, connections and ratios

9. Future expansion expectance

10. Any special considerations for application.

 CONTROL SYMBOLS AND ALPHABETS

 In order to make for easy identification, symbols and

alphabets are used for various devices in control
circuits. Control symbols and alphabets generally used
are shown below.

 A clear knowledge of these control symbols and

alphabets of a one-line diagram facilitates the
understanding of the control drawings/trip control
circuit.
 ONE LINE DIAGRAM

 In power system generally, one-line diagram can be best

described as:

1. Non-dimensioned diagram showing how pieces of electrical

equipment are connected.

2. Simplification of actual system.

3. Equipment is shown as boxes, circles and other simple

graphic symbols.

 Symbols should follow ANSI or IEC conventions.

1-LINE DIAGRAM SYMBOLS AND ALPHBETS
 CONT’D

SYMBOL NAME SYMBOL NAME ALPHABETS NAME

 CONT’D
SYMBOL NAME SYMBOL NAME ALPHABETS NAME
CONT’D
NEMA AND IEC TERMINAL MARKINGS
STANDARD ELEMENTARY DIAGRAM SYMBOLS
CONT’D
CONT’D
 CONTROL CIRCUIT SUPPLIES

 The two major sources of external auxiliary power supplies for

effective operation of control circuits:
1. D.C. supply
2. A.C. supply

 The major source of D. C. supply is from a storage battery.

The types of storage battery commonly used are:

1. Lead Acid Accumulator type

2. Nickel Cadmium type.

 CONT’D

 Auxiliary D.C. supply has standard voltage ratings of 24V,

30V, 36V, 48V, 50V, 60V, 72V, 110V, 220V and 250V.

 In most 11KV, 33KV and 132KV substations, voltage rating of

110V DC (2.2V per cell) are installed and is used for:

1. Tripping and closing coil of circuit breakers

2. Station Control Board (SCB). e.g. the Relay master

tripping board.
 CONT’D
 In 330KV transmission substations, both 50V DC and 110V DC batteries
are used for control circuits.

 For 50V DC voltage rating, it is used for:

1.General Alarms.

2.Radio communication equipment.

 For 110V DC voltage rating, it is used for:

1. Tripping and closing coil of circuit breakers

2. Station Control Board (SCB). e.g. the Relay master tripping board.
 CONT’D
 In Generating stations, 50V, 110V and 230V DC batteries are installed
and they are used for control circuits.

 For 50V DC voltage rating, it is used for:

1. General Alarms
2. Radio communication equipment.
 For 110V DC voltage rating, it is used for:
1. Tripping and closing coil of circuit breakers.
2. Station Control Board (SCB). e.g. the Relay master tripping board
3. DC excitation of Synchronous generator in hydro power station.
 CONT’D
4. The remote controls of governor dashpots.
5. The head gates.

 For 230V DC voltage rating, it is used for:

1. Closing coil for all 330KV Breakers

2. Emergency lights for the station .

 CONT’D

 The voltage rating and the Ampere-Hour rating of a D.C. supply in

a substation depends on:

1. The size and capacity of the generating station and or

substations.

2. The bus bar switching arrangement, which decides the

number of circuit breakers and isolators.

3. The distance from the control room to the controlled

apparatus.
 CONT’D
 A ground fault relay is installed to protect the D. C. circuits from
ground fault, which usually flags whenever there is a ground fault
within any of the poles of the D.C circuits.

 The A.C. supply for the control circuits is obtained from a station
auxiliary transformer.

 Other alternative A.C. supply source could be: another

auxiliary transformer from a separate source, D.C.
motor, A.C. generator set, or battery inverter circuit.
 CONT’D
 In control circuits, A.C. supply could be used for the following
purposes:
1. Control panel illumination
2. Control panel heater
3. Breaker spring operating motor.
4. Breaker control panel heater and illumination.
5. Control panel indication lamps
6. Audio/visual annunciation
7. OLTC gear motor operation in power transformers
8. Position indication for tap – changer progress.
 ANSI C37-2 Device Numbers

21 Distance Relay
25 Synchronizing Device
27 Undervoltage Relay
32 Directional Power Relay
49 Thermal Relay
50 Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
51 AC Time Overcurrent Relay
52 AC Circuit Breaker
 CONT’D
59 Overvoltage Relay
67 AC Directional Overcurrent
72 DC Circuit Breaker
76 DC Overcurrent Relay
79 AC Reclosing Relay
81 Frequency Relay
86 Lockout Relay
87 Differential Relay
 AC ELEMENTARY DIAGRAM
a b c Phase sequence a-b-c
CT

Protected Line
c
52 b
a

51-C 51-B
51-A

51-N

AC Bus
51: Time overcurrent relay
52: AC circuit breaker
 CONT’D
a b c Phase sequence a-b-c
CT

Protected Line
c
52 b
a

51-C 51-B TOC phase relays

51-A
51-A, 51-B, and 51-C
51-N should send trip signal
to breaker 52
AC Bus
51: Time overcurrent relay
52: AC circuit breaker
 CONT’D
a b c Phase sequence a-b-c
CT

Protected Line
c
52 b
a

51-C 51-B
51-A
TOC ground relay
51-N 51-N (set sensitively)
should send trip signal
AC Bus to breaker 52
51: Time overcurrent relay
52: AC circuit breaker
 DC ELEMENTARY DIAGRAM

Relay operating coil

Relay contacts

51-A 51-B
s s to 51-C
51-A 51-B 51-B and 51-N
51-A s s
52
TC
52a
 CONT’D
 The elementary diagrams are drawn for electromechanical relays.

 The auxiliary relay marked with s is the seal-in or contact switch.

 This is not usually needed with solid-state relays, but the relay
must latch in the trip position.
 CONVENTIONAL CONTACT POSITIONS

 Convention: contacts are shown in the de-energized

or non-operated position
1. 52a is auxiliary contact that is in same position as
the breaker

2. 52b is auxiliary contact that is in the opposite

position as the breaker
 DC ELEMENTARY DIAGRAM

Relay operating coil

Relay contacts

51-A 51-B
s s to 51-C
51-A 51-B and 51-N
51-A s 51-B s
52 Shows the operated condition for a fault
TC producing a trip signal to the breaker
52a trip coil 52 TC
 CONT’D

Relay operating coil

Relay contacts

51-A 51-B
s s to 51-C
51-A 51-B and 51-N
51-A s 51-B s
52 Shows the operated condition for a fault
TC producing a trip signal to the breaker
52a trip coil 52 TC, with relay latched
 CONT’D

Relay operating coil

Relay contacts

51-A 51-B
s s to 51-C
51-A 51-B and 51-N
51-A s 51-B s
52 After breaker trips, 52a opens, which
TC unlatches the circuit, when relay no longer
52a sees the fault, 51-A and 51-B will open