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So what do we know about the human brain? These blinks will take you through the
most up-to-date scientific insights into this complex organ, dispelling popular myths
along the way. You’ll learn about the function of memory, creativity and language,
and get simple advice on how to keep your brain healthy throughout your life.
On a cellular level, the brain consists of “gray matter,” made up of brain cells
called neurons, and “white matter,” which connects neurons to each other like
biological cables. When a neuron wants to send a message to another neuron, it
sends an electrical signal through a fiber called an axon. The receptive neuron
receives this signal through a fiber called a dendrite. But dendrites and axons don’t
touch each other – there’s a space between them called a synapse. This is
where neurotransmitters, chemicals like dopamine and serotonin, float around.
Each neurotransmitter has a variety of effects on our neural communication.
Together, these messages and chemical reactions shape the idiosyncrasies of our
thoughts, feelings and emotions.
The most precious layer of the brain is the cerebral cortex, the top layer that accounts
for most of the brain’s gray matter. Folded up like an accordion, the cortex is divided
into four sections, or lobes, each of which conducts a variety of tasks.
The frontal lobe controls everything from your ability to do math to learning
languages. Within the frontal lobe, a section called the prefrontal cortex is where so-
called executive functions such as decision making, personality, and planning lie.
The parietal lobe, which runs from the top of your neck to the crown of your head, is
the seat of sensation. If you’ve ever wondered why your lips, tongue and fingers are
so sensitive, it’s because these body parts take up more area in the brain than the
entirety of the body below the thighs.
Located at the back of your head, the occipital lobe is where visual processing
happens. Finally, the temporal lobe, located just above your ears, is where you
process sounds and a variety of other sensations such as dreams, the feeling of
suffocation and déjà vu.
Beneath the cortex, the brain’s structures include the hippocampus, the amygdala,
the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the brain stem and the cerebellum. In addition to
controlling a variety of functions such as the formation of memories and breathing,
these structures serve as transit hubs, modulating and fine-tuning signals passed
between different parts of the brain.
But even with all its parts, the brain isn’t a standalone organ; its neurotransmitters
reach throughout your body through the spinal cord, as well as directly to your heart
and gut.
The fact that cognitive ability is not simply determined by our genes is great news. It
means you can boost your natural memory abilities, for instance by using brain
training. Now, it’s true that in 2016, Lumosity, a popular online brain game service,
faced a $2 million Federal Trade Commission lawsuit in the US for making
unsubstantiated claims – so the reputation of brain-training services has been
tarnished recently. But not all brain training is a sham! Brain HQ, a program
designed to boost your cognitive speed, has been proven to improve long-term
memory and reasoning skills and even drastically reduce the risk of developing
dementia. The program requires players to focus on a central target while identifying
icons that pop up in the periphery of the screen.
The author once had a patient named Marina with a rare type of brain cancer located
in the left frontotemporal region of her brain. Marina was a native Spanish speaker
as well as an English teacher, which made it extremely important to identify which
areas of her brain could be cut during surgery without damaging her language skills.
After putting Marina to sleep so that her skull could be opened, the anesthesiologist
weaned her off of sedatives. Then, using an electrical stimulator, the author tested
areas of Marina’s brain while she was asked questions in English and Spanish. Areas
whose stimulation did not harm her linguistic abilities were marked with small
pieces of white paper. Areas whose stimulation caused her to falter in either English
or Spanish were marked to identify the language.
Knowing that languages exist in different parts of the brain makes it easy to
understand how bilingualism has a unique effect on our cognitive functions,
including significant benefits. Having more than one language means that fewer
brain cells go to waste, giving you more brainpower and cognitive reserve overall. In
fact, the benefits of bilingualism include improved attention and learning ability, and
even protection against the onset of dementia.
If you don’t have a second language already, it’s not too late to pick one up. And if
you do want to learn a new language, the author recommends investing in a class
that you have to attend physically, since that’s more likely to hold you accountable
for doing the work required than an online class would be.
Creativity comes from harmonious brain
activity; boost yours by experimenting with
sleep and going outside.
Chances are you’ve heard the theory that “left-brained” people are more logical while
“right-brained” people are more creative. Put forth by Nobel Prize winner and
researcher Roger W. Sperry in the New York Times Magazine in 1973, the
theory soon became common knowledge. But Sperry’s theory hasn’t been borne out.
While the left hemisphere of the brain does account for language and math skills, no
evidence has been found that certain types of people use one side of the brain more
than the other.
So if that’s the case, where does creativity come from? Though the executive
functions controlled by the frontal lobes do contribute, this part of the brain isn’t
solely responsible for our innate creative abilities. Recent studies have found that
the cerebellum, which fine tunes muscle movements, is also in charge of
coordinating creative problem-solving. But by using functional MRIs, which take
moving images of the brain at work, scientists have come to understand that
creativity requires neurons in various parts of the brain to light
up simultaneously. In other words, creativity comes from harmonious activity
across the entire brain.
