KAMALA NIKETAN MONTESSORI

SCHOOL [CBSE] TRICHY

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

(2020-2021)

SELF DESIGNED TRANSFORMER

SUBMITTED BY,

X11-J
 INDEX:

1. INTRODUCTION

2. AIM

3. APPARATUS REQUIRED

4. THEORY

5. PROCEDURE

6. OBSERVATION

7. RESULT

8. PRECAUTIONS

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION:

A transformer is an electrical device that is used to convert

alternating current at low voltage or visa versa, through 
electromagnetic induction. If it increases the input voltage then it
is called step-up transformer and if it decreases the input voltage
then it is called step-down transformer. It is based on mutual
inductance between two or more winding that is responsible for
transformation action in an electrical transformer.

A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a

varying magnetic flux in the transformer core and a varying
magnetic field impinging on the transformer's secondary winding.
This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary
winding. Making use of Faraday's Law in conjunction with
high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can
thus be designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one
voltage level to another within power networks.

Since the invention of the first constant potential transformer in

1885, transformers have become essential for the AC
transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy.[3] A
wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic
and electric power applications. Transformers range in size
from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume to
units interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons.

AIM:

To investigate the relation between the ratio of

i) Input and Output voltage
ii) Number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil
of a self designed transformer.

APPARRATUS REQUIRED:

1. AN IORN ROD

2. COPPER WIRES GAUGE(DIAMETER)

3. TWO A.C. VOLTMETERS

4. TWO A.C. AMMETERS

THEORY:

When an altering E.M.F. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an

alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary coil produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary coil. In a
good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
coil is also linked with the secondary coil. Then the induced E.M.F..,
induced in each turn of the secondary coil is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary coil.

Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the E.M.F.’s induced

in the primary coil and the secondary coil.

Let Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary and secondary coils
of the transformer respectively.

dфь / dt = rate of change of magnetic flux in each turn of primary and

secondary coil at a time t

The induced E.M.F. in the primary coil:-

                               Ep = -Np dфь/dt                    --------(1)    And

The induced E.M.F. in the secondary coil:-

Es = -Ns dфь/dt                       --------(2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by

1, we get
                                Es / Ep = Ns / Np =K               --------(3)

Where K = Transformation Ratio

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back E.M.F. induced in the

primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to
the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and
back E.M.F.. Further if Rp is the resistance of p1p2 coil, then
the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip      =   E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep   =   Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary coil is small, Rp & Ip can be

neglected so therefore

                                 E – Ep   = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back E.M.F.  = input E.M.F.

Hence equation (3) can be written as

                          Es / Ep = Es / E

= output E.M.F. / input E.M.F.

= Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

                              Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

                             Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If,
 Ip= value of primary current at the same instant t

And,              

Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then

Therefore,

Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip

And,

Output power at the same instant=Es Is

If there are no loss of power in the transformer (100% efficiency),

Then,

Input power = output power   

Ep Ip = Es Is

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = Ns / Np = K

In a step up transformer

                              As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in secondary coil is weaker when secondary coil’s voltage

is higher and number of turns is greater than that of the primary coil.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same

ratio.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever

we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step
down transformer steps up the current.

Efficiency:-
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to
the input power. i.e.

η = output power / input power

=    Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.

Energy losses:-

I. Flux Leakage:-

There is always some flux leakage; that is, not all of the flux due
to primary passes through the secondary due to poor designs of
core or the air gaps in the core. It can be reduced by winding the
primary and secondary coils one over the other.

II. Resistance of the windings:-

The wire used for windings has some resistance or so, energy is
lost due to heat produced in the wire (I 2R). In high current, low
voltage windings, these are minimized by using thick wires.

III. Eddy currents:-

The alternating magnetic flux induces eddy currents in the iron

core and causes heating. This effect is reduced by having a
laminated core.

IV. Hysteresis:-
 The magnetization of the core is repeatedly reversed by the
alternating magnetic field. The resulting expenditure of energy
in the core appears as heat and is kept to a minimum by using a
magnetic material which has a low hysteresis loss.

CONSTRUCTION:-

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of

laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2
and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but are well insulated with
each other. Note primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to
s1 s2, the secondary coil through an open switch S. Thus there can be
no current through the secondary coil so long as the switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary

& secondary winding is negligible. Further, the same flux links both
the primary and secondary coil as very little flux escape from the core
i.e. energy loss is also negligible.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper. This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns of thick copper wire on it.
This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.
3. Connect P1P2 to A.C. mains and measure the input voltage and
current, using A.C. voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through S1S2.
5. Now connect the S1S2 to A.C. mains and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step-up
transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformer by changing
number of primary turns in secondary coils.

OBSERVATION:

1. Least count of A.C. voltmeter =0.5V

2. Zero error of voltmeter = NIL
3. Range of voltmeter = 0-5
4. Least count of A.C. ammeter =0.01A
5. Zero error of ammeter =NIL
6. Range error of ammeter =0-2
7. Applied A.C. voltage = 220V