Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research

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Occlusion of pruning wounds on northern red oak

(Quercus rubra) trees in Romania

Valeriu-Norocel Nicolescu , Melinda Sandi & Marius Păun

To cite this article: Valeriu-Norocel Nicolescu , Melinda Sandi & Marius Păun (2013) Occlusion of
pruning wounds on northern red oak (Quercus�rubra) trees in Romania, Scandinavian Journal of
Forest Research, 28:4, 340-345, DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2012.747621

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2012.747621

Published online: 03 Dec 2012.

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Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2013
Vol. 28, No. 4, 340
345, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2012.747621

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Occlusion of pruning wounds on northern red oak (Quercus rubra)

trees in Romania

VALERIU-NOROCEL NICOLESCU1, MELINDA SANDI1 & MARIUS PĂUN2

1
Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, University Transilvania of Braşov, Braşov, Romania, and 2Faculty of
Mathematics and Informatics, University Transilvania of Braşov, Braşov, Romania

Abstract
This study focuses on the occlusion of pruning wounds on northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees grown in two
plantations established in the south-east of Transylvania, Romania in 1997 and 2004. In total, 184 green branches of
elliptical cross section (i.e. with the horizontal axis Ha shorter than vertical axis Va and ranging between 0.6 cm and 4.5 cm)
were pruned in April 2007 and May 2009. Of these branches, 161 (88%) were fully occluded after five growing seasons and,
the majority of these, 148 wounds (80%), had occluded in three seasons. The main factors affecting the wound occlusion on
trees subject to artificial pruning are diameter at breast height increment and branch size: the occlusion is more rapid in
trees with faster diameter growth rates and on small branches of maximum 3 cm Ha. Consequently, artificial pruning should
be concentrated on small branches on well formed, vigorous and evenly spaced final crop trees which can subsequently be
favoured by heavy and targeted thinning from above, allowing the production of large diameter, high-quality trees in 50
70
years.

Keywords: Artificial pruning, branch size, dbh increment, northern red oak, Romania, wound occlusion.

Introduction colour and texture (Savill 1991), can be used for

Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) was the first
North American oak species to be introduced to
Europe in 1691 (Haralamb 1967). It is found today
throughout Europe except in the Scandinavian
countries (Tutin 1993).
In Romania, it has been grown as a forest tree
since the beginning of the twentieth century and
plantations of this species (both pure and mixed)
currently cover over 2500 ha (Şofletea & Curtu
2007). This represents a much greater area than for
any other exotic broadleaved species. Northern red
oak’s attractions are that it grows fast and to large
dimensions (over 30 m tall
Negulescu & Săvulescu
1957), it is productive, has low demands on the soil,
is more shade tolerant than the native oaks, regen-
erates well easily from seed, is resistant to oak
mildew and most insects and has a good ornamental
value (Negulescu & Săvulescu 1957; Haralamb
1967; Stănescu 1979; Stănescu et al. 1997).
In addition, its wood, though inferior to the native
pedunculate and sessile oak timbers in terms of
flooring, interior joinery, railroad sleepers, furniture,
veneer, etc. (Negulescu & Săvulescu 1957; Hara-
lamb 1967; Lanier 1986; Hubert & Courraud 1998).
For high-quality wood products such as furniture
and veneer, the most important defect associated
with northern red oak wood is the presence of knots
resulting from its rather poor natural pruning. Even
though self-pruning is considered to be ‘‘good’’ by
many authors, especially in dense stands (Negulescu
& Săvulescu 1957; Haralamb 1967; Boudru 1989;
Crave 1991; Stănescu et al. 1997), some additional
artificial pruning is nevertheless necessary owing to
the frequent presence of dead branches on the lower
parts of stems (Della-Bianca 1983). Even in dense
stands, natural pruning can operate slowly (Hubert
1994), and artificial pruning becomes essential in
more widely spaced plantations (from 2 2 m or
wider) (Thill 1994).
This poor or slow natural pruning was documen-
ted in Romanian forest literature long ago (Ionescu
& Lăzărescu 1966). Unfortunately, for various

Correspondence: Valeriu-Norocel Nicolescu, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, University Transilvania of Braşov, Şirul Beethoven nr. 1, 500432
Braşov, Romania. E-mail: nvnicolescu@unitbv.ro

(Received 14 February 2012; accepted 4 November 2012)

