Physics Investigatory Project

On
Transformer

Name: Dhruv Joshi

Std: 12th Science
School: Podar International
School,RJT
Academic Year: 2023-24
Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special

thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Mr. Gopal Jesani who gave me the
golden opportunityto do this
wonderful project on the topic
Transformers, which also helped
mein
doing a lot of Research and I came
to
know about so many new things
Iam
really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to our
principal Mrs. Monika Choudhary.
Index
I. Introduction
II.Principle
III. Construction
IV. Theory and Working
V.Efficiency and Energy Loss
VI. Circuit Diagram
VII. Use of Transformer
VIII. Conclusion
IX. Bibliography
Introduction

The transformer is a device used for

converting a low alternating voltage to a
high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating
voltage.It is a static electrical device that
transfers energy by inductive coupling
between its winding circuits.
While new technologies have eliminated
the need for transformers in some
electronic
circuits, transformers are still found in
many electronic devices. Transformers are
essential for high-voltage electric power
transmission, which makes longdistance
transmission economically practical.All
operate on the same basic principles,
although the range of designs is wide.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential
piece of apparatus both for high and low
current circuits.

Principle
It is based on the principle of mutual
induction that is if a varying current is
set-up in a circuit then induced e.m.f is
produced in the neighbouring
circuit.The varying current in a
circuit produce varying magnetic
flux which induces e.m.f. in the
neighbouring circuit.

Construction
A transformer consists of a rectangular
shaft iron core made of laminated sheets,
well insulated from one another. Two coils
p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the same
core, but are well insulated with each
other. Note that the both the coils are
insulated from the core, the source of
alternating e.m.f is connected to p1 p2 ,
the primary coil and a load resistance R
is connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil
through an open switch S thus there can be
no current through the sec. coil so long as
the switch is open. For an ideal
transformer, we assume that the resistance
of the primary & secondary winding is
negligible. Further, the energy loses due to
magnetic the iron core is also negligible.
For operation at low frequency, we may
have a soft iron. The soft iron core is
insulating by joining thin iron strips
coated with varnish to insulate
them to reduce energy losses by eddy
currents. The input circuit is called
primary.
And the output circuit is called secondary.
Theory and Working
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil p1p2 , an alternating current
starts falling in it. The altering current in
the primary produces a changing magnetic
flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good-transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked
with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn the primary.

Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values

of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns
of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and, Dфь / dt = rate of change of
flux in eeach turn of the coil at this

instant, we have

Since the above relations are true at every

instant, so by

dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back

e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1 , so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due
to the difference (E – Ep ) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and
back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o,
p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous
current Ip in the
primary coil is given by

I =E – Ep / Rp

E - Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, R

p Ip can be
neglected so therefore
 E - Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep = Es

/ E = output
e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or

transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip=value of primary current at the same

 instant t

And Is =value of sec. current at this

instant, then Input
power at the instant t = Ep Ip and Output power
at the same
instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer,

then
Input power = output power or

Ep Ip = Es Is Or

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

I.e. current in sec. is weaker when

secondary voltage is higher. Hence,
whatever we gain in voltage, we
lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly it
can be shown, that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, ww gain in
current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down

the

current & a step down transformer steps up the

current.

Efficiency and Energy Loss

Efficiency of a transformer is
defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is /

Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer,

where there is no power losses, η =
1. But in actual practice, there are many
power losses; therefore the efficiency of
transformer is less than
one.
 Energy Loss
In practice, the output energy of a
transformer is aalway less than the input
energy, because energy losses occur due to
a number of reasons as explained below.
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling
between the coils is seldom perfect. So,
whole of the magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil is not linked up with the
secondary coil.

2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite

of llamination Eddy currents are
produced. The magnitude of eddy current
may, however be small. And a part of
energy is lost as the
heat produced in the iron core.
3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of
the transformer possess resistance. So a
part of the energy is lost due to the heat
produced in the resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating
current in the coil tapes the iron core
through complete cycle of
magnetization. So Energy is lost due to
hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating
current in the Transformer may be set its
parts in to vibrations and sound may be
produced. It is called humming. Thus, a
part of
energy may be lost due to humming.

Use of Transformer

A transformer is used in almost all a.c.

operations

. In voltage regulator for T.V.,

refrigerator, computer, air conditioner
etc.
. In the induction furnaces.
. A step down transformer is used for
welding purposes.
. A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
. A step up transformer is used for the
production of X- Rays and NEON
advertisement.
. Transformers are used in
voltage regulators and stabilized
power
supplies.
. Transformers are used in the
transmissions of a.c. over long distances
. Small transformers are used in Radio
sets, telephones, loudspeakers and
electric bells etc.

Bibliography
>NCERT Textbook Class 12
>NCERT Physics Lab Manual
Class 12
>Google Website