INSTITUTUL DE ŞTIINŢE PENALE ŞI CRIMINOLOGIE APLICATĂ

CATEDRA ŞTIINŢE SOCIO-UMANE ŞI LIMBI MODERNE

Lector univ., magistru Maria Arachelov

Limba străină (limba engleză)

(Teze pentru studenții Institutului de Criminologie, an. I, sem II, specialitățile: Drept, PPS)

CHIŞINĂU – 2013
 Theme: 1. The court system
I. Text:
Duncan Ritchie, a barrister, is talking to a visiting group of young European lawyers.
“Both criminal and civil courts in England and Wales primarily hear evidence and aim to
determine what exactly happened in a case. Broadly speaking, the lower courts decide matters
of fact and the upper courts normally deal with points of law. In England, simple civil actions,
for example family matters such as undefended divorce, are normally heard in either the
Magistrates’ Courts or the County Courts.
Judges have different titles depending on their experience, training, and level. A single
stipendiary magistrate or three lay magistrates sit in the Magistrates’ Court. There’s no jury in
a Magistrates’ Court. Family cases may go on appeal from the Magistrates’ Court to the
County Courts. The County Court also hears complex first instance civil cases, such as
contract disputes, compensation claims, consumer complaints about faulty goods or services,
and bankruptcy cases. Claimants, previously referred to as plaintiffs, may seek a legal remedy
for some harm or injury they have suffered. There are circuit judges and recorders who sit in
the County Courts, usually without a jury. Juries are now rare in civil actions, so normally the
judge considers both law and fact.
More complex civil cases, such as the administration of estates and actions for the
recovery of land, are heard in the High Court of Justice, which is divided into three divisions:
Family, Chancery and Queen’s Bench. The court has both original, that is, first instance, and
appellate jurisdiction. From the High Court cases may go on appeal to the civil division of the
Court of Appeal, which can reverse or uphold a decision of the lower courts. Its decisions
bind all the lower civil courts. Civil cases may leapfrog from the High Court to the House of
Lords, bypassing the Court of Appeal, when points of law of general public importance are
involved. Appellants must, however, apply for leave to appeal. Decisions of the House of
Lords are binding on all other courts but not necessarily on itself. The court of the House of
Lords consists of twelve life peers appointed from judges and barristers. The quorum, or
minimum number, of law lords for an appeal hearing is normally three, but generally there is
a sitting of five judges”.
“About 95% of all criminal cases in England and Wales are tried in the Magistrates’
Courts, which deal with petty crimes, that is, less serious ones. In certain circumstances, the
court may commit an accused person to the Crown Court for more severe punishment, either
by way of a fine or imprisonment. Except in cases of homicide, children under 14 and young
people – that is, minors between 14 and 17 years of age – must always be tried summarily,
meaning without a jury, by a Youth Court. A Youth Court is a branch of the Magistrates’
Court. Indictable offences, that is, more serious ones such as theft, assault, drug dealing, and
murder, are reserved for trial in the Crown Court. In almost all criminal cases, the State, in the
name of the Crown, prosecutes a person alleged to have committed a crime. In England and
Wales, a jury of twelve people decides whether the defendant is guilty of the crime she or he
is charged with. The Crown Court my hear cases in circuit areas. From the Crown Court,
appeal against conviction or sentence lies to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. If
leave to appeal is granted by that court, cases may go on appeal to the House of Lords”.
II. Grammar
Personal and reflexive-emphatic pronouns / Possessives

Personal pronouns
Possessive Possessive
as object
as subject determiners pronouns
(accusative and
(nominative)
dative)
I me my mine
you you your yours
he him his his
she her her hers
it it its its
we us our ours
you you your yours
they them their theirs
1 2 3 4
The books are for
We have some books. These are our books. The books are ours.
us.

Reflexive pronouns

myself
Ex. He carries the
buckets himself.
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves  
 

each other Ex. They help each other.

Possessive Case

With the addition of ‘s (or sometimes just the apostrophe), a noun can change from a
plain old person, place or thing to a person, place or thing that owns something.
- If the noun doesn’t end with an s, add ‘s to the end of the noun.
Ex. This is Mary and a dog. The dog is Mary’s; Mary is not the dog’s.
This thick blind is capable of shutting out the summer sun’s heat and light.
This is the way to the men’s room.
She got a job in the children’s section of the library.

- If the noun ends with an s, add just the apostrophe to the end of the noun.
Ex. This is the boys’ bedroom.
My parents’ house is a lovely old one.
Where is Jess’ book bag?
The scissors’ handles just snapped off.

- If you have a compound noun, change only the last one to the possessive.
Ex. Mike and Amanda’s new loft apartment is really neat.
Please tell Annie and Mary’s mother that they’ll be late getting home from school.

