PREPOSITIONS

Preposition Meaning Example

* aboard • We went aboard the boat
* above • We are flying above the clouds.
• We live in the hills, 1,000 metres above sea-level.
• ________________________________________________
_______________________________________________

* across • We drove across the desert.

• There is a bridge across the river.
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* against • Did you vote for or against the suggestion?

• He put his bicycle against the wall.
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* along • We walked along the beach for two miles.

• There are trees along the road.
• _______________________________________________

around • We walked around the town for an hour.

• He was born around 1570.
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________________________________________________

below • Much of Holland is below sea-level.

• There is a family in the flat below us.
• You can buy it if it’s below $50.
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_________________________________________________

beside • The river runs beside our house.

• James was sitting beside Miriam.
besides • What shall we have besides coffee?
Between • Tara was sitting between Ram and Ati.
beyond • Can you see someone in the distance, beyond that house?
• The meeting continued beyond midnight.
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down • They ran down the hill.

• The post office is down the road.
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inside • My modem is inside my computer. It’s an internal modem.

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into • John went into that shop.

• We cut the cake into ten pieces.
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of • I live in the house at the end of the road.

• It was kind of you to help me.
• This is the cause of the problem.
• He died of cancer.
• Most tables are made of wood.
onto(US) • The cat jumped onto the chair.
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________________________________________________
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 Outside • I don’t live in London. I live outside London.
• It was very cold outside the car.
Over • We are flying over the mountains.
• The cat jumped over the wall.
• It cost over $50. It was $53.25.
• It took over an hour to do my homework.
• Can you stay with us over Christmas?
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_________________________________________________

Past • The post office is just past the police station.

• Don’t work past your bed-time.
Round • I live round the corner.
• They all sat round the fire.
Throughout • It is raining throughout the whole country.
• He worked throughout the day, and most of the night.
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_________________________________________________

toward(US) • He drove toward(s) the mountain..

towards(UK) • He has a positive attitude toward(s) his work.
Under • The mouse ran under the chair.
• Who do you work under? Who is your boss?
• I am under orders from the President.
• Please buy it if it’s under $50.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

up • Jack and Jill ran up the hill.

• There is a post office up the street.
__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

within • I will finish within 30 minutes.

• He lives within 10 miles of his work.
without • I want trousers without buttons.
• I came without my wife because she is working.
• He watched without speaking.

II. COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS

ahead of Phía trước, đằng trước • Anthony is ahead of Rachel in the race. He’ll win.
• We have a long day ahead of us. Let’s get going!
as for Về phần • As for Matt, he will arrive later.
aside from Except for • I have another car aside from this one. Both are red.
as to • As to your behaviour, I think you were wrong.
but for Nếu ko có • It’s your fault! But for you, I’d have been on time.
by means of Do, bằng cách • You open a door by means of its handle.
except for • Everyone was present, except for Mary. She stayed at home.
forward of • He was sitting forward of me in the plane. I could just see the
back of his head.
in between ở khoảng giữa, nửa nọ • He is in between the two opinions. He wants to compromise.
nửa kia
in face of Mặc dù, đối diện • He reacts bravely in face of danger.
in favour of • I am not in favour of your idea. It won’t work.
in view of Xét về • In view of your illness, we will wait for a week.
irrespective of Không kể, bất chấp • I don’t like it, irrespective of what you say.
• Irrespective of the price, I don’t want it. Price isn’t everything.
on account of Bởi vì • Don’t worry on account of me. Think about yourself.