# 2013 Taylor & Francis

reasons (e.g. lack of local workforce and lack of a
market for more expensive but better-quality pruned
wood), no artificial pruning has been carried out to
remove dead or living branches on the lower parts of
the stems.
For these reasons, a research project to investigate
artificial pruning on trees with branches of different
sizes and ages was started in 2007. The project
aimed to produce new information on the threshold
size of northern red oak branches to pruning in
relation to both (a) speed of wound occlusion and
(b) possible effects of this intervention on stem wood
(e.g. discolouration, decay, rot, etc.). The work is
similar to pruning research on wild cherry Prunus
avium L. (Nicolescu & Kruch 2009) and common
ash Fraxinus excelsior L. (Nicolescu et al. 2010).
Materials and methods
The fieldwork phase was performed in forests to the
north-east of Brasov in the south-east of Transylva-
nia in sub-compartments (scpts.) 81B%
(45o54?33ƒN latitude, 25o53?59ƒ E longitude) and
81E (45o54?19ƒ N latitude, 25o54?98ƒ E longitude)
(Figure 1).
These areas were formerly managed by the State
Forest Administration-ROMSILVA, Covasna
County Branch. Due to the restitution of forest to
the pre-Second World War owners or their descen-
dents, both stands are now in private ownership.
The two stands are located at a mean elevation of
780 m asl, on a slope of about 8 g (range 3
15 g), in
quite a harsh climate for northern red oak, char-
acteristic of the low mountain elevations (mean
annual temperature: 7oC; mean annual rainfall:
650 mm; growing season: about 165 days). Conse-
quently, the site potential for the local natural
vegetation (mixed sessile oak Quercus petraea

Figure 1. Location of research area (grey dot) in the south-east of
Transylvania, Romania. Source of map of Romania: http://www.
romania.tourism.com/romania-maps/physical-map.html
Occlusion of pruning wounds on northern red oak 341
European beech Fagus sylvatica stands) is only
moderate.
The two stands were planted in 1997 (81B%) and
2004 (81E), with a stocking of 3900 trees/ha (1.6 
1.6 m), northern red oak being the dominant species
in both scpts.
A total of 184 green branches on 69 trees were
pruned by cutting the branches just beyond the
branch collar without leaving any additional stub.
Pruning was done in two stages as follows:
1. 28 April 2007
. Fourteen trees (diameter at breast height
(dbh) range: 5.0
8.5 cm) with 21 elliptical-
shaped wounds (horizontal axis Ha always
shorter than the vertical axis Va; range of Ha:
1.4
3.3 cm) located at heights up the stem
between 1.22 m and 1.66 m in scpt. 81B%;
. 11 trees (dbh range: 0.9
2.5 cm) with 34
wounds (the same shape, Ha range: 0.6
1.8
cm), heights up the stem of 0.06
1.20 m in
scpt. 81E.
2. 10 May 2009
. 21 trees (dbh range: 3.6
9.5 cm) and 20
branches from them of elliptical form (Ha
range: 1.3
4.1 cm) located at heights up the
stem between 0.98 m and 1.80 m in scpt.
81B%;
. 39 trees (dbh range: 2.0
5.0 cm) and 109
elliptical-shaped branches (Ha range: 0.6
2.9
cm) (heights up the stem between 0.49 m and
1.84 m) in scpt. 81E. Some of these trees
were also pruned in April 2007.
Generally, the horizontal axis Ha of these 184
branches varies between 0.6 cm and 4.1 cm, their
distribution by size classes of 1.0 cm being as follows
(Table I):
Out of the 184 pruned branches, 7 (3.80%) had at
least 3.1 cm of Ha.
The dbhs of all 69 pruned trees were measured
annually between 2007 and 2011. Ha and Va of the
uncalloused areas were also measured annually
between 2007 and 2011 and current state (either
Table I. The distribution of pruned branches by size classes.
Size class of Number of pruned Proportion of pruned
Ha of pruned branches by size branches by size
branches, cm classes classes,%
0.1
1.0 46 25.00
1.1
2.0 101 54.90
2.1
3.0 30 16.30
3.1
4.0 6 3.26
4.1
5.0 1 0.54
Total 184 100.00
342 V-N. Nicolescu et al.
fully occluded or still open) of all pruning wounds
was assessed in parallel. In 2007 and 2009, the
height of each pruned branch from the ground was
measured.
Field data were analysed to produce information
on (i) total dbh increment, (ii) speed of wound
closure, possible correlations between (iii) height of
pruned branch and speed of wound occlusion, (iv)
initial Ha and duration of wound occlusion and (v)
total dbh increment and wound occlusion.
Results
In August 2011, five growing seasons after the
beginning of the project, 161 (88%) of the 184
wounds created by pruning had fully occluded
(Table II):
The majority of these wounds (148 80%) had
occluded in three seasons. The quick closing wounds
were small and found on fast-growing trees, whereas
the slow closing ones were bigger and on slower-
growing trees.
Depending on the pruning period, the distribution
of these fully occluded wounds was as follows:
1. First intervention (28 April 2007)
. In scpt. 81B%, 20 wounds out of the initial 21
(95%) were occluded after five growing
seasons. One wound (1.4 cm Ha) had oc-
cluded after two seasons, six wounds (Ha
1.4
2.2 cm) after three seasons, seven (Ha
1.5
3.0 cm) after four seasons and six (Ha 
2.0
3.3 cm) after five seasons. In the case of
these 20 wounds, there was no statistical
correlation between location of the pruned
branch up the stem and speed of occlusion
(r 0.11). A very strong correlation was
found between total dbh increment and speed
of wound closure (r 0.95, p 0.1).
. In scpt. 81E, all 34 pruning wounds produced
in April 2007 were fully occluded by May
2009. Eighteen of them with Ha values
between 0.6 and 1.0 cm were closed after
one growing season (by May 2008), and all
the remaining 16 wounds, with Ha values
Table II. Correlation between duration of healing and fully occluded wounds.
Duration of full Number of wounds fully
occlusion, years occluded in 1, 2 and 5 years
1 19
2 64
3 65
4 7
5 6
Total 161
between 0.8 and 1.8 cm, had fully occluded
after two seasons (May 2009). As in the
previous case, there was no correlation be-
tween the height of pruning and speed of
wound closure (r 0.13) and a strong corre-
lation between total dbh increment and the
speed of occlusion (r 0.93, p 0.1).
2. Second intervention (10 May 2009)
. In scpt. 81B%, out of the 20 wounds, only 10
had occluded by August 2011: 1 wound (Ha