- If the possessor is a building, an object, or a piece of furniture, then you don’t need to
add an apostrophe to show possession.
Ex. The maid cleaned the hotel’s room.
The hotel’s room – the hotel room
The office’s lobby – the office lobby
The shoe’s lace – the shoe lace
The car’s door – the car door
The table’s top – the table top
The chair’s leg – the chair leg

No use of the possessive case with things

Things cannot be put in the possessive case

the last day of the month - the roof of the church
It is possible, however, to replace 'noun+of+noun' by 'noun+noun'
the keys of the car = the car keys
the walls of the town = the town walls

III. Tasks
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Retell the text.
3. Find additional information about this theme.
4. Translate a given text from Romanian to English (50 - 80 words).
5. Find and translate a text from English to Romanian (50 - 80 words).
6. Apply Grammar knowledge into practice.

Theme: 2. Criminal justice and criminal proceedings

I. Text:
Duncan Ritchie, a barrister, is talking to a visiting group of young European lawyers.
“The state prosecutes those charged with a crime. The police investigate a crime and may
apprehend suspects and detain them in custody. If the police decide an offender should be
prosecuted, a file on the case is sent to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) – the national
prosecution service for England and Wales. The CPS must consider whether there is enough
evidence for a realistic prospect of conviction, and if so, whether the public interest requires a
prosecution. They can decide to either - go ahead with the prosecution, send the case back to
the police for a caution, or take no further action. Criminal proceedings can be initiated either
by the serving of a summons setting out the offence and requiring the accused to attend court,
or, in more serious cases, by a warrant of arrest issued by a Magistrates’ Court. Lawyers from
the CPS may act as public prosecutors. The Criminal Defence Service provides legal aid,
which funds the services of an independent duty solicitor who represents the accused in the
police station and in court. However, at the end of a Crown Court case the judge has the
power to order the defendant to pay some or all of the defence costs.”
“There are three categories of criminal offence. Summary offences, tried without a
jury, are minor crimes only triable in the Magistrates’ Court. Indictable offences are serious
crimes, such as murder, which can only be heard in the Crown Court. The formal document
containing the alleged offences, supported by facts, is called the indictment. A case which
can be heard in either the Magistrates’ Court or the Crown Court, such as theft or burglary, is
triable either way. If the defendant pleads guilty, the Magistrates’ Court can either proceed to
sentence or commit to the Crown Court for sentence, where more severe penalties are
available. If there is a not guilty plea, the court can decide the mode of trial. The person
charged may request a trial by jury. If granted, such trials take place in the Crown Court”.
“The English system of justice is adversarial, which means that each side collects and
presents their own evidence and attacks their opponent’s by cross-examination. In a criminal
trial, the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the
accused is guilty. A person accused or under arrest for an offence may be granted bail and
temporarily released. However, bail may be refused, for example if there are grounds for
believing that the accused would fail to appear for trial or commit an offence. In the Crown
Court, there may be a preparatory hearing for a complex case before the jury is sworn in. Prior
to the trial, there is a statutory requirement for disclosure by the prosecution and defence of
material relevant to the case, for example details of any alibis – people who can provide proof
of the accused’s whereabouts at the time of the crime – or witnesses – people who may have
seen something relevant to the crime. Once a trial has begun, the defendant may be advised by
counsel to change his or her plea to guilty, in expectation of a reduced sentence. If, at the end
of the trial, the court’s verdict is not guilty, then the defendant is acquitted.”

II. Grammar
Adverbs
Adverbs tell us in what way someone does something. Adverbs can modify verbs (here:
drive), adjectives or other adverbs.
adjective adverb
Mandy drives
Mandy is a careful girl.
carefully.
She is very careful.  
Mandy is a careful driver. This sentence is about Mandy, the driver, so use the adjective.
Mandy drives carefully. This sentence is about her way of driving, so use the adverb.

Form
Adjective + -ly
adjective adverb

dangerous dangerousl
y
careful carefully
nice nicely
horrible horribly
easy easily
electronical
electronic
ly

irregular forms
good well
fast fast
hard hard

- If the adjective ends in -y, change -y to -i. Then add -ly.

happy - happily
but: shy – shyly

- If the adjective ends in -le, the adverb ends in -ly.

Example: terrible – terribly

- If the adjective ends in -e, then add -ly.

Example: safe – safely

Tip: Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs.

adjectives ending in -ly: friendly, silly, lonely, ugly
nouns, ending in -ly: ally, bully, Italy, melancholy
verbs, ending in -ly: apply, rely, supply
There is no adverb for an adjective ending in -ly.

Use of adverbs
- to modify verbs:
The soccer team played badly last Saturday.

- to modify adjectives:
It was an extemely bad match.

- to modify adverbs:
The soccer team played extremely badly last Wednesday.
 - to modify quantities:
There are quite a lot of people here.

- to modify sentences:
Unfortunately, the flight to Dallas had been cancelled.

Types of adverbs
Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of time Adverbs of
manner degree frequency place
quickly very often now here
kindly rather sometimes today nowhere

How do know whether to use an adjective or an adverb?

John is a careful driver. -> In this sentences we say how John is - careful.

If we want to say that the careful John did not drive the usual way yesterday - we have
to use the adverb: John did not drive carefully yesterday.

Here is another example:

I am a slow walker. (How am I? -> slow -> adjective)
I walk slowly. (Ho do I walk? -> slowly -> adverb)

Adjective or Adverb after special verbs

Both adjectives and adverbs may be used after look, smell and taste. Mind the change
in meaning.

