Chapter 16: Fasteners and Power Screws

Engineers need to be continually

reminded that nearly all
engineering failures result from
faulty judgments rather than
faulty calculations.

Eugene S. Ferguson,
Engineering and the Mind’s Eye

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Thread Geometry

p l
β
l l
p α p p
Crest

d β ht
dc
dp Root
dr (a) (b) (c)

Figure 16.1 Parameters used Figure 16.2 (a) Single-, (b) double-,
in defining terminology of and (c) triple-threaded screws.
thread profile.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Acme, UN, and M Threads

29∞ 60∞ Figure 16.3 Thread profiles.

(a) Acme; (b) UN.
(a) (b)

0.125 ht
0.125 p

0.5 p β 0.625 ht
0.375 ht

0.5 p Pitch
diameter
0.25 ht
Figure 16.4 Details of M and
UN thread profiles. 0.25 p

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Equivalent Threads and Acme Profile

Inch series Metric series

Bolts Nuts Bolts Nuts
Table 16.1 Inch and metric
1A 1B 8g 7H equivalent thread classifications.
2A 2B 6g 6H
3A 3B 8h 5H

p
p
2.7

Figure 16.5 Details of

0.5p + 0.01
Acme thread profile. β = 29∞

(All dimensions are in dp

p
– 0.052
inches.) dc dr 2.7

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Crest Number of
Acme Threads
diameter, dc , threads Tensile stress Shear stress
in. per inch, n area, At , in.2 area, As , in.2
1/4 16 0.02632 0.3355
5/16 14 0.04438 0.4344
3/8 12 0.06589 0.5276
7/16 12 0.09720 0.6396
1/2 10 0.1225 0.7278
5/8 8 0.1955 0.9180
3/4 6 0.2732 1.084
7/8 6 0.4003 1.313
1 5 0.5175 1.493
1 1/8 5 0.6881 1.722
1 1/4 5 0.8831 1.952
1 3/8 4 1.030 2.110
1 1/2 4 1.266 2.341
1 3/4
2
4
4
1.811
2.454
2.803
3.262 Table 16.2 Crest
2 1/4 3 2.982 3.610 diameters, threads per
2 1/2 3 3.802 4.075
2 3/4 3 4.711 4.538 inch, and stress areas
3 2 5.181 4.757 for Acme threads.
3 1/2 2 7.338 5.700
4 2 9.985 6.640
4 1/2 2 12.972 7.577
5 2 16.351 8.511

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Power Screws

Load, W
(Screw is threaded into W) ! "
(d p/2)(cos !n tan " + µ)
dp/2 Tr = W + rcµc
cos !n − µtan "
β/2
β/2
Pitch, p
α
! "
(d p/2)(µ− cos !n tan ")
Thrust Tl = −W + rcµc
collar
cos !n + µtan "

Equal
rc

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 C

Forces on Power Screw

B A
D A

Axis of screw
B

Pn cosθn cosα

Pn θn α
β/2 β/2

0 E 0
dp/2
Pn cosθn cosα tan(β/2)
E

(a) (b)

C A

Pn cosθn cosα
Figure 16.7 Forces acting in
Pn cosθn
raising load of power screw.
(a) Forces acting on
µPn sinα µP
parallelepiped; (b) forces
α n
acting on axial section; (c)
Pn cosθn sinα
H
α
0
µPn cosα P forces acting on tangential
µcW
plane.
W
(c)

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Types of Threaded Fasteners

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 16.8 Three types of threaded fastener. (a) Bolt

