I record how often I say 'actually' in each lecture, over many lectures.

Some
plots of this data are shown below:
a) What is the approximate center of the data?
Center of the data can be found using the box plot, the middle line corresponding to approx 5 is the center
of data.
b) Describe the features of the distribution.
Distribution is skewed to the right, based on the histogram. There is high deviation from the center.

c) Which should be bigger, the mean or the median? Why?

Here median should be bigger because based on histogram and box plot, we see high deviation in use of
the word in some lectures. This will make median shift to right of the mean

2. I'm doing a study of the rare multi-eyed burbot downstream from the Gerstle
River nuclear power plant site. I catch n = 7 fish and count the eyes. I get:
4, 3, 4, 18, 9, 9, 3.
a) Is this a census (i.e. population) or a sample?
It is a sample, since all fishes are not taken in account only 7 are selected.

b) Find the median, lower quartile, upper quartile and mean of this data. Are
these parameters or statistics (why?)
Median: 3,3,4,4,9,9,18: Hence, median is 4
Lower quartile : 3; Upper Quartile : 9
Mean : (3+3+4+4+9+9+18)/7 = 50/7 = 7.14

c) If you could change any of the values in the data set to any value you want,
what is the most you could change the median? What is the most you could
change the mean?

Median can be maximum 18 when we make all values equal to 18

Similarly max mean is when all values are maximum = 126/7 = 18

3. There is a pond with four red fish and two blue fish in it. We will select two of
the fish without replacement (yum!) such that all pairs of fish are equally-likely. X
= number of red fish in sample.
a) How many ways are there to take two fish from the pond? (order does not
matter)
So, total 6 fish exist, we need to take out 2 of them ways to do it is:
6C2 = (5*6)/2 = 15 ways
b)
(i) Find the probability of getting two blue fish. (X=0)
There is only one way of getting 2 blue fish, since we do not have a choice , we need to select both of the
blue fishes
So probability = 1/15
(ii) Find the probability of getting two red fish (hint: how many ways can we
get the two red fish from the four red fish in the lake). (X=2)
In 4 red we can choose two red by 4c2 ways, which is 6 ways hence probability is
6/15
(iii) What is the probability that we get one red and one blue fish (hint: how
many ways can we get the red fish, then how many ways can we get the blue
fish) (X=1)
Ways to select red fish = 4C1= 4, Ways to select blue fish = 2 C1 = 2
Total probability thus becomes: 4/6 * 2/5 = 8/30 =4/15 . Took 2/5 since ater taking out the red fish we
have 5 fish left to choose from
c) If X = number of red fish, then write down the pdf of X.
f(x) = P(2)+P(3)+P(4)
= 4C2/15 + 4C1/15 + 4C0/15
=6/15 +4/15 +1/15 = 11/15
d) Find E(X).
E(x) = 2*(6/15)+3(4/15)+4(1/15)
=12/15 + 12 /15 +4/15
28/15
e) Suppose we get $10 for each red fish and $20 for each blue fish. Then what
is our expected income?
We know E(X) , for this we will need E(Y) as well,
E(Y) = 1*P(1) + 2*P(2)
= 2C1/15 +1/15 =3/15 = 1/5
Expected income= 10*E(X) +20* E(Y)
=280/15 +20/5
= 340/15
=22.6

f) Is X a random variable? How can we tell?

Yes,
A random variable, usually written X, is a variable whose possIble values are numerical outcomes of a
random phenomenon. Here phenomenon is a random process as there is no particular preference while
selecting fishes and outcomes are also numerical since it corresponds to number of red fises.

4. I pair up four pairs of people. Randomly one of each pair is selected to listen
to Rap music and the other to Heavy Metal music. Then they arm wrestle. Let X
be the number of winners who listened to Rap music.
a) Under the assumption that listening to a particular type of music makes no
difference in arm wrestling ability, show that this is a Binomial process. (HINT:
What IS a binomial process?)
This is a binomial process since each event is independent of other, each time they arm wrestle it does
not matter which song have they heard. Thus each event is independent of other carrying same
probability of success.
b) The probabilities of each outcome of X are as follows:
p(0) = 1/16, p(1) = 4/16, p(2) = 6/16, p(3) = 4/16, p(4) = ________
What is the missing probability?
It will be 1- p(0)- p(1)- p(2)- p(3) = p(4)
1-(15/16) = 1/16 = p(4)
c) From the probabilities, directly compute E(X).
E(x) is given by np , where n is total number of trials and p is probability of success.
Here n= 4 and p =1/2
Hence, E(x) = np = 2

d) From the probabilities, directly compute E(X2).

E(X^2) = np(1-p) = 2*(1/2)(1/2) = 1/2
BONUS: Using previous steps in this problem, what is V(X)?
Var(X) = E(X^2) – [E(x)]^2
= ½ - (2)^2
=1/2-4 ; = -2/4 =-1/2

5. I want to know about the musical tastes of students. I'm considering two
events: A = likes the song Friday (by Rebecca Black) and B = likes doing
statistics. Suppose P(A) = 0.2, P(B) = 0.1 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.01. Show your
computations.
a) Write in the probabilities of each disjoint part of the Venn Diagram:
P(A ∩ B’) = 0.2-0.01 = 0.19
P(A’ ∩ B) = 0.1-0.01 = 0.09

b) Compute P(A|B). What does this probability mean? Are A and B

independent? Why or why not?
P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B)/P(B) = 0.01/0.1 =0.1 This probability means: There is 0.1 chance that student likes
song Friday given that he/she likes Statistics. No, these are not independet because P(A|B) Is not equal
to P(A).

c) Find probability of AUB. What does this tell you?

P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) = 0.2+0.1 -0.01 = 0.3-0.01 =0.29
It tells me that 1-0.29 =0.71 is the probability of a student not liking either Friday or statistics
d) Are A and B mutually exclusive (disjoint)? Why or why not?
For mutuall exclusive P((A ∩ B) =0 , But here it is not the case, hence this is not a disjoint set.
6. For safety, we keep 4 identical machines in case of failure. The chance of
each one failing is 0.05 and they are independent.
a) What is the probability that all four fail?
Probability of all failing = 0.4*0.4*0.4*0.4 = 0.0256
We multiplied all because, probability to fail is 0.4 and each is independent.
b) What is the probability that none of them fail?
Pr( None fails) = (1-0.04)* (1-0.04)* (1-0.04)* (1-0.04) = 0.96^4 = 0.8493
c) What is the probability that at least one fails?
P(atleast one fails) = 1- P(None fails) = 1-0.8493 =0.1507