Here are two examples:

adjective adverb
The pizza tastes good. Jamie Oliver can taste well.
(How is the pizza?) (How can Jamie Oliver taste?)
Peter's feet smell bad. Peter can smell badly.
(How are his feet?) (How can Peter smell?)

The comparison of adverbs

There are three forms:
A - Comparison with -er/-est
hard - harder - (the) hardest
We use -er/-est with the following adverbs:
1) all adverbs with one syllable
comperati
positive superlative
ve
fast faster fastest
high higher highest
1) the adverb early
comperati
positive superlative
ve
early earlier earliest
B - Comparison with more - most
adverbs ending on -ly
(except: early)
positive comperative superlative
(the) most
carefully more carefully
carefully

C - Irregular adverbs
comperati
positive superlative
ve
well better best
badly worse worst
much more most
little less least
late later last
farther farthest
far
further furthest

ATTENTION!
In informal English some adverbs are used without -ly (e.g. cheap, loud, quick).
There are two forms of comparison possible, depending on the form of the adverb:
cheaply - more cheaply - most cheaply
cheap - cheaper - cheapest

III. Tasks
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Retell the text.
3. Find additional information about this theme.
4. Translate a given text from Romanian to English (100 - 140 words).
5. Find and translate a text from English to Romanian (100 - 140 words).
6. Apply Grammar knowledge into practice.
7. Read: „Death by Scrabble” by Charlie Fish

Theme: 3. Solicitors
I. Text:
Lawyers in the United Kingdom jurisdictions generally practice as solicitors in private
firms, as legal advisers in corporations, government departments, and advice agencies, or as
barristers. They can each do advocacy, draft legal documents and give written advice, but
solicitors, unlike barristers cannot appear in every court.
Traditionally, solicitors undertake work such as conveyancing, and drawing up
contracts and wills. Barristers spend more time in court and have a right of audience in the
higher courts. Unlike solicitors, barristers cannot usually be employed directly by clients but
are instructed by solicitors. Solicitors normally form partnerships with other solicitors and
work in offices with support staff. The qualification and practice of solicitors are regulated by
the Law Society.
 Sami, a 25 year-old graduate, is talking about his experience as a trainee.
“My first degree was in engineering at Manchester University. Then I did two one-year law
courses. The first led to the Common Professional Examination, or CPE; the second was the
Legal Practice Course. I had a vacation placement at Applewood Branston, who offered me a
two-year traineeship. They have a six seat system, which is quite common. Trainees spend
time attached to different law departments, which suits me as I get a basic grounding in the
main departments of the firm, helping me find which area of the law I’d like to specialize in. I
can work in four or more different areas of law for four months at a time and then decide on a
specialism later in the training contract. In my third seat, in Corporate Finance, I’ve learnt a
lot from being on secondment with a client and got excellent back up from my seat
supervisor, that is, supervising partner. It was good to put the professional skills training into
practice straight away.”
Hélène, from Monaco, is an avocat admitted to the Paris Bar – the professional
association for lawyers. She graduated with a Bachelor of Law (LLB) in Paris and obtained a
Master’s Degree (LLM) in European Law from University College, London. She is a graduate
of the Paris Institut d’Études Politiques.
“I joined Applewood Branston two years ago and was promoted to partner in the
corporate and banking team in Paris. Before that I worked for twelve years for other leading
international law firms. I’ve got extensive experience of privatizations, mergers and
acquisitions, and I advise investment banks and corporates.”

II. Grammar
Present Tenses

Simple Present Present Present Perfect Present Perfect

Progressive Progressive

Use - repeated actions - action happening - result of an - action

- sequence of actions at the moment of action in the past beginning in the
in the present speaking is important in past and still
- things in general the present continuing
- recently (focus is on the
completed action)
action
- state beginning
in the past and
still continuing

Signal every day now just all day

words sometimes at the moment yet the whole day
always Look! never how long
often Listen! ever since
usually already for
seldom so far
never up to now
 first ... then since
for
recently

Form infinitive to be (am, are, is) have/has + past have/has + been

3rd person singular + V.-ing participle / V. + V. -ing
(he, she, it) infinitive + -ed
-s /-es

Examples They often play They are playing They have just They have been
computer games. computer games played playing
now. computer games. computer games
for 4 hours.

They do not play They are not They have not They have not
computer games very playing computer played been playing
often. games now. computer games. computer games
for 4 hours.

Do they play computer Are they playing Have they Have they been
games very often? computer games played computer playing
now? games? computer games
for 4 hours?

III. Tasks
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Retell the text.
3. Find additional information about this theme.
4. Translate a given text from Romanian to English (150 - 200 words).
5. Find and translate a text from English to Romanian (150 - 200 words).
6. Apply Grammar knowledge into practice.
7. Write an article about criminality in the Republic of Moldova.