and nut; (b) cap screw; (c) stud.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Illustration Type
Hex-head bolt
Description
An externally threaded fastener with a
trimmed hex head, often with a washer
face on the bearing side.
Carriage bolt A round head bolt with a square neck
under the head and a standard thread.
Elevator bolt A bolt with a wide, countersunk flat
or belt bolt head, a shallow conical bearing surface,
an integrally-formed square neck under
the head and a standard thread.
Serrated flange bolt A hex bolt with integrated washer, but
wider than standard washers and incor-
porating serrations on the bearing sur-
face side.
Flat cap screw A flat, countersunk screw with a flat
(slotted head shown) top surface and conical bearing surface.
Buttunhead cap screw Dome shaped head that is wider and
(socket head shown) has a lower profile than a flat cap screw.
Lag screw A screw with spaced threads, a hex
head, and a gimlet point. (Can also
be made with a square head.)
Step bolt A plain, circular, oval head bolt with
a square neck. The head diameter is
about three times the bolt diameter.
Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements
Application notes
Used in a variety of general purpose ap-
plications in different grades depending
Types of
Bolts and
on the required loads and material be-
ing joined.
Used in slots where the square neck
keeps the bolt from turning when be-
ing tightened.
Screws
Used in belting and elevator applica-
tions where head clearances must be
minimal.
Used in applications where loosening
hazard exists, such as vibration appli-
cations. The serrations grip the surface
so that more torque is needed to loosen
than tighten the bolt.
A common fastener for assembling
joints where head clearance is critical.
Designed for light fastening applica-
tions where their appearance is desired.
Not recommended for high-strength ap-
plications.
Used to fasten metal to wood or with
expansion fittings in masonry.
Used to join resilient materials or sheet
Table 16.3
metal to supporting structures, or for
joining wood since the large head will
Common types of
not pull through.
bolts and screws.
 Types of Nuts
Illustration Type Description
Nuts
Hex nut A six-sided internally threaded fas-
tener. Specific dimensions are pre-
scribed in industry standards.
Nylon insert stop A nut with a hex profile and an integral
nylon insert.
Cap nut Similar to a hex nut with a dome top.
Castle nut A type of slotted nut.
Coupling nut A six-sided double chamfered nut.
Hex jam nut A six-sided internally threaded fas-
tener, thinner than a normal hex nut.
K-lock or keplock nut A hex nut preassembled with a free
spinning external tool lock washer.
When tightened, the teeth bite into the
member to achieve locking.
Wing nut An internally threaded nut with inte-
gral pronounced flat tabs.
Serrated nut A hex nut with integrated washer, but
wider than standard washers and incor-
porating serrations on the bearing sur-
face side.
Table 16.4 Common nuts and washers for use with threaded fasteners.
Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements
Application notes
The most commonly used general-
purpose nut.
The nylon insert exerts friction on the
threads and prevents loosening due to
vibration or corrosion.
Used to cover exposed, dangerous bolt
threads or for aesthetic reasons.
Used for general purpose fastening and
locking. A cotter pin or wire can be in-
serted through the slots and the drilled
shank of the fastener.
Used to join two externally threaded
parts of equal thread diameter and
pitch.
Used in combination with a hex nut to
keep the nut from loosening.
A popular lock nut because of ease of
use and low cost.
Used for applications where repetitive
hand tightening is required.
Used in applications where loosening
hazard exists, such as vibration appli-
cations. The serrations grip the surface
so that more torque is needed to loosen
than tighten the bolt.
 Types of Washers
Washers
Flat washer A circular disk with circular hole,
produced in accordance with indus-
try standards. Fender washers have
larger surface area than conventional
flat washer.
Belleville washer A conical disk spring.
Split lock washer A coiled, hardened, split circular
washer with a slightly trapezoidal
cross-section
Tooth lock washer A hardened circular washer with
twisted teeth or prongs.
Table 16.4 (cont.) Common nuts and washers for use with threaded
fasteners.
Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements
Designed for general-purpose mechani-
cal and structural use.
Used to maintain load in bolted con-
nections.
Preferred for use with hardened bear-
ing surfaces. Applies high bolt tension
per torque, resists loosening caused by
vibration and corrosion.
Internal teeth are preferred fro aesth-
stics since the teeth are hidden un-
der the bolt head. External teeth give
greater locking efficiency. Combination
teeth are used for oversized or out-of-
round holes or for electrical connec-
tions.
 Bolt and Nut Forces

Pj (compression)
Pb (tension)
0b 0j
δ b (extension) δ j (contraction)
kb
(a)

kj
Pi

Pb Pj

0b 0j
Extension

Figure 16.9 Bolt-and- (b)

nut assembly modeled Figure 16.10 Force versus deflection of bolt
as bolt-and-joint spring.
and member. (a) Separated bolt and joint; (b)
assembled bolt and joint.
Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements
 Force vs. Deflection