Now, the fact is that we’re all innately creative, whether or not we think we are. One
way to tap into your own creative potential is by experimenting with focused
awareness before and after you sleep at night. That means zeroing in on thoughts
during the transition between wakefulness and sleep, which may make you privy to
creativity in your subconscious that is otherwise difficult to access. The artist
Salvador Dali was a proponent of focused awareness, as is the author. He reads
articles related to ideas that he’s working through just before bedtime twice a week in
order to gain new insight into his experiments.
For some of us, boosting our creativity may be as simple as spending time outside. In
one study, by the psychologist David Strayer at the University of Utah, participants
who took a creativity test after a four- to six-day backpacking trip scored 50 percent
higher than participants who took the test before the trip. But according to the
author, even a thirty-minute walk is enough to get your creative juices flowing.
The bottom line is that creativity comes from sleeping, dreaming, walking outside
and even just goofing around. So don't be afraid to give your brain a break, and watch
your creativity take off!
Not just a time of rest, sleep is necessary
for redistributing memories.
Sleep is one of the greatest mysteries of life. Like most animals, we humans spend a
great part of our lives sleeping. But scientists still aren’t entirely sure why we sleep
– after all, we could be eating, drinking, mating or protecting ourselves from danger.
What scientists do know is that sleep is a time when short-term memories in your
hippocampus are transformed into long-term memories stored elsewhere in your
cortex. In fact, studies have found that students preparing for a test recall more
information if they get some sleep the night before rather than studying all night. A
night’s rest can also make us better equipped to solve problems.
But not all of your short-term memories become long-term memories. During sleep,
the majority of your memories from the previous day are erased. Increasingly,
scientists have come to understand that, although we see sleep as a time of rest, the
brain actually uses this time actively to flush out what it doesn’t need and restore
itself. During REM, the deepest cycle of sleep, the eyeballs dart back and forth, and
there is more brain wave activity than when we’re awake! Given this, it should come
as no surprise that even if we don’t necessarily know why we require it, getting the
right amount of sleep is essential for our health. In fact, studies have shown that
sleeping too little or too much can increase your risk for heart disease and even your
likelihood of dying early.
So what’s the right amount of sleep? Well, that depends on your age. For school
children between six and thirteen, anywhere between nine and eleven hours is
recommended. But for adults ages 26 to 64, seven to nine hours is the ideal amount
of shut-eye.
If you struggle with insomnia, like the author, there are a number of habits that can
help you get the amount of sleep you need without the use of prescription drugs such
as Lunesta or Ambien. According to sleep experts, keeping your sleep cycle on a
consistent schedule will help your body create an internal clock that helps it know
when it’s time to fall asleep. There are a lot of other techniques too – check the
American Academy of Sleep Medicine website for a comprehensive list.
In addition to his diet, Jandial also observes intermittent periods of fasting, which
has been proven to boost the brain's natural ability to grow and repair its neurons,
improving your mood and helping you reach your best cognition levels. Instead of
limiting calorie intake, which means that the body is constantly in a state of hunger,
intermittent fasting means abstaining from food for sixteen hours once or twice a
week so that your body burns its fat reserves. The author does this by skipping
breakfast and lunch on Mondays and Thursdays.
If the author’s approach to food seems extreme to you, consider that he isn’t strictly
regimented when it comes to dieting. He recognizes that the occasional chocolate bar
or burger aren’t a big deal. Instead of obsessing over including kale in every meal, he
emphasizes that eating healthy, wholesome food should become a general, routine
habit. Adopting new habits is a challenge, of course, so try to pick just one food habit
at a time, and ask your friends and family for their support. Before you know it,
healthy eating habits will be a routine part of your life.
Lifestyle choices that support cognitive health are also important for our brains to
age well. Though there is no guaranteed cure for dementia, one thing that has been
proven to reduce the chance of developing it is education. While college graduates
are statistically the most impervious to the disease, even completing high school can
reduce the risk of developing dementia later on.
Another way to improve your brain’s health and reduce the risk of developing
dementia is exercise. Exercise replenishes your brain’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a
liquid that nourishes your neurons. While as you age, CSF naturally begins to lose
its neurotrophins – the bodies that keep it working – a combination of aerobic
exercise and resistance training has been proven to keep the liquid at youthful levels.
Having witnessed patients recover from brain tumors, head traumas and other
seemingly fatal injuries, the author continues to be amazed by the resilience of the
human brain. Though you’ll hopefully never end up in the operating room, it’s good
to know that adopting healthy choices can help maintain healthy cognitive function
throughout life.
Final summary
The key message in these blinks:
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