Theme: 4. Barristers
I. Text:
Sylvia Garrison, a practicing barrister, is describing the training and organization of
the profession. “There are currently around 9,000 barristers in practice in England and Wales.
Unlike solicitors, barristers can’t form partnerships but must act as sole traders with unlimited
liability. Some barristers are in employed practice and may only represent their employer, for
example as in-house counsel or in government departments like the Crown Prosecution
Service. Many work independently in self-employed practice in groups called chambers or
sets and practise at the Bar as a barrister. Chambers are traditionally located in the four Inns
of Court in London – gray’s Inn, Lincoln’s Inn, Middle Temple, and Inner Temple – and are
also located in the UK regions, known as circuits. The Inns are principally non-academic
societies which provide collegiate and educational resources for barristers and trainees.
Members of chambers, known as tenants, share common expenses and support services,
which are administered by an administrative manager known as the Clerk, along with
ancillary staff such as secretaries.
A barrister’s main work is to provide representation in the courts, where they are
referred to as counsel, to draft documents associated with court procedure, and to give
opinions, that is, specialist legal advice. They are normally instructed by solicitors or other
recognized professionals, such as patent agents or Legal Advice Centres, on behalf of lay
clients. As the law has become more complex, barristers increasingly specialise in particular
areas, such as personal injury, crime, family or commercial law. A number of Specialist Bar
Associations, also known as SBAs, support and represent members. Barristers are governed
by the General Council of the Bar, known as the Bar Council, and the Inns of Court.”
“Intending barristers need a qualifying law degree, for example a Bachelor of Laws,
also known as an LLB. However, many students graduate in a non-law subject and undertake
a one year conversion course known as a postgraduate Diploma in Law, or GDL. The student
barrister then applies to join one of the Inns of Court to study for the Bar Vocational course,
or BVC. It’s also mandatory for students to keep terms, which means dining at their Inn a
fixed number of times, before they can be called to the Bar, that is, qualify as a barrister. Then
the new barrister faces intense competition to obtain a funded pupilage in chambers for twelve
months in order to get practical training. All applicants are advised first to do a mini-pupillage
of one or two weeks to get some insight into what being a pupil is like. Pupilage, known as
devilling in Scotland, is divided into two parts – a non- practicing six months when pupils
shadow their pupil master, an experienced barrister, by observing professional activities, and
the second, practicing six months when pupils, with their supervisor’s permission, can
undertake to supply legal services and exercise rights of audience, in other words, speak in
court. To gain a Full Qualification Certificate, pupils must learn the rules of conduct and
etiquette at the Bar, learn to prepare and present a case competently, learn to draft pleadings
and opinions, have advocacy training, and pass a forensic accountancy course which covers
the use of financial information in litigation. If successful at the end of the twelve months, the
qualified barrister applies for a tenancy in chambers. When a junior barrister has practised at
the Bar for 10 to 15 years, it’s possible to apply to become a senior barrister, or Queen’s
Counsel (QC), whose work concentrates on court appearances, advocacy, and opinions.”

II. Grammar
Past Tenses

Simple Past Past Past Perfect Past Perfect

Progressive Progressive
Use - action - action was in - the past - how long
finished in the progress at equivalent of something had
past special time in the Present been happening
the past Perfect before
something else
happened
Signal words last ... while no unambigious no unambigious
... ago ones ones
 in 1990
yesterday
Form regular: was, were + V.- had + past had + been +
infinitive + -ed ing participle / V.- V.- ing
irregular: ed
2nd column of
the table of the
irregular verbs
Examples We were in the Joe was writing She had read a She had been
USA and an e-mail at 5 comic before waiting for Jack
visited Alaska o'clock she went to bed. for 30 minutes
last year. yesterday when he
evening. arrived.
We were not in Joe was not She had not She had not
the USA and writing an e- read a comic been
did not visit mail at 5 o'clock before she went waiting for Jack
Alaska last yesterday to bed. for 30 minutes
year. evening. when he
arrived.
Were you in the Was Joe writing Had she read a Had she been
USA and did an e-mail at 5 comic before waiting for Jack
you visit o'clock she went to for 30 minutes
Alaska year? yesterday bed? when he
evening? arrived?

III. Tasks
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Retell the text.
3. Find additional information about this theme.
4. Translate a given text from Romanian to English (200 - 250 words).
5. Find and translate a text from English to Romanian (200 - 250 words).
6. Apply Grammar knowledge into practice.
7. Compare the Court System in England and Moldova.

Theme: 5. Crime Classifications and Definitions

(Part I)
I. Text:
Personal/Violent Crimes
Aggravated assault: Unlawfully attacking another person to inflict severe or
aggravated bodily injury, usually accompanied by the use of a weapon or by other means
likely to produce death or grave bodily harm. Attempted aggravated assault that involves the
use or threat of use of a gun, knife or other weapon is included in this crime category because
serious personal injury likely would result.
Forcible rape: The “carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will.”
UCR includes assaults and attempts to commit rape by force or threat of force but excludes
statutory rape (without force) and other sex offenses. UCR collects data only on the rape of
women.
Murder: Killing a human in a willful and non-negligent manner.
Robbery: Taking or attempting to take anything of value from a person by force or
threat of force or violence.