Pb Pj

Pi + kbek
Pi
P = increase in Pb plus decrease in Pj
Load

Pi – kjek

0b 0j
Deflection
ek
(extension of bolt = reduction in contraction of joint)

Figure 16.11 Forces versus deflection of bolt and joint when

external load is applied.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Bolt Stiffness

dc

Lse = Ls + 0.4dc
Ls
! "
1 4 Ls + 0.4dc Lt + 0.4dr
= 2
+
kb !E dc dr2
Lt dr Lte = Lt + 0.4dr

Figure 16.12 Bolt and nut. (a) Assembled;

(b) stepped-shaft representation of shank
and threaded section.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Member Stiffness as Conical Frustum

dw

αf
L

dc

Figure 16.13 Bolt and nut assembly with conical frustum

stress representation of joint.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Member Stiffness Equations
Decription Member stiffness, km
πEj dc tan αf
Single member, general case kji = ! "
(2Li tan αf + di − dc )(di + dc )
ln
(2Li tan αf + di + dc )(di − dc )
1.813Ej dc
Single member, αf = 30◦ kji = ! "
(1.15Li + di − dc )(di + dc )
ln
(1.15Li + di + dc )(di − dc )
πEj dc tan αf
Two members, same Young’s modulus, kj = ! "
(2Li tan αf + di − dc )(di + dc )
E, back-to-back frustaa 2 ln
(2Li tan αf + di + dc )(di − dc )
1.813Ej dc
Two members, same Young’s modulus, kj = ! "
(2.885Li + 2.5dc )
back-to-back frusta, α = 30◦ , di = 2 ln
dw = 1.5dc a (0.577Li + 2.5dc )
Two members, same material, Wileman kj = Ei dc Ai eBi dc /Li
methoda,b
a Note that this is stiffness for the complete joint, not a member in the joint.
b See Table 16.6 for values of A and B for various materials.
i i

Table 16.5 Member stiffness equations for common bolted joint

configurations.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Wileman Member Stiffness

k j = EidcAieB j dc/L

Poisson’s ratio, Modulus of elasticity, Numerical constants,

Material ν E, GPa Ai Bi
Steel 0.291 206.8 0.78715 0.62873
Aluminum 0.334 71.0 0.79670 0.63816
Copper 0.326 118.6 0.79568 0.63553
Gray cast iron 0.211 100.0 0.77871 0.61616

Table 16.6 Constants used in joint stiffness formula.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Example 16.6

3/2 dc

15 30∞ dc
1
25

3 2

8 10 10 12.5

d2

(a) (b)

Figure 16.14 Hexagonal bolt-and-nut assembly used in

Example 16.6. (a) Assembly and dimensions; (b) dimensions
of frustrun cone.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Strength of Steel Bolts

SAE Head Range of crest Ultimate tensile strength Yield strength, Proof strength,
grade marking diameters, in. Su , ksi Sy , ksi Sp , ksi
1 1/4 – 1 1/2 60 36 33

2 1/4 – 3/4 74 57 55
> 3/4 – 1 1/2 60 36 33
4 1/4 – 1 1/2 115 100 65

5 1/4 – 1 120 92 85
>1 - 1 1/2 105 81 74
5.2 1/4-1 120 92 85

7 1/4 – 1 1/2 133 115 105

8 1/4 – 1 1/2 150 130 120

8.2 1/4 -1 150 130 120

Table 16.7 Strength of steel bolts for various sizes in inches.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Strength of Steel Bolts

Metric Head Crest diameter, Ultimate tensile Yield strength, Proof strength,
grade marking dc , mm strength, Su , MPa Sy , MPa Sp , MPa
4.6 M5 – M36 400 240 225
4.6

