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hi everyone welcome back to high school

science 101 today we are covering

something that's very very important but

something that's not really covered in

high schools and that's research ethics

every single researcher that deals with

human participants need to have a really

good understanding of research ethics

otherwise their research won't be

approved by the university and they may

actually cause harm to the people

involved since a lot of high schools

don't teach you about ethical research

I've created this video which summarizes

some of the key points from the National

statement of ethical conduct in human

research 2007 and this is a document

that sets the guidelines for research

within Australia when we're conducting

research involving humans we need to

remember to refer to them as

participants not as subjects and we need

to have an underlying respect for them

as human beings respect their welfare

their beliefs their customs their

privacy confidentiality and their

cultural sensitivities a crucial part of

the partnership between you as a

researcher and your participants is to

minimize the amount of potential harm

you can cause to them

harm can be physical psychological

social economic or legal your research

involving humans will have a certain

level of risk attached to it for example

it could be a negligible level of risk

which means there's no foreseeable risk

and it may just cause some inconvenience

to your participants or it could be a

low level of risk in which case there

might be a bit of discomfort

the level of risk really depends on the

type of harm that may be caused the

likelihood of that harm and the severity

of the harm as a researcher you must do

everything possible to minimize the

amount of harm to your participants if

you do intend to cause harm

you must also justify why your benefits

of your study will outweigh the harm

that you're causing for example you

might be working on a cancer treatment

and the side effects of that treatment

will cause a bit of harm but the

potential benefits of finding a cure for

cancer may outweigh those side effects

consent is another really important

aspect of ethical research and it

basically involves giving people the

capacity to choose whether or not they

want to be involved in your research

this includes potential participants

understanding what your research is

about and what's required of them

there's a lot of key information that

you need to give to potential

participants this includes the contact

details of yourself and where complaints

should be directed to how their privacy

and confidentiality will be protected

their right to withdraw at any stage

what the sources of funding are for your

research whether there's any payments to

be made to participants how your data

will be managed and used the likelihood

of your research being published and

what do you think the foreseeable

benefits are of your research sometimes

an FDR approach is used where the

information is provided to potential

participants but they must actively tell

you that they don't want to be involved

otherwise their consent is assumed an

example of this is organ donation if you

live in a country where they have an

opt-out approach for organ donation and

you don't want your organs to be

harvested to help other people if you

pass away they're nearly to actively

tell them that you don't want that to

happen

otherwise if you're involved in an

accident and your organs can be

harvested to help other people then they

will assume that you've provided consent

because you haven't actively opted out

sometimes due to the nature of the

research and if there's a very low risk

of harm the researcher can offer limited

disclosure this means that the

participants only receive a very small

amount of information about the study

because it actually involves some sort

of concealment

or deception a key issue to be mindful

of is the issue of coercion and the risk

of people feeling pressured to be

involved in your study this can be

especially important depending on the

relationship between the researcher and

the people that you're trying to invite

into your study for example if I'm a

teacher and I want to invite my students

to participate in my study they might

feel coerced or a sense of pressure to

get involved in my study because I am

their teacher and this in itself becomes

an issue how you'll recruit the people

to be involved in your study is an

important decision and you might even

use more than one strategy in your

project your method of recruitment

should be relevant to your topic in

context and you must be able to justify

why you've chosen to include or exclude

certain people or groups of people from

being involved in your study you need to

also consider whether your recruitment

strategy interferes with your consent

process in other words does your method

of recruiting people interfere with

their ability to voluntarily participate

in your study again this links in with

that example that I just gave you of me

being a teacher doing research with my

students if I recruit all the students

within my classes that I personally

teach that could interfere with their

ability to think that this is a

voluntary study and they might feel

compelled to have to participate

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when you've collected some results you

need to think about how easy it would be

for others to identify people or

organizations that have been involved in

your study obviously the chances of this

happening are at their highest when

you've used names or photos but also be

cautious of using birth dates addresses

or regions this area also concerns who

has access to your data and how and

where it is stored minimizing the amount

of information you collect and store

about each person as well as replacing

their names with codes or numbers will

help preserve their anonymity that gives

you a very broad overview of the main

things you need to be mindful of when

you're doing research involving people

some other things that the standards

cover that I haven't really gone into

include data management sharing of your

data with other researchers and

communicating your results to your

participants and other third parties the

standards also include a whole chapter

on biological research as well as

another chapter on ethical

considerations that apply to specific

groups of people these specific groups

require special ethical considerations

and they include pregnant women fetuses

children people independent

relationships people who can't give

consent due to their medical state

people with a mental impairment or

disability people involved in illegal

activities indigenous people and people

in other countries if you intend to do

research through University I would

strongly recommend that you click on the

link in the description and read these

standards for yourself or find the

relevant standards for your country

nonetheless what I've covered in this

video are the main things that you need

to think about in order to make your

research as ethical as possible

thank you for watching and I'll see you

next time

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you

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