INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTIVE RELAYING

APUA TRAINING SCHOLARSHIP COURSE

Regional Training Centre Kainji

1 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 At the end of this lesson, the participant be able
to:

Learning outcomes
Understand the principle
Protective relaying

Understand and
implement OC Protection

Know various
characteristic of OC relays

Perform relay setting

Participants: Engineers and Technologist or senior technicians

2 .............Power Trainer with a difference
 Protective Relay

Where.
what

How
why

when
What are we The
protecting equipment
Why do we Speed, Applying
used to
need selectivity, protective
perform
relaying
protection dependability protection

3 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Electric Power System

1. Electricity is generated at a power

plant
2. Voltage is “stepped-up” for
transmission
3. Energy travels along a transmission
line to the area where the power is
needed
4. Voltage is decreased or “stepped-
down,” at another substation
5. Distribution power line carries that
electricity until it reaches a home or
business .

4 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 What is Power System Protection? What is a protective relay?
A relay whose function is to detect defective lines or
A. branch of Electric Power Engineering apparatus or other power system conditions of an
Science, Art and Skill in applying and setting abnormal or dangerous nature and to initiate
appropriate control circuit action.” (IEEE 100). They
protective relays & devices
respond to measurements of current and/or voltage
of the power system, and have settings or
adjustments.

 To prevent injury to personnel

Purpose of System Protection:  To minimize damage to system components
 To limit the extent and duration of service interruption

5 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Components of Power System Protection
Power • source
System

Transducers • These devices change electrical quantities to level

relays can use, i.e. ,1, 5 amperes, 110 volts
(CT & PTs)

• Decides whether system quantities are

Relay normal or abnormal (Brain of the
System Protection)

• Provides the dc supply for control

DC source & indication devices

• If quantities are normal,

Circuit no signal is sent to breaker.
Breaker If quantities are abnormal,
signal is sent to breaker to
.............Power Trainer with a difference trip
6
 Abnormalities in Power system
 Overcurrent (overload, short
circuit, open circuit)
 Ground Potential (ungrounded
equipment, touch potentials,
step potentials)
 Surge Voltages (lightning strokes,
switching surges, harmonics)

7 .............Power Trainer with a difference

Factors Which Influence Design of a Protective
Reliability System
(Dependability Sensitivity Selectivity Speed Economics Experience
& Security)

Remove a fault from

the power system as
quickly as possible
The level of assurance - Performance of
protective devices to Maximum protection
that the relay will
select between those at minimum cost
function as intended
- Relaying equipment conditions for which History and
must be sufficiently prompt operation and Instantaneous - no anticipation of the
sensitive so that it will those for which no intentional delay types of trouble likely
operate when operation, or time to be encountered:
required delay operation is - Actual Relay
- Must discriminate required. Performance.
normal from abnormal - Isolate faulted circuit The cost of - Nature of Faults
Denotes: High Speed - less than
conditions. resulting in minimum installation, operation,
3 cycles - Operation and
Dependability - interruptions. and maintenance of Maintenance
certainty of correct - Implemented the protection system
operation through “Zone of which must be
Security - assurance Protection weighted against
against incorrect Time-Delay - potential losses due to
operation intentional time delay equipment damage or
service interruption.

8 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Factors Which Influence Design of a Protective

Industry Standards
The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and other
organization provides industry standards through ANSI or IEC. These
include specific standards for many applications.
ANSI-C37.90-1989 Relays and Relay System
Associated with Electric Power
Apparatus
IEEE STD 242-1975 Recommended Practice
for Protection and Coordination
of Industrial and Commercial
Power System

9 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Protective Relay Construction

Relay Construction
Relay Types ▪ Single-Function / Multi-Function
▪ Electromechanical (E/M) ▪ Single-Phase / Poly-Phase (multi-phase)
▪ Solid State (Analog, Static) ▪ Drawout Case / Fixed
▪ Digital (Microprocessor, Numerical, IED, Computerized) ▪ Rack Mount / Panel Mount
▪ Projection Mount / Flush Mount / Semi-Flush Mount
▪ Front Connected, Back Connected

10 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Types of faults

ANSI
• Momentary Symmetrical IEC
• Momentary Asymmetrical • Initial Symmetrical (Ik’’)
• Momentary Crest • Peak (Ip)
• Interrupting Symmetrical • Breaking (Ib)
• Adjusted Interrupting Symmetrical • Asymmetrical Breaking (Ib,asym)
11 .............Power Trainer with a difference
 Overcurrent and Overload Condition
OVERCURRENT CONDITION OVERLOAD CONDITION

