SEWER DESIGN,

CONSTRUCTION & NETWORK

Sewerage System
 PRELIMINARY REQUIREMENTS

• It is meant for the transport stormwater and wastewater from the

generation point to the treatment plant. So it should be laid as deep
as possible so that all wastewater or storm water flow can be
collected andtransported.

• Erosion and corrosion resistant. Should be structurally strong enough

to resist impact loads or overburden and live loads
• Size and slope to be designed to carry the peak load as well as to carry
average
flow in such a manner that the deposition shall beminimized.

• Maintenance should be easy, economical and safe for the workers.

Aims of the design are: a) make the system operational and b)

Economical to build and c) make the system durable through out its
entire designlife
 Layout of SewerLines
Steps followed for making the layout:
Selection of an outlet or disposalpoints
Fixing limits to the drainage area or zone boundaries

Finalizing the location of Trunk and Main sewers

Finalizing the location of Pumping stations wherever necessary

Trunk sewer is the sewer in the network

with the largest diameter that extends
farthest from the sewageoutfall
TrunkSewer
Outfall
All other sewers are considered as branches

Whenever two sewers meet at a point, the

incoming one with larger diameter is called the
main sewer.
 Nomenclature System Followed in SewerSystems

Network
L.3.1

Trunk Sewer
4
Outfall L1.R.3.1.2
2 3
L1.R.3.1.1
manhole
R.3.1
L2.R.3.1.1 L2.R.3.1.2

R.3.2
NOMENCLATUREIN CASEOFDESIGNOFSEWER
NETWORKUSING COMPUTERPROGRAMME
In case of design of sewer
network using computer
programme, there is no
restriction in the
nomenclature of the sewers
and manholes as required
for the manualdesign.

It is sufficient to give node

numbers as well as pipe
(link) numbers in any
manner in the sewer
network for design of the
network for using computer
software.
 House
Most common location of laying sanitary
sewer is along the center of the streets Sewer

The individual domestic connections

can be from either side of the streets Street

Slope of the sewers generally follow the

House
natural slope of the ground or the street House

For very wide streets the sewers are Sewer

laid on each side of the streets in the
curb or under the sidewalk
Street
To avoid any contamination sewer lines
are never laid near to the water mains.
If it is unavoidable, the sewers are Sewer
encased in concrete
House
DESIGN APPROACH
1.On a map of the area locate all the sewer lines and measure the
contributory area to each of the sewer lines orpoints.

2.Also, draw the longitudinal section or profiles of the sewer lines.

Mark on the profile view the critical points such as basements of the
low lyinghouses, levels of existing sewers, disposal points, etc.

3.Design all the branch sewers, main sewers and trunk sewers,
starting from the farthest point in the network and based on the
following considerations:

a)Aself cleansing velocity is maintained at present peak flow

b) The sewer should run 0.8 full at the design ultimatepeak flow
c)Minimum velocity of 0.6 m/s isobtained
d)Maximum velocity should not be beyond 3m/s
Example of a Profile of a SewerLine
A view inside a sewer in London
 Sewer Appurtenances
These are devices necessary (except pipes and conduits) for proper
functioning
of the sanitary, storm and combinedsewers

The appurtenances include:

1. Manhole
2. Drop Manhole
3. Lampholes
4. Gully-traps
5. Intercepting chambers
6. Flushing tanks
7. Street Inlets
8. Siphons
9. Grease traps
10.Side-flow weirs
11.Leaping weirs
12.Venturi flumes
13.Outfall structures
 Sewer lines

Brickwork sewer line HDPEsewer pipe

RCCsewer pipes
MANHOLES
Manholes are RCCor masonry chambers, constructed at suitable intervals alongthe
sewer lines, for providing access to the inside of the sewers.
Helps in: a) Joining the sewer pipes; b) Inspection and cleaning of pipes; c) mainte-
nance; d) Ventilation if manholes areperforated

Between two adjacent manholes, the sewer

line runs straight with constantslope

Manholes are provided at every transition points:

bend junction Change in gradient
Change in sewer diameter At regular intervals

Gutter manhole Curb

Sewer Electric Water

cable main
 Manholes

Brickwork HDPE

RCCprecast RCCprecast
 TYPESOFBRICKWORKMANHOLES
Rectangular manhole (900x800 mm)
SHALLOW MANHOLE:
•depth less than 0.9 m
•Suitable for branch sewers or
places with no heavy traffic
•It is also called aninspection
chamber
Rectangular manhole for (1200× 900mm)
NORMAL OR MEDIUM MANHOLES:
•depth 0.9 m to 2.5m
•Heavy cover is provided at the top
•May be either square or rectangular
(900mm X900mm and 1200mm X900
mm)
 TYPESOFBRICKWORKMANHOLES

Typical circular manhole Arch type manhole for (1400 mm × 900 mm)
DEEP MANHOLES
•deeper than 2.5 m
•Heavy cover is provided at the top
•Size in the upper portionis reduced by offset: May be either square
or rectangular or circular
Access shaft: Minimum size is
0.75 X0.6 m

Steps or ladders: for accessing

Working chamber: Provides working

space for inspection and cleaning
operations, Minimum size 1,2 m X
0.9 m or 1.2 m dia; minimumheight
is 1.8 m
Benching: concreted portion sloping
towards semicircular or U -shaped
bottom part of the main sewer, the
slope facilitates the entry of sewage
into the mainsewer
 RCCAND COMBINATION MANHOLES
• Advantages over brickwork manholes:
– better quality control in raw materials and
workmanship
– easier fixing in the field with maximum speed and
minimum disturbance to traffic
• Concerns:
– The concrete corrosion of the inside by sulphide gas
and the soil side by sulphate insoil water.
• Solution:
– The use of high alumina cement is advisable in
manufacture itself or sulphate resistant cement with
extra lining of 25 mm thickness over inner wall with
high alumina cement.
 RCCAND COMBINATION MANHOLES
• Two types of RCCmanholes can be used–
– Manholes with vertical shaft in RCC and the
corbelled cone portion in brickwork
– Entire manhole in RCCand corbelled cone portion
separately precast and jointed
• The entries and exits of main sewers as well as
house service sewers requires careful detailing
because the issue of puncturing the walls for
insertions of especially house service sewers
later on is impossible.
 HDPEMANHOLES
• HDPE manholes with EN 13598-2: 2009 and ISO
(ISO 9001: 2008) specifications are recent
entrants.
• Advantages:
– Speedy construction as compared to brickwork
manholes as these come ready made.
• Site-specific precautions:
– To be safeguarded against uplift pressure due to high
GWlevel and crushing under heavy traffic load.
 DROP MANHOLE
It is used when a branch sewer joins a main sewer at a height more than 600 mm abovethe
main sewer or the drop is more than600 mm.
Advantages: 1) Steep gradients in the branch sewer can be avoided ; 2) The sewage from
the branch sewers may fall on the person working; This isavoided.

Inspection Arm
Plug
 FLUSHINGMANHOLE

Provided where it is not possible

to gain enough flow so as to
maintain a self-cleansing velocity.

Often such condition is prevalent

at the beginning of the branch
sewers.

Generally provided at the head

of the sewers where enough
storage is provided to
generate a high velocity to
flush out the obstructions