value 1.4 cm) since August 2010 (two
growing seasons) and the remaining 9
(Ha2.0
4.1 cm) by August 2011. There
was no correlation between the height of
pruning and the speed of wound occlusion
(r 0.13), but again a strong correlation was
found between the total dbh increment and
the speed of wound occlusion (r  0.94,
p 0.025).
. In scpt. 81E, one wound (Ha
value 0.7 cm)
had fully occluded at the end of first growing
season (by November 2009). In addition, 56
wounds, with Ha values of 1.3
3.0 cm, had
occluded after two growing seasons (August
2010), while 43 wounds with Ha values of
1.7
4.5 cm had closed after three seasons
(August 2011). As found elsewhere there was
no correlation between the height of pruning
and speed of occlusion (r 0.12) and a strong
correlation between the total dbh increment
and the speed of wound closure (r  0.97,
p 0.02).
In terms of the 23 partially occluded wounds, their
degree of closure varies between 8 and 92% (57% on
average). These 23 wounds had Ha between 1.2 cm
and 3.9 cm as follows:
. seven wounds with Ha between 1.1 and 2.0 cm;
. Twelve wounds with Ha between 2.1. and 3.0 cm;
. four wounds with Ha between 3.1 and 4.0 cm.
The partial occlusion of such wounds (i.e. 20 out of
23) occured on trees with total dbh increments
(between 2009 and 2011) lower than the size (Ha)
Proportion of wounds fully Average wound Average annual dbh
occluded in 1, 2 and 5 years,% size (Ha), cm increment, cm
11.80 0.74 1.23
39.75 1.21 0.90
40.37 1.82 0.80
4.35 2.16 0.73
3.73 2.48 0.65
100.00 1.68 0.86
 Occlusion of pruning wounds on northern red oak 343
4 dbh increment 2.2
3.7 cm) or 5 years (Ha2.0

3.5 3.3 cm; total dbh increment 2.2
4.2 cm) to close.
3
total dbh increment (cm)