Property Crimes
Arson: Willfully or maliciously burning or attempting to burn, with or without intent
to defraud, a house, public building, motor vehicle, aircraft or personal property.
Burglary: Unlawfully entering a structure to commit a felony or theft. Forcible entry
need not have occurred.
Larceny-theft: Unlawfully taking property from another (e.g., stealing a bicycle,
stealing automobile parts, shoplifting, pickpocketing) without force, violence or fraud.
Attempted larcenies are included.
Motor vehicle theft: The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle.

New or Notable Crimes

Corporate/white-collar crimes: Under a legal theory called the Identification
Doctrine, corporations can be convicted as legal entities under various criminal laws.
Hate crimes: Committing a crime against a person because of that person’s race,
religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation or other personal characteristics.
Identity theft: Unlawfully using a person’s identifying information (e.g., Social
Security number, driver’s license information, credit card number) to obtain financial gain.
Organized crime: Organized crime today frequently involves homegrown street
gangs.
Terrorism: Using or threatening to use violence against civilians to achieve political
or ideological goals.

II. Grammar

Future Tenses
 Future Perfect
Future Simple Future Future Perfect Progressive
Progressive
- express
Use situations that
will last for a
specified period
prediction, action will sth. will already of time at a
assumption; definitely happen have happened definite moment
spontaneous action (it usually before a certain in the future
happens) time in the
future - express
certainty about
the cause of
some future
situation.
Tomorrow In X weeks, By By tomorrow / 8
Signal Next week days, years time By the time o'clock
words Soon Before This year /
Later while, when, this By tomorrow/7 month / week
In the future time tomorrow, o'clock/next Next year /
this time next month month / week
week, in the Until/till
afternoon, next
month, next
week, next year
etc.
will + be +
Form will + infinitive will + have + will + have +
V.-ing past participle / been + V.- ing
V.-ed

Examples He will carry this bag They will be She will have We will have
for you. playing football written the letter been driving 6
on Sunday by tomorrow. hours by the
afternoon. time we get
home.

He will not carry this They will not be She will not She won't have
bag for you. playing football have written the been writing the
on Sunday letter by book for four
afternoon. tomorrow. months by the
end of October.

Will he carry this bag Will they be Will she have Will he have
for you? playing football written the letter been writing the
on Sunday by tomorrow. composition for
afternoon. a month by the
end of February?
 There is often very little difference between the future tenses. It often depends where
you live (in Britain or the USA) and when you use the sentence (in spoken or written
communication).
In newsapapers we often use the will-future, when the going to-future is used in oral
communication.
EX. newspaper:
The headmaster will close the old gym.
oral:
The headmaster is going to close the old gym.

We also use „be going to”, Present Simple and Present Progressive to talk about future.
be going to Present Simple Present
Progressive
planned action in the future action is fixed planned action in
Use future; (e.g. timetable) the near future
logical consequence (sth.
is going to happen)
Examples We are going to fly to The train does not leave She is seeing Frank
Leeds in summer. at 6.45. at the airport at
8.30.

III. Tasks
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Retell the text.
3. Find additional information about this theme.
4. Translate a given text from Romanian to English (250 - 300 words).
5. Find and translate a text from English to Romanian (250 - 300 words).
6. Apply Grammar knowledge into practice.

Theme: 6. Crime Classifications and Definitions

(Part II)
I. Text:
Offenses
Curfew violation/loitering: Curfew violation sometime is classified as a status
offense (one only juveniles can commit). Loitering involves spending an excessive amount of
time in a particular location without being able to justify one’s presence when questioned by
authorities. Loitering frequently occurs in conjunction with curfew violations.
Disorderly conduct: Acting in a manner potentially threatening to oneself or to other
people. Disorderly conduct laws sometimes overlap with public drunkenness laws.
Driving under the influence: Operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of
alcohol or narcotics. Each state sets an acceptable blood-alcohol level for drivers.
Drug law violations: Violating any local, state or federal drug law that prohibits the
possession or sale of specific drugs or drug paraphernalia.
Embezzlement: Misappropriating money or property by a person entrusted with it for
personal use and benefit.
Forgery and counterfeiting: Forgery involves creating or altering a written document
in such a way that another person’s rights are compromised. Counterfeiting occurs when a
person copies or imitates an item without authorization and passes off the copy as the genuine
or original thing. While counterfeiting is most often associated with money, it also can be
applied to designer clothing and accessories.
Fraud: The intentional deception by one party in order to wrongfully obtain
possession or control of money, goods or specific rights belonging to an innocent party.
Gambling: Violating any local, state or federal law that prohibits gambling.
Liquor-law violations: Selling alcohol without a valid liquor-serving license or
failing to check the identification of all people seeking to purchase alcohol on a premises.
Offenses against the family (e.g., nonsupport): The failure of one or both parents to
provide for their children.
Prostitution and related offenses: Offering to exchange sexual favors for money,
drugs or other goods or providing such favors.
Public drunkenness: Being inebriated in public for an extended period of time.
Blood-alcohol levels are set forth to govern such violations in each state. Laws also dictate
when and where people may carry around alcohol in open containers.
Runaways: States usually classify running away from home as a status offense that
can be committed only by juveniles.
Sex offenses (e.g., statutory rape): An adult having sex with a child or teen who
cannot legally consent to the act.
Simple assault: Attempting to inflict physical harm on another person when that
person is aware. Assault can be both a criminal and civil wrong, redressed by either criminal
punishment or damages. Battery has generally been defined as the unlawful touching of
another person. However, many jurisdictions no longer observe this distinction.
Stolen property (mishandling of): Selling or purchasing goods stolen from another
person or entity.
Vandalism: Damaging or defacing public or private property without permission.
Weapons (e.g., unlawful carrying of): Carrying a concealed weapon without the proper
license or permit; fraudulently obtaining a gun, license or ammunition; or possessing a type of
gun or assault weapon that the public is not authorized to own, carry or use.
Vagrancy: Failing to maintain a verifiable mailing address and spending excessive
time wandering around in public.