Current increases
Short
with load
circuit

MOTOR MOTOR

Overcurrent protection Overload protection is

is provided for short related to thermal
Load capacity of the plant
circuit clearance Load

Most commonly used overcurrent devices are fuses and relays

12 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Phase faults and OC Protection

3 Phase
Fuses Overcurrent
Relay
3 Phase Fault Detect and interrupt overcurrents

Relays are used in conjunction

Fault magnitude limited by with circuit breaking device
impedances of primary plant

2 Phase
2 Phase Fault Overcurrent
Relay

Can provide cost saving - widely used,

but not suitable for all applications
13 .............Power Trainer with a difference
 Overcurrent Protection for Earth Faults
3 PH - E Fault

EF current path thru

generator earth
2 PH - E Fault

Zero output
for balanced
or phase fault
PH - E Fault Residually conditions
connected
relay
EF current path thru
transformer earth

Fault magnitude limited by:

Primary plant impedance
Method of earthing
System neutral resistance Core
Balance
Sensitive protection may be required CT
- settings below load current
14 .............Power Trainer with a difference
 Overcurrent Protection
 Systematic application of current-actuated protective devices in the electrical power system, which, in response to a fault
or overload, will remove only a minimum amount of equipment from service.
 This is done either by using Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) O.C and E.F relays or with instantaneous O.C and E.F
relays or with inverse time O.C and E.F relays or with directional O.C and E.F relays or current balance and power balance
relays.
 This form of protection is the simplest and cheapest of all the types of protection.
 It is mostly utilized where the cost of protection by other schemes such as Distance and Pilot wire cannot be economically
justified.
 This type of protection is also used as a form of back up protection where Distance type of protection is used as the main
protection.
 The relay operates for values of the parameter above or under what is called pick up setting.
 Application is common at:
a. Distribution feeders of 11KV
b. Transmission feeders of 33KV
c. Radial Transmission Lines up to 132KV

15 .............Power Trainer with a difference

16 .............Power Trainer with a difference
17 .............Power Trainer with a difference
 Time Overcurrent Protection(Siprotec)

18 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Over-currents Relay(Definite Time)
 The operating characteristic of an over current
relay can be presented as a plot of the operating
time vs. the current.
 This relays are defined by the pick up current, as
number of times the normal current, and the
operating time
 Two conditions must be satisfied for operation:
current must exceed the setting value, and the
fault must be continuous at least for a time equal
to time setting of the relay.
 Coordination of different protections of this type is
achieved by time delaying and pick up setting
 It must be a minimum of 0.3 sec. to permit
operating of the first breaker
 Operating time is independent of the current setting
 Relay closest to the fault has the shortest operating time.
19 .............Power Trainer with a difference
 Longest operating time is at the source where the fault is highest
Tripping characteristics of Time Overcurrent RELAY

Two-stage tripping characteristic

20 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Time Overcurrent Relay(inverse tripping Characteristic)
 This type of relay will have an operating time depending
on the value of the current, generally with an inverse
characteristic, that is to say , the bigger the current, the
shorter the time.
 This characteristic permits a reasonable coordination
between protections just changing the pick up setting.
 These relays will be defined by the pick up setting and the
type of tripping curve, which can be adjusted
 It has the following operating characteristic :normal
inverse, very inverse, long time inverse and extremely
inverse

21 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Inverse Definite Minimum Time Characteristics

Normal Inverse Curves Very Inverse Curves

22
 Inverse Definite Minimum Time Characteristics

Extremely Inverse Curves

23 .............Power Trainer with a difference Long Time Inverse Curves
 Application of Time Overcurrent Relay(As Main Prot.,)

1. Feeder line protection

Selectivity by time-grading.
2. Motor protection
with short circuit- and overload protection, start protection,
restart inhibit.
3. Transformer protection
for network transformers with short circuit- and overload
protection, Inrush-stabilisation

24 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Application of Time Overcurrent Relay(As Backup Prot.,)