4.8 M1.6 – M16 420 340a 310

4.8

5.8 M5 – M24 520 415a 380

5.8

8.8 M17 – M36 830 660 600

8.8

9.8 M1.6 – M16 900 720a 650

9.8

10.9 M6 – M36 1040 940 830

10.9

12.9 M1.6 – M36 1220 1100 970

12.9

Table 16.8 Strength of steel bolts for various sizes in millimeters.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 UN Coarse and Fine Threads
Coarse threads (UNC) Fine threads (UNF)
Number of Root Tensile stress Number of Root Tensile stress
Crest diameter, threads per, diameter, area, At , threads per, diameter, area, At ,
dc , in. inch, n dr , in. in.2 inch, n dr , in. in.2
0.0600 — — — 80 0.04647 0.00180
0.0730 64 0.05609 0.00263 72 0.05796 0.00278
0.0860 56 0.06667 0.00370 64 0.06909 0.00394
0.0990 48 0.07645 0.00487 56 0.07967 0.00523
0.1120 40 0.08494 0.00604 48 0.08945 0.00661
0.1250 40 0.09794 0.00796 44 0.1004 0.00830
0.1380 32 0.1042 0.00909 40 0.1109 0.01015
0.1640 32 0.1302 0.0140 36 0.1339 0.01474
0.1900 24 0.1449 0.0175 32 0.1562 0.0200
0.2160 24 0.1709 0.0242 28 0.1773 0.0258
0.2500 20 0.1959 0.0318 28 0.2113 0.0364
0.3125 18 0.2523 0.0524 24 0.2674 0.0580
0.3750 16 0.3073 0.0775 24 0.3299 0.0878
0.4750 14 0.3962 0.1063 20 0.4194 0.1187
0.5000 13 0.4167 0.1419 20 0.4459 0.1599
0.5625 12 0.4723 0.182 18 0.5023 0.203
0.6250 11 0.5266 0.226 18 0.5648 0.256
0.7500 10 0.6417 0.334 16 0.6823 0.373
0.8750 9 0.7547 0.462 14 0.7977 0.509
1.000 8 0.8647 0.606 12 0.9098 0.663
1.125 7 0.9703 0.763 12 1.035 0.856
1.250 7 1.095 0.969 12 1.160 1.073
1.375 6 1.195 1.155 12 1.285 1.315
0.500 6 1.320 1.405 12 1.140 1.581
1.750 5 1.533 1.90 — — —
2.000 4.5 1.759 2.5 — — —

Table 16.9 Dimensions and tensile stress areas for UN coarse and fine
threads. Root diameter is calculated from Eq. (16.2) and Fig. 16.4.
Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements
 M Coarse and Fine Threads

Coarse threads (MC) Fine threads (MF)

Crest Root Tensile Root Tensile
diameter, Pitch, diameter, stress area, Pitch, diameter, stress area,
dc , mm p, mm dr , mm At , mm2 p, mm dr , mm At , mm2
1 0.25 0.7294 0.460 — — —
1.6 0.35 1.221 1.27 0.20 1.383 1.57
2 0.4 1.567 2.07 0.25 1.729 2.45
2.5 0.45 2.013 3.39 0.35 2.121 3.70
3 0.5 2.459 5.03 0.35 2.621 5.61
4 0.7 3.242 8.78 0.5 3.459 9.79
5 0.8 4.134 14.2 0.5 4.459 16.1
6 1.0 4.917 20.1 0.75 5.188 22
8 1.25 6.647 36.6 1.0 6.917 39.2
10 1.5 8.376 58.0 1.25 8.647 61.2
12 1.75 10.11 84.3 1.25 10.65 92.1
16 2.0 13.83 157 1.5 14.38 167
20 2.5 17.29 245 1.5 18.38 272
24 3.0 20.75 353 2.0 21.83 384
30 3.5 26.21 561 2.0 27.83 621
36 4.0 31.67 817 3.0 32.75 865
42 4.5 37.13 1121 — — —
48 5.0 42.59 1473 — — —

Table 16.10 Dimensions and tensile stress areas for M coarse and fine
threads. Root diameter is calculated from Eq. (16.2) and Fig. 16.4.
Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements
 Pj
Separation of Joint

Pj Figure 16.15 Separation of joint.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Threads in Fatigue Loading

Pb Pj
Pb, max
Pi Pi

Load on joint
Figure 16.16 Forces versus
Load on bolt

Pj, min
deflection of bolt and joint
as function of time.

0b 0j
Deflection ∆δ

SAE grade Metric grade Rolled threads Cut threads Fillet

0-2 3.6-5.8 2.2 2.8 2.1
4-8 6.6-10.9 3.0 3.8 2.3

Table 16.11 Fatigue stress concentration factors for threaded elements.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Gaskets

Gasket

Figure 16.17 Threaded fastener with

unconfined gasket and two other members.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Failure Modes for Fasteners in Shear

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 16.18 Failure modes due to shear loading of riveted fasteners.