II. Grammar
Relative clauses

We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information
about something.
I bought a new car. It is very fast.
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.
She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.

Defining relative clauses: give relevant information about the noun and admit
omission
ex: Those children who are running in the first positions don't belong to our school
The goats we saw yesterday evening must have escaped and become wild

  person thing
 WHO/THAT :  WHICH/THAT
subject She is the person who/that  That's the lorry which/that
repairs the computers. broke the traffic lights.

  WHO/WHOM/THAT- WHICH/THAT/omission
omission
object -dir, indir, That CD which/ that we bought
 The hunters who/whom/that yesterday didn't sound well
prepos-:contact clauses the we heard last night have left.
preposition comes to the end 
or
or using  omission
superlatives and indefinites That  CD (---) we bought
 The hunters(---) we heard last yesterday didn't sound well
night
 
That's the person (---) I talked
to
 
 
WHOSE  WHOSE ('of which'-less freq.)
They had to put away all the
Those children whose book has planes whose wings had been
the wrong pages, please let me damaged by the typhoon 
know

possessive WHOSE+ PREPOSITION

He's the guest whose car we

had to wait for at the wedding

 
WHERE: The place where I
was born is the coldest in
Greece.

adverbial    WHEN: Tell me the day when

omission of adverbials you want to leave.

WHY: That's (the reason) why

I never go out at night

Non-defining relative clauses: give additional information about the noun AND USE
COMMAS. They DO NOT admit omission

ex: White sharks, which ,as you know, are the most dangerous , have tremendous strength in
their jaws.  

  person thing
subject WHO :  WHICH
James, who has helped my Lobsters, which are really
brother with maths for cheap in the Caribbean, can
years, has left school. be bought now for a

 
object (dir, indir, prepos):
the preposition comes to
the end  ages, are now fashionable
possessive
reasonable price.
WHO/WHOM WHICH
Witches, who have been Mount Everest, which used
considered like evil for to be a remote place, can
now be reached on
organized trips.
WHOSE  WHOSE ('of which'-less
Mary, whose brother freq.)
helped me with the The Eiffel Tower, whose
plumbing yesterday, design was revolutionary at
hasn't called me for ages. its time, is still a marvelous
  structure 

Prepositions and relative clauses

If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause:
For example:
 listen to
The music is good. Julie listens to the music.
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.
 work with
My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.
→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.
 go to
The country is very hot. He went to the country.
→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.
 come from
I visited the city. John comes from the city.
→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.
 apply for
The job is well paid. She applied for the job.
→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.

Whose
‘Whose’ is always the subject of the relative clause and can’t be left out. It replaces a
possessive. It can be used for people and things.
The dog is over there. The dog’s / its owner lives next door.
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.
The little girl is sad. The little girl’s / her doll was lost.
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.
The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.
→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.
The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.
→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.

Where / when / why

We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and prepositions.
I live in a city. I study in the city.
→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.
The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.

→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.

The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.

→The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot

III. Tasks
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Retell the text.
3. Find additional information about this theme.
4. Translate a given text from Romanian to English (300 - 350 words).
5. Find and translate a text from English to Romanian (300 - 350 words).
6. Apply Grammar knowledge into practice.
7. Read: „The case of Lady Sannox” by Arthur Conan Doyle

Theme: 7. White-collar crimes

I. Text:

White-collar crime is an offense committed in a business or professional setting with

the goal of making money. The crimes are not violent but cause losses for companies,
investors and employees.

Criminal Fraud

 Computer fraud: Stealing bank, credit card or proprietary information from a

computer.
 Bankruptcy fraud: Concealing assets, misleading creditors or illegally pressuring
debtors.
 Health care fraud: Accepting kickbacks or billing for services not performed,
unnecessary equipment and/or services performed by a less qualified person; applies to all
areas of health care, including hospitals, home health care, ambulance services, doctors,
chiropractors, psychiatric hospitals, laboratories, pharmacies and nursing homes.
 Telemarketing fraud: Using the telephone as the primary means of communicating
with potential victims.
 Credit card fraud: Using someone's credit card information to make unauthorized
purchases.
 Insurance fraud: Falsifying, inflating or “padding” claims.
 Mail fraud: Using U.S. mail to commit a crime.
 Government fraud: Engaging in fraudulent activities in relation to public housing,
agricultural programs, defense procurement, educational programs or other government
activities, including bribery in contracts, collusion among contractors, false or double billing,
false certification of the quality of parts and substitution of bogus parts.
 Financial fraud: Engaging in fraudulent activities relating to commercial loans, check
forgery, counterfeit negotiable instruments, mortgage fraud, check kiting and false
applications.
 Securities fraud: Manipulating the market and stealing from securities accounts.
 Counterfeiting: Printing counterfeit money or manufacturing counterfeit designer
apparel or accessories.