1. Line differential protection

2. Transformer differential protection

25 .............Power Trainer with a difference

26 .............Power Trainer with a difference
27 .............Power Trainer with a difference
28 .............Power Trainer with a difference
 Current Setting of Overcurrent Relay
 The electric current for which the relay initiates its operation is called the pick-up current of the relay.
 The current setting of relay is expressed in percentage ratio of relay pick-up current to rated secondary electric
current of CT.
𝑃𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑢𝑝 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = × 100%
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑇
Plug Setting
 The plug setting determines the current at which the relay will start to operate.
 For example, if the relay is set to operate at 5A, the plug setting will be:

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 5𝐴

𝑃𝑆 % = = = 100%
5𝐴 5𝐴

𝐿𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 2.5𝐴

𝑃𝑆 % = 2.5𝐴 5𝐴 = 50%

29 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Plug Setting Multiplier of OC
 PSM of relay is referred as ratio of fault current in the relay to its pick-up current.

𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙

𝑃𝑆𝑀 =
𝑃𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑢𝑝 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑃𝑆𝑀 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑇 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

 Suppose we have connected protection, CT of ratio 200/1 A and electric current

setting of 150%.
 The pick-up current of the relay is, 1 × 150 % = 1.5 A.
 Again, suppose fault current in the CT primary is 1000 A, then fault current in the CT
secondary i.e. in the relay coil is, 1000 × 1/200 = 5 A
 Therefore, PSM of the relay is, 5/1.5 =3.33

30 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Current Setting of Overcurrent Relay(INST)

 Current settings are chosen so that relay closest to the fault operates first.
 There has to be a difference in fault level at the two relay locations for discrimination .
 The system cannot discriminate if 𝐼𝐹2 = 𝐼𝐹1

31 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Time Multiplier Setting of OC Relay
The operating time of an electrical relay mainly depends upon two factors:
• How long distance to be traveled by the moving parts of the relay for closing relay contacts,
and
• How fast the moving parts of the relay cover this distance.
The adjustment of travelling distance of an electromechanical relay is commonly known as
time setting.
This adjustment is commonly known as time setting multiplier of relay.
The time setting dial is calibrated from 0 to 1 in steps 0.05 sec.
The time multiplier setting controls the relay’s disc movement.
The position of the moving contact is usually adjusted by turning the time multiplier knob,
which ranges from 0.1 to 1.0.

32 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Time Multiplier Setting of OC Relay
 Hence, the appropriate choice of TMS will provide grading of a network protection system.
where:

𝑘𝛽
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑀𝑆 × +𝑐
(𝐼 𝐼 )𝛼 − 1
𝑠

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑇 = 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐼 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝑠 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑘 − 𝑢𝑝 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠.

 Nine curve types are available as defined in the first table on the next slide.

33 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Time Multiplier Setting of OC Relay
𝑇
𝑇𝑀𝑆 =
𝑇𝑚
Where:
T - is the required time of operation
Tm - is the time obtained from the relay characteristics curve at
TMS 1.0 and using the Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) equivalent to the maximum fault
current.

34 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 IEEE Standard Inverse Time Characteristic
Reset Time of an Inverse -Time Overcurrent Relay

𝑡𝑟
𝐹𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑀 < 1 𝑡(𝐼)𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑇𝐷 -------------------------------------1
𝑀2 −1

Pickup Time of an Inverse - Time Overcurrent Relay

𝑘
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑀 > 1𝑡(𝐼)𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑇𝐷 + 𝑐 --------------------------2
𝑀𝛼 −1

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑡 𝐼 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑛1 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑛 2 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑇𝐷 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐼
𝑀 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐼
𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝
𝑡𝑟 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀 = 0
k, 𝑐, 𝛼 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠.
35 .............Power Trainer with a difference
 Time Multiplier Setting of OC Relay
Specification of IDMT Curves

Setting ranges of the curve defining constants

36 .............Power Trainer with a difference

37 .............Power Trainer with a difference
38 .............Power Trainer with a difference
39 .............Power Trainer with a difference
40 .............Power Trainer with a difference
41 .............Power Trainer with a difference
42 .............Power Trainer with a difference
43 .............Power Trainer with a difference
44 .............Power Trainer with a difference
45 .............Power Trainer with a difference
46 .............Power Trainer with a difference
47 .............Power Trainer with a difference
48 .............Power Trainer with a difference
49 .............Power Trainer with a difference
50 .............Power Trainer with a difference
 CASE STUDY ON RELAY SETTING

51 .............Power Trainer with a difference

 Thanks For Listening

52