(a) Bending of member; (b) shear of rivet; (c) tensile failure of member;
(d) bearing of member on rivet.
Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements
 Example 16.9
P = 1000 lb

7 8
A B
2 rA rB

3 A B

y
3
rC rD
x
2 C D
C D Figure 16.19 Group of
riveted fasteners used in
(a) (b) Example 16.9. (a)
Assembly of rivet
τtA
rC
3
A B group; (b) radii from
α
τd τd
τtB
5
7–
8
centroid to center of
rivets; (c) resulting
4.635 3

rD τtC 5 7–
8
3
triangles; (d) direct and
3
β C D torsional shear acting on
τtD
each rivet; (e) side view
1–
2.365 τd τd 2

(c) (d) (e)

of member. (All
dimensions in inches.)

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Weld Symbols
Basic arc and gas weld symbols Basic resistance weld symbols
Plug Groove Flash
Bead Fillet or Spot Projection Seam or
slot Square V Bevel U J upset

Finish symbol Groove angle or included

angle of countersink
Contour symbol
for plug welds
Root opening, depth Length of weld in inches
of filling for plug
and slot welds
Effective throat Pitch (center-to-center spacing)
F of welds in inches
Depth of preparation
or size in inches A
Field weld symbol
Reference line R
Weld-all-around symbol
Specification, process (Other
side)
(Both sides)

or other reference S(E) L@P

T
A B
(Arrow
side)

Tail (omitted when

reference is not used) Arrow connects reference line to arrow side
Basic weld symbol of joint. Use break as at A or B to signify
or detail reference that arrow is pointing to the grooved member
in bevel or J-grooved joints.

Figure 16.20 Basic weld symbols.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Fillet Weld
1
—
16 in.
Actual weld configuration

Assumed weld configuration

he
te Shear plane of weld at throat

he

(a)

Load

1 1
—
16 in. clear for plates –4 in. thick
Shear stress

Shear stress

L
te te
L
Figure 16.21 Fillet weld.
Shear planes
(a) Cross-section of weld
showing throat and legs;
(b) shear planes.
(b)

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Geometry of Welds
Dimensions Bending Torsion
of weld
P
a
Weld a
x P Weld
d x x Ju = d 3/12
A=d x Iu = d 2/6
T = Pa
M = Pa
c = d/2

b
a Weld P
Weld P
x
d x x
x
A = 2d Iu = d 2/3

P a d(3b2 + d 2)
Ju = –––––––––
6

b
a P
Weld P Weld
x
d x x
x
A = 2b Iu = bd

P a b3 + 3bd2
Ju = ––––––––
6

Table 16.12 Geometry of welds and parameters used when considering

various types of loading.
Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements
 Geometry of Welds

b P
–y a
–x a
Weld x P
x x Weld
d x (b + d)4 – 6b2d2
b2
–x = –––––– x Ju = –––––––––––––
12(b + d)
A = b+ d 2(b + d)
x
d2
–y = –––––– 4bd + d2
2(b + d) At top Iu = –––––––
6
d 2(4b + d)
At bottom Iu = ––––––––
6(2b + d)

b P
a
–x a
Weld P
x Weld
d x x
x x
b2
–x = –––––– Iu = bd + d 2/6
A = d + 2b 2(b + d) x Weld
Weld
(2b + d)3 b2(b + d)2
Ju = –––––– – –––––––––
12 (2 b + d)

Table 16.12 (cont.) Geometry of welds and parameters used when

considering various types of loading.
Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements
 Geometry of Welds

Dimensions Bending Torsion

of weld

b
–y
a P
Weld P Weld
d x x x x

d2 x x
A = b + 2d –
y = ––––––
(b + 2d)
Weld 2bd + d2 Weld
At top Iu = ––––––– P a
3
2
d (2b + d)
At bottom Iu = –––––––– (b + 2d)3 d2(b + d)2
3(b + d) Ju = –––––– – –––––––––
12 (b + 2d)

b Weld all a Weld all P

around x P around
d x x
x
Iu = bd + d 2/3
A = 2b + 2d

a
P (b + d)3
Ju = ––––––––
6

Table 16.12 (cont.) Geometry of welds and parameters used when

considering various types of loading.
Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements
 Geometry of Welds

b Weld a Weld
x P x P
d x x
x x
Iu = bd + d 2/3
A = 2b + 2d
Weld Weld
P a b 3 + 3bd 2+ d 3
Ju = ––––––––——
6

