tnare018 Shel FASO] aS AOL YR AIOE EA Shell FASO] HHSS ool] cet WAlo-a =A *t§Xhablemax / =M}:2012-10-16 17:00:39 / 23]4:161 hitpdlww ablemax.ca keaction-kboard_document_print&uld=001 19snirai2018 Shel FASO] aS AOL YR AIOE EA Benchmark Problems for Large Strain Analyses of Shell Structures There are many practical problems in which shell structures undergo large strains, such as in metal forming and in the crashing or crushing of motorcars. In the development of procedures for the analysis of shell structures in large strains, it is very important to validate the solution procedures with benchmark solutions. Unfortunately there are not many such solutions in the literature. Here we present two benchmark solutions for shell structures in large strains. We have constructed these benchmark problems to study the capabilities of elements in situations that typically can occur in practical large strain analyses. The benchmark problems are solved using the 3D-shell element of ADINA, and also the 27/4 3D solid element for comparison. The 3D-shell element is available in ADINA specifically for large strain analysis of shells, and this element was already presented in the hitpilimww ablemax. ca keaction=kboard_docume jnt@uid=901 29sn3i2018 Shell FASO] HES AEA OF HS PALO BA It is important to note that this element is based on a formulation without spurious zero energy modes (that would have to be suppressed by artificial numerical factors, hence there is no hour-glass control), and can directly be used for static and dynamic (implicit and explicit) solutions. Benchmark problem 1: Plane strain folding of a thin shell Typically folds form when a thin shell is crushed. In this problem we form a single fold under controlled conditions Figure 1 shows the problem considered. The shell is thin (thickness / length = 1/500) and an elastic-perfectly plastic material model is used. As the moving contact surface displaces downwards, the shell is squeezed and a fold forms where the shell is fixed. Moving rigid contact surface comesrnccn | shell midsurface Prescribed displacement A 10,000 mm Not drawn to scale Fixed “x Fixed rigid contact surface x ‘Material properties: Plane strain conditions in x direction E=2.07x 10° Nimm? _Frictionless contact v=03 200 Nimm?, perfectly plastic Figure 1 Plane strain folding of a thin plastic shell hitpdlww ablemax.ca keaction-kboard_document_print&uld=001swira018 Shel F2BO| MAE AOL HS AOA BA For the solution, we use meshes of 4-node 3D-shell elements and also meshes of 27/4 3D solid elements. The meshes are graded so that the elements are smallest at the built-in end. In all of the analyses, 3-point Gauss integration is used through the thickness. For the 100 element mesh of 3D-shell elements, Figure 2 shows a detail of the undeformed model near the built-in end, and Figures 3 and 4 show the deformed model as the imposed displacement due to contact is increased. Undeformed A=78mm Nodes on shell midsurface A=384mm Li Fixed node Fixed contact surface A=4934 mm Figure 2 Detail of undeformed mesh Figure 3 Midsurface displacements Figure 4 Detail of deformed mesh, showing contours of accumulated effective plastic strain hitpdlww ablemax.ca keaction-kboard_document_print&uld=001 49sn3i2018 Shell FASO] HES AEA OF HS PALO BA Figure 5 shows the calculated force-deflection curves. On both axes, a log scale is used so that the entire solution response over the whole range of displacements can be shown in one figure. The calculated responses are quite close to each other, however, as expected, the 50 element 3D solid element model is stiffer than the other models. Ae 100:3D-shell elements 10.0 “+ 20030-shel elements ~® 50 27/4 3D elements Zio. 36 100271430 elements o & 0.17- 0.01. 010 20 30 40 49 49.9 Displacement (mm) Figure 5 Force-deflection curves For displacements above 49.5 mm, the force-deflection curves exhibit a "stair-step" behavior. This behavior arises due to the contact algorithm; the force-deflection curve stiffens each time an additional node comes into contact. Although this is a thin shell structure, as typically encountered in the motor car industries, the plastic strain at the built-in end is almost 70%. Benchmark problem 2: Buckling of a thin geometrically perturbed cylindrical shell hitpdlww ablemax.ca keaction-kboard_document_print&uld=001 59sn3i2018 Shell FASO] HES AEA OF HS PALO BA Another way to form a fold is to create a plastic hinge by buckling. Figures 6 to 9 show the problem considered, The shell segment is thin (thickness / length = 1/100) and an elastic- perfectly plastic material model is used. The geometry of the midsurface of the perturbed cylindrical shell segment is given in terms of parametric coordinates $i as follows: 3=§, y=(R-b)cosO+bees(8+a), 2=(R-)sin6+asin(8+a) where b=B—_£_, 62n/2-4 12, a=min(0,4(8-7/4)) 0“ ‘Thickness = 0.5 mm and rotations fixed Geometric perturbation not shown hitpdlww ablemax.ca keaction-kboard_document_print&uld=001snao% Shel FEBS] HIB AOL IB HACIA BAL Figure 6 Shell segment modeled Figure 7 Geometric perturbation The shell geometric perturbation at a constant x coordinate is shown in Figure 8. It is seen that the cross-section (thick line) is constructed using two circles, one circle with radius R-2 and the other circle with radius ». The slope of the cross-section line is zero at ¥=9. The shell cross-section for ”=9 is shown in Figure 9. We note that the slope is zero at x=0. O=n/2,a=n 0=31/8, = n/2 z Paes: 6=n/4, a=0 ee R-2B (not drawn to scale) (not drawn to scale) 4 6 eg Figure 8 Section at constant x . . 0 coordinate Figure 9 Section at ¥ hitpdlww ablemax.ca keaction-kboard_document_print&uld=001 18swrano18 shell. Hae EA OL GS aoa BA For the finite element solution, we use 3D-shell element meshes and also 3D solid element meshes (with the 27/4 solid element) for comparison. In all cases, 3-point Gauss integration is used through the thickness. The movies at the top of this web page show the deformations and the accumulated effective plastic strain as a compressive prescribed displacement is applied to a 50 x 75 3D-shell element mesh. A fold forms near the x=0 line of symmetry and very large strains are generated at the fold. Figure 10 shows the force-deflection curves obtained using 3D-shell and 3D solid element meshes of various mesh refinements. The calculated force-displacement responses are very close to each other. 7000 6000 “+ 50x75 30-shel ements Ss soma ++ 100x150 3D-shell elements: z + 50x75 soi elemenis B 4000 9 100% 50 sold elemenis 2 3000- 2000- 1000 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 Displacement (mm) Figure 10 Force-deflection curves hitpdlww ablemax.ca keaction-kboard_document_print&uld=001sn3i2018 Shell FASO] HES AEA OF HS PALO BA Clearly, these benchmark problems demonstrate that the 3D-shell element capability in ADINA can be used to analyze shell structures undergoing very large strains. The elements can be used reliably and efficiently in many industrial applications. Keywords: Shell elements, 3D-shell elements, large strains, plasticity, benchmark solutions, buckling hitpdlww ablemax.ca keaction-kboard_document_print&uld=001 89