2.5
2
1.5
1 occlusion.
0.5
0 diameter growth, as already determined for both
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Ha of wound (cm)
Figure 2. Correlation between the horizontal axis (Ha) and total
dbh increment in partially occluded wounds.
of pruning wounds. Only in three cases the total dbh
increment was bigger than the size (Ha) of wounds
but they remained uncalloused (Figure 2).
Considering all 184 pruned branches in scpts.
81B% and 81E in 2007 and 2009, the close
correlation between the total dbh increment and
the rate of occlusion is quite obvious (Figure 3).
In the case of fully occluded wounds (161
branches removed in 2007 and 2009), the speed
(duration) of wound closure depended on branch
size: the smaller the branch size the more quickly it is
occluded (Figure 4).
As mentioned above, 148 wounds (80% of initially
pruned branches) were fully occluded by 3 years after
pruning. Generally, no wounds with Ha above 2.0 cm
occluded in less than 3 years, whereas only those
wounds bigger than 1.5 cm Ha needed more than 3
years to occlude. Only 13 wounds with different Ha
and variable total dbh increments but higher than the
wound sizes needed 4 years (Ha1.5
3.0 cm; total
Discussion
The results suggest that pruning at different heights
up the stem has no influence at all on the rate of
By contrast, as shown in Figure 3, the process of
wound occlusion is more rapid in trees with faster
4 4.5
conifers and broadleaves by Mayer-Wegelin (1936),
Roth (1948), Lohrey (1963), O’Hara and Buckland
(1996) and Petruncio et al. (1997). As a practical
consequence, artificial pruning of northern red oak
trees should always be done on vigorous trees that
have rapid diameter increments.
Rapid diameter growth can be achieved by
intensive, crop-tree silviculture (CRPF 2005), combin-
ing artificial pruning with heavy and frequent thin-
nings from above, targeting a free-growth state and
focusing interventions around final crop trees desig-
nated at the beginning of pole stage (Schulenburg
1966; Lanier et al. 1980; Gelpe et al. 1986; Lanier
1986; Crave 1991; CRPF 2005, 2007; Dey et al.
2008; Ward 2009).
As rapid wound occlusion is a key defense against
infection by stem decay fungi (O’Hara 2007), the size
of branches to cut is extremely important for the
success of artificial pruning when seeking to mini-
mise possible undesired effects (e.g. discolouration,
decay, rot) of pruning on trunk wood. The results
show that the quick occlusion of wounds also
depends on branch size: if branches are small
(maximum 3 cm Ha), the majority will occlude
within a maximum of 3 years (Figure 4), a result

3.5
6
3
Duration of wound occlusion (years)

5
2.5
Reduction of Ha (cm)

2 4

1.5 3

1 2

0.5
1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0
total dbh increment (cm) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Ha of wound (cm)
Figure 3. Correlation between the total dbh increment and the
reduction of Ha in northern red oak trees of scpts. (81B% and Figure 4. Correlation between wound size (Ha) and time to
81E). complete occlusion.
344 V-N. Nicolescu et al.
consistent with that found on northern red oak trees
by Soutrenon (1990a, 1990b, 1991a, 1991b, 1993,
1996) and Piat (2004). The same threshold level was
defined also in the case of other broadleaved species
including common ash (Soutrenon 1990a; Nicolescu
et al. 2010), wild cherry (Hubert 1980; Pryor 1985;
Nicolescu & Kruch 2009), European beech Fagus
sylvatica (Scohy 1991), other broadleaves (Hugon
1994; Joyce et al. 1998) and also conifers such as
Norway spruce (Lenz et al. 1991), southern Eur-
opean pines (Assmaa et al. 2011).
However, pruning branches up to 3 cm can be
done only on fast-growing trees otherwise the max-
imum diameter of branches to prune for a quick
wound occlusion should be 2 cm.
Three centimeter is also the threshold diameter for
the occurrence and important extent of discoloured
or even rotten wood. If branches are thicker than 3
cm Ha, the extent of wood discolouration in north-
ern red oak trees can become very important (Sandi
et al. 2012).
For a quick occlusion of wounds, the main findings
of this project should be combined with other
practical recommendations for artificial pruning
(Boudru 1989; Soutrenon 1990a, 1990b, 1991a,
1993; Hubert 1994). The operation should be done
before the beginning of growing season (this issue was
not tackled at all in our experiment, with pruning
carried out after flushing), with a clean cut, protecting
the branch collar, without leaving a stub or damaging
the cambium under the bark below the cut.
In conclusion, artificial pruning of northern red
oak trees can be carried out safely and without
causing discolouration or decay. Only good quality,
vigorous and evenly spaced final crop trees should be
pruned. After pruning, heavy and targeted thinning
from above should be carried out to promote the
large dimensioned, high-quality trees over rotations
of 50
70 years (CRPF 2005, 2007).
Acknowledgements
Fieldwork was done with logistical support from
some fellow foresters: Wilhelm Sandi, Ioana-Dorina
Buzatu, Dragoş-Ovidiu Ionescu and Ionuţ Sinca. We
are grateful to Dr Peter S. Savill, Dr Bill Mason and
the anonymous reviewers for their thorough English
check, comments and valuable suggestions.
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