Weld all Weld all

a
d around x P around x P
x x
x x
A = πb
Iu = π(d 2/4)
P a
Ju = π(d 3/4)

Table 16.12 (cont.) Geometry of welds and parameters used when

considering various types of loading.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Electrode Properties

Ultimate tensile Yield strength, Elongation, ek ,

Electrode number strength, Su , ksi Sy , ksi percent
E60XX 62 50 17-25
E70XX 70 57 22
E80XX 80 67 19
E90XX 90 77 14-17
E100XX 100 87 13-16
E120XX 120 107 14

Table 16.13 Minimum strength properties of electrode classes.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Example 16.10
y
100
τtx

300 τty
l2 A A
45
l1
150 80
y
20 kN
x τtx
B x
B τty

(a) (b)

Figure 16.22 Welded bracket used in Example 16.10. (a) Dimensions,

load and coordinates; (b) torsional shear stress components at points A
and B. (All dimensions in millemeters.)
Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements
 Welds in Fatigue

Fatigue stress concentration

Type of weld factor, Kf
Reinforced butt weld 1.2
Tow of transverse fillet weld 1.5
End of parallel fillet weld 2.7
T-butt joint with sharp corners 2.0

Table 16.14 Fatigue strength reduction factors for welds.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Adhesive Joints
(a) b

(b)

(c)

Figure 16.23 Four methods

of applying adhesive
(d) bonding. (a) Lap; (b) butt;
(c) scarf; (d) double lap.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 θ
Scarf Joint
τ
P P
σx θ
tm

σn
(a)

A
θ
M tm M
A

(b)

y
x
l

O ro
ri

Figure 16.24 Scarf joint.

(a) Axial loading; (b)
T T bending; (c) torsion.
(c)

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Integrated Snap Fasteners

h
2

Deflected
Rigid

(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 16.25 Common examples of integrated fasteners. (a) Module

with four cantilever lugs; (b) cover with two cantilever and two rigid
lugs; (c) separable snap joint for chassis cover.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Snap Joint Design
Shape of cross section
A B
a
c c2
h c1 h
c
b b
Type of design Rectangle Trapezoid

l P
l
P 1 h εl2 εl2
a + b(1) ___
y y y = 0.67 ___ y = _______
h 2a + b h
Cross section constant
α

(Permissible) deflection
over length
h
h
_ h
_
2 2
2 y
h
εl2 εl2
a + b(1) ___
y = 1.09 ___ y = 1.64 _______
h 2a + b h
All dimensions in
direction y (e.g., h)
decrease to one-half
b
_
4
Figure 16.26 Cantilever 3 b z
εl2 εl2
a + b(1) ___
y = 0.86 ___ y = 1.28 _______
snap joint. All dimensions in
h 2a + b h
direction z (e.g., b and a)
decrease to one-quarter

Figure 16.27 Permissible deflection of

different snap fastener cantilever shapes.
Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements
Friction for Integrated Snap Fastener Mateirals

Coefficient of friction
On self-mated
Material On steel polymer
Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE (teflon) 0.12-0.22 —
Polyethylene (rigid) 0.20-0.25 0.40-0.50
Polyethylene (flexible) 0.55-0.60 0.66-0.72
Polypropylene 0.25-0.30 0.38-0.45
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 0.50-0.60 0.60-0.72
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) 0.50-0.65 0.60-0.78
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 0.55-0.60 0.55-0.60
Polystyrene 0.40-0.50 0.48-0.60
Polycarbonate 0.45-0.55 0.54-0.66

Table 16.15 Coefficients of friction for common snap fastener

polymers

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements

 Hydraulic Baler Case Study

End cap
Seal

Cylinder
flange

Figure 16.28 End cap and cylinder flange.

Hamrock • Fundamentals of Machine Elements