Theft

Blackmail: Demanding money in exchange for not causing physical harm, damaging

property, accusing someone of a crime or exposing secrets.

Violation of Statutory Law

 Anti-trust violations: Fixing prices and building monopolies.

 Environmental law violations: Discharging a toxic substance into the air, water or
soil that harms people, property or the environment, including air pollution, water pollution
and illegal dumping.
 Tax evasion: Filing false tax returns or not filing tax returns at all.
 Kickbacks: Compensating an individual or company in order to influence and gain
profit. Kickbacks result in an unearned advantage, benefit or opportunity, even if others are
more qualified or offer better prices. Kickbacks hurt business by interfering with competition
in the marketplace.
 Insider trading: Trading stock or other securities with knowledge of confidential
information about important events that is unavailable to the general public.
 Bribery: Offering money, goods, services or information with the intent to influence
the actions or decisions of the recipient.
 Money laundering: Concealing income raised through illegal activity in order to
evade detection. Illicit proceeds are laundered to appear as though the funds were generated
through legitimate means.
 Public corruption: Breaching the public trust and/or abusing a government position,
usually in connection with private-sector accomplices. A government official violates the law
when he or she asks for or agrees to receive something of value in return for being influenced
in the performance of official duties.

II. Grammar
Reported Speech
Statements

1) If the introductory sentence starts in the present (Susan says), there is no backshift of tenses
in Reported speech.

Example:
Direct speech: Susan: "I work in an office."
Reported speech: Susan says that she works in an office.
2) If the introductory sentence starts in the past (Susan said), there is often backshift of tenses
in Reported speech. (see: Note)

Example:
Susan: "I work in an office."
Susan said that she worked in an office.

Backshift of tenses
from to
Simple Present Simple Past
Simple Past Past Perfect
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
will would
Progressive forms
am/are/is was/were
was/were had been
has been
had been

Backshift of tenses
from to
Peter: "I work in the garden." Peter said that he worked in the garden.
Peter: "I worked in the garden." Peter said that he had worked in the garden.
Peter: "I have worked in the garden."
Peter: "I had worked in the garden."
Peter: "I will work in the garden." Peter said that he would work in the garden.
Peter: "I can work in the garden." Peter said that he could work in the garden.
Peter: "I may work in the garden." Peter said that he might work in the garden.
Peter: "I would work in the garden." Peter said that he would work in the garden.
(could, might, should, ought to) (could, might, should, ought to)
Progressive forms
Peter: "I'm working in the garden." Peter said that he was working in the garden.
Peter: "I was working in the garden." Peter said that he had been working in the
Peter: "I have been working in the garden.
garden."
Peter: "I had been working in the garden."
If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well.

Peter: "I worked in the garden yesterday."

Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before.

Shifting of expressions of time

this (evening) that (evening)
today/this day that day
these (days) those (days)
last weekend the weekend before / the previous weekend
here there
now then
next (week) the following (week)
tomorrow the next/following day
(a week) ago (a week) before

Note:In some cases the backshift of tenses is not necessary, e.g. when statements are still true.

John: "My brother is at Leipzig university."

John said that his brother was at Leipzig university. or
John said that his brother is at Leipzig university.

or

Mandy: "The sun rises in the East."

Mandy said that the sun rose in the East. or
Mandy said that the sun rises in the East.

Reported commands

If you put a command into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same
like in statements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of
time).

The form is mostly: form of to tell + to + infinitive.

Affirmative commands Negative commands

Father: "Do your homework." Teacher. "Don't talk to your neighbour."
Father told me to do my homework. The teacher told me not to talk to my
neighbour.

Reported questions

If you put a question into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same
like in statements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of
time).

In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement.

That's why the word order is: subject - verb

Question without question words (yes/no questions):

Peter: "Do you play football?" - Peter asked me whether (if) I played football.

Question with question words:

Peter: "When do you play football?" - Peter asked me when I played football.

III. Tasks
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Retell the text.
3. Find additional information about this theme.
4. Translate a given text from Romanian to English (350 - 400 words).
5. Find and translate a text from English to Romanian (350 - 400 words).
6. Apply Grammar knowledge into practice.