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 on behalf of Thăy mặt cho • I’m calling you on behalf of Mr Brown. I represent him in legal
matters.
on board Lên, trên (tàu thuyền, • Is there a doctor on board this plane?
máy bay)
on top of • The cat is sitting on top of the television.
other than • Sorry, we’re out of whisky. But we have every drink other than
whisky.
out of >< into • Take your hands out of your pockets and help me!
• He went out of the room to smoke a cigarette.
• We’re out of eggs. Shall I buy some?
owing to Due to • We didn’t go swimming, owing to the cold weather.
prior to Before • I never spoke French prior to living in France. But I learned
quickly after coming to France.
regardless of Không quan tâm, đếm xỉa • I don’t want it, regardless of the price. Even if it’s free, I just
đến don’t want it.
up against • We are up against a powerful enemy.
up to • There was a shop here up to 1990. But it closed that year.
up until • We worked up until they came. Then we stopped.
with reference to Vè vấn đề, liên hệ với • With reference to your comments, I’ll reply soon.
• I am writing with reference to your order.
with regard to Liên quan đến • I’d like to speak to you with regard to your work.
I. Fill in the blanks with these words: against, at, by, for, from, in, like, near, of, on, to, up, with:
1. She is doing a degree course _____ a university.  14. I think there is a salesman _____ the door.
2. His trousers were washed _____ the washing machine. 15. Her next birthday will be _____ a Sunday.
3. We had to climb slowly _____ the hill. 16. He was given a ten-year prison sentence _____ armed
4. His house looks _____ a temple. robbery.
5. How many _____ the members will join the trip? 17. The store was robbed because there was no guard
6. Don't lean that ladder _____ the wall. _____ duty.
7. I don't usually feel tired _____ the morning. 19. My father has a car _____ yours.
8. Have you heard anything _____ him yet? 19. His sister holds a degree _____ physics _____ Oxford.
9. My house is quite _____ to your school. 20. The new factory is expected to come online _____
10. Put this _____ your drawer and do not let anyone see it. May.
11. A university is where you study _____ a degree. 21. If you go _____ a river you go towards its source.
12. Which of these roads will lead _____ the church? 22. Many of us eat _____ fork and spoon.
13. He sometimes quarrels _____ the neighbour.
II. Fill in the blanks with these words: about, across, after, along, among, behind, beside, off, since, through,
under, without.
1. I could see her _____ the window. 8. We parked the car _____ the fence.
2. We have not met _____ early last year. 9. The robbers jumped _____ the train while it was still
3. She came up and sat _____ me. moving.
4. Police want to know all _____ it and are calling for 10. We enjoy driving _____ the highway.
witnesses. 11. He has completed this degree course _____ too much
5. Please shut the door _____ you. trouble.
6. How long can you survive _____ light or heating? 12. There is only one bridge _____ this river.
7. Who is looking _____ you when your parents are not in? 13. Do you believe in life _____ death?
III. Fill in the correct prepositions across - at – by - during - for - from - in – into – of - on – through - to – towards
– with -
1. Halloween is celebrated __________ the United States __________ October 31.
2. Are you going away for the weekend? – I don’t know. It depends __________ the weather.
3. Don’t kiss the prince. He might turn __________ a frog.
4. He felt bad __________ no reason at all.
5. I have been living here __________ ten years.
6. Have you been __________ the cinema recently? Yes I was there a few days ago.
7. I happened to meet an old friend __________ town.
8. Have you read the article? – It was __________ yesterday’s newspapers.
9. He always drives __________ a tremendous speed because he’s always __________ a hurry.
10. He is very fond __________ good food.
11. He married __________ the age of 28.
12. I bought many things __________ my stay in New York.
13. According __________ the guide there are three hotels __________ town.