Theme: 8. Criminal Defences

I. Text:
Alibis: Unlike other major defenses, alibis are based on the claim of actual innocence.
The accused party offering an alibi is saying that he or she can produce evidence or witness
testimony proving actual absence from the scene of the alleged crime.
Justifications: Defenses based on justifications rely on a claim that the accused party
did take certain action now being labeled criminal but had no other choice in order to
minimize their own losses or those of someone else.
Justifications include claims of self-defense, defense of others, necessity, the need to resist an
arrest reasonably believed to be unlawful, consent and the need to defend one’s home or
property from intruders. For self-defense, courts often look to see if the accused person used
what is considered reasonable force. Deadly force usually is justified only when one’s own
life or that of a family member is being immediately threatened.
Excuses: A defense based on an excuse amounts to the defendant admitting he or she
committed the offense but couldn’t help it. Common excuses include insanity, mental
incompetence, duress, age, mistake, involuntary intoxication, unconsciousness and diminished
capacity. The insanity defense is commonly used, though courts and jurors expect strong
evidence to support it.
Procedural Defenses: When defendants offer a procedural defense, they are arguing
that either someone in the criminal justice system markedly discriminated against them or that
one or more important procedural rules were not followed, thereby denying due process of
law, violating a fundamental right. The defendants then seek to be released from any guilt for
the acts. Procedural defenses include entrapment, double jeopardy, collateral estoppel,
selective prosecution, police fraud, failure to provide a speedy trial and prosecutorial
misconduct.

II. Grammar
 Connectors

Other words which contribute to the cohesion of the text are the text connectives. These
are often called connectors, discourse markers or signal words. They provide the reader with
signposts indicating how the text is developing.

The following is a list of commonly used connectors in English:

ADDING SEQUENCING EMPHASIZING COMPARING

and next Above all Equally
also then In particular In the same way
as well as first, second, third,? Especially Similarly
moreover Finally Indeed Likewise
too meanwhile Notably As with
After significantly Like
CAUSE AND QUALIFYING ILLUSTRATING CONTRASTING
EFFECT
because however For example Whereas
so although Such as Instead of
therefore unless For instance Alternatively
thus except As revealed by Otherwise
consequently Showing if Indicating InSequencing
the case of Adding Unlike
Condition/
As long as
cause/result time ideas
On the other hand
information concession
Apart from
so yet then firstly, first too in that case
Created by: Mr. Tatal N. Slaiman/ M.A – Methods of Teaching English / www.freewebs.com/prof-english
therefore next in the first in addition otherwise
place
then afterwards first of all indeed if not

consequently at the same to start with apart from however

time that
in/as a before that to begin also nevertheless
consequence
as a result in the end for a start furthermore despite this

for that finally second, third, On top of besides

reason fourth .... that
due to ..., soon at this point and besides yet
owing to ...
accordingly after a while to get back above all on the other
to the point hand
because of at this point then along with however
this
in that case meanwhile in short What is more on the
contrary
at this all in all again anyhow,
moment anyway
later briefly let alone instead
previously to as well still
summarise/to
sum up
finally likewise even so
a final point moreover all the same
to conclude similarly in any case
in conclusion equally at least
given the in the same though
above points way
in light of the despite this
above
Created by: Mr. Tatal N. Slaiman/ M.A – Methods of Teaching English / www.freewebs.com/prof-english

Broad Meaning
Connective Adverbs and Conjunctions

Phrases
Addition also, too, similarly, in and, as, like

addition, even, indeed, let

alone

Opposition however, nevertheless, on but, or, (al)though, whereas,

the other hand, in contrast, while

though, alternatively,

anyway, yet, in fact, even so

Reinforcing besides, anyway, after all in that

Explaining for example, for instance, in and

other words, that is to say,

i.e., e.g.
 Listing first(ly) ... second(ly), first of because, since, as, for, if,

all, finally, lastly, for one unless, now (that), so (that),

thing ... for another, in the in case, provided (that),

first place, to begin with, whether ... or ...

next, in sum, to conclude, in

a nutshell

Indicating result therefore, consequently, as a when, before, after, since,

result, so, then until, till, while, as, once,

whenever

Indicating time then, meanwhile, later,

afterwards, before (that),

since (then), meanwhile

Created by: Mr. Tatal N. Slaiman/ M.A – Methods of Teaching English / www.freewebs.com/prof-english

III. Tasks
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Retell the text.
3. Find additional information about this theme.
4. Translate a given text from Romanian to English (400 - 450 words).
5. Find and translate a text from English to Romanian (400 - 450 words).
6. Apply Grammar knowledge into practice.

General Bibliography

1. Brown, G. D., Rice S., Proffessional English in use; Cambridge University Press, 2009
2. Evans, V., Round-up, English Grammar book ;V. 1-4- Longman, England, 2003
3. Hornby, A. S., “Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary” - Oxford University Press, 2001
4. Hughes, J., Jones, C., Practical Grammar ; Level 3 - HEINLE CENGAGE Learning,
2011
5. Murphy, R., English Grammar in Use – Cambridge University Press, 1988
6. http://www.eastoftheweb.com/cgi-bin/read_db.pl?search_field=genre&search_for=
crime&order_by=length_range,length,rating&page=1&type_ind=stories
7. http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/weird/swango/pleasure_8.html
8.http://blogs.westword.com/latestword/2012/08/james_holmes_threatened_professor_kill.ph
p?page=2
9. http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/story-index/white-collar-crime
10. http://public.getlegal.com/legal-info-center/types-of-crimes
11. http://public.getlegal.com/legal-info-center/criminal-law