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14. I saw him standing __________ the queue but I don’t know if he got __________ the bus.
15. I want to post this letter __________ a friend.
16. I’m going __________ Glasgow on Monday. Would you like to come with us?
17. John has got a very strange taste __________ clothes.
18. Mum sat __________ the back of the car.
19. I’m interested __________ basketball but I’m not very good __________ playing it.
20. I’m returning __________ Spain __________ the end of the month.
21. My parents met __________ the war, in 1943.
22. Is it true that your mother died __________ cancer.
23. It was embarrassing. I didn’t have enough money __________ pay for the meal.
24. It was __________ the radio yesterday morning.
25. It’s a quick journey __________ Manchester __________ Leeds.
26. Jane goes to the office early __________ Tuesdays.
27. I saw him sometime __________ June.
28. Meet me __________ the station.
29. The lights are moving __________ us.
30. My country is famous __________ great musicians.
31. Who is that girl over there __________ the red dress?
32. I live __________ Sweden but every summer I travel __________ Spain for my holidays.
33. Turn right __________ the end of the street and then it will be right in front of you
34. My sister has a beautiful apartment. She lives __________ the third floor.
35. Please sit down. Mr. Brown will be __________ you in a moment.
36. I have to apologize __________ being late.
37. She tried to prevent the children __________ jumping into the water.
38. Sometimes I have to walk to work and sometimes I go __________ bus.
39. Thank you __________ coming to visit us.
40. The boys met __________ the corner of the street.
41. The smallest room is located __________ the left of the hall.
42. We entered the building __________ entrance number 3.
43. There was a dark spot __________ the ceiling.
44. We arrived just __________ time to see the Queen.
45. We have to be at the airport __________ 6 p.m.
46. We ran __________ the doctor on our way to the bookshop.
IV. Fill in each blank with one suitable words
Many actors do not like working (1) ____________ children or animals. This is probably (2)______________
they are afraid that the audience may become (3) _____________ interested in the children and animals than in them.
Actors can have problem (4) __________ a different kind when they are required to eat or drink on stage. If they
have (5) _____________ much food in their mouths, the words they say may not (6)____________ clear. and they may
even end up coughing or choking.
Other problems can occur with food (7) __________ films are being made. In a recent film, during (8)
_____________ a family was waiting to have a meal, one of the actors entered with a large roasted chicken on a tray and
started cutting some meat from it while he was speaking. Having cut off a whole chicken leg, he completely forgot (9)
_____________ his next words were. The scene had to be filmed (10) __________. This would not really have mattered
(11)_________ there had been another roasted chicken in the studio, but there was not. At (12) __________, nobody
knew what to do, but eventually the problem was solved (13) ____________ putting a nail in the leg and attaching it back
onto the chicken
V. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions below
1/ Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and
medieval worlds, while during the fifteenth century the term “reading” undoubtedly meant reading aloud. Only during the
nineteenth century did silent reading become commonplace.
One should be wary, however, of assuming that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud was a
distraction to others. Examinations of factors related to the historical development of silent reading have revealed that it
became the usual mode of reading for most adults mainly because the tasks themselves changed in character.
The last century saw a steady gradual increase in literacy and thus in the number of readers. As the number of
readers increased, the number of potential listeners declined and thus there was some reduction in the need to read aloud.
As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such
public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers.
Towards the end of the century, there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for
information or treated respectfully and over whether the reading of materials such as newspapers was in some way
mentally weakening. Indeed, this argument remains with us still in education. However, whatever its virtues, the old
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shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and
periodicals for a specialised readership on the other.
By the end of the twentieth century, students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use
reading skills which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural and
technological changes in the century had greatly altered what the term “reading” implied.
1. Reading aloud was more common in the medieval world because ……………….. .
A. people relied on reading for entertainment B. silent reading had not been discovered
C. there were few places available for private reading D. few people could read to themselves
2. The development of silent reading during the last century indicated ………………... .
A. an increase in the average age of readers B. an increase in the number of books
C. a change in the nature of reading D. a change in the status of literate people
3. Silent reading, especially in public places, flourished mainly because of …………… .
A. the decreasing need to read aloud B. the development of libraries
C. the increase in literacy D. the decreasing number of listeners
4. The phrase “oral reader” in the last paragraph mostly means “a person who ……………. .”
A. is good at public speaking B. practises reading to an audience
C. takes part in an audition D. is interested in spoken language
5. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?
A. Reading aloud was more common in the past than it is today.
B. The decline of reading aloud was wholly due to its distracting effect.
C. Not all printed mass media was appropriate for reading aloud.
D. The change in reading habits was partly due to the social, cultural and technological changes.
2/ Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War (1861-1865) a government train carrying oxen traveling
through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned. The driver returned
the next spring to see what had become of his cargo. Instead of the skeletons he had expected to find, he saw his oxen,
living, fat, and healthy. How had they survived?
The answer lay in a resource that unknowing Americans lands trampled underfoot in their haste to cross the “Great
American Desert” to reach lands that sometimes proved barren. In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred
grass for forage was a cultivated plant. It grew well with enough rain, then when cut and stored it would cure and become
nourishing hay for winter feed. But in the dry grazing lands of the West that familiar bluejoint grass was often killed by
drought. To raise cattle out there seemed risky or even hopeless.
Who could imagine a fairy-tale grass that required no rain and somehow made it possible for cattle to feed
themselves all winter? But the surprising western wild grasses did just that. They had wonderfully convenient features
that made them superior to the cultivated eastern grasses. Variously known as buffalo grass, grama grass, or mesquite
grass, not only were they immune to drought; but they were actually preserved by the lack of summer and autumn rains.
They were not juicy like the cultivated eastern grasses, but had short, hard stems. And they did not need to be cured in a
barn, but dried right where they grew on the ground. When they dried in this way, they remained naturally sweet and
nourishing through the winter. Cattle left outdoors to fend for themselves thrived on this hay. And the cattle themselves
helped plant the fresh grass year after year for they trampled the natural seeds firmly into the soil to be watered by the
melting snows of winter and the occasional rains of spring. The dry summer air cured them much as storing in a barn
cured the cultivated grasses.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. A type of wild vegetation B. Western migration after Civil War
C. The raising of cattle D. The climate of the Western United States
2. What can be inferred by the phrase “Legend has it” in line 1?
A. Most history book include the story of the train.
B. The story of the train is similar to other ones from that time period.
C. The driver of the train invented the story.
D. The story of the train may not be completed factual.
3. The word “they” in line 4 refers to _____.
A. plains B. skeletons C. oxen D. Americans
4. What can be inferred about the “Great American Desert” mentioned in line 7?
A. Many had settled there by the 1860’s.
B. It was not originally assumed to be a fertile area.
C. It was a popular place to raise cattle before the Civil War.
D. It was not discovered until the late 1800’s.
5. The word “barren” in line 7 is closed in meaning to _____.
A. lonely B. uncomfortable C. infertile D. dangerous
6. The word “preferred” in line 8 is closed in meaning to _____.
A. favored B. available C. ordinary D. required
7. Which of the following can be inferred about the cultivated grass mentioned in the second paragraph?
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A. Cattle raised in the Western United States refused to eat it. B. It had to be imported into the United States.
C. It would probably not grow in the western United States. D. It was difficult for cattle to digest.
8. Which of the following was NOT one of the names given to the western grasses?
A. Mesquite grass B. Bluejoint grass C. Buffalo grass D. Grama grass
9. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a characteristic of western grasses?
A. They contain little moisture B. They have tough stems
C. They can be grown indoors D. They are not affected by dry weather
10. According to the passage, the cattle help promote the growth of the wild grass by_____.
A. eating only small quantities of grass. B. continually moving from one grazing area to another.
C. naturally fertilizing the soil. D. stepping on and pressing the seeds into the ground.
VI. Read the following passage and then choose the most suitable word or phrase for each space.
1/ What do you do well? What do you enjoy doing? Your answers to these two questions will help you identify your (1)
_____. An employer will consider you seriously for a (2)_______ when you can show them that you know who you are,
what you can offer and what you have studied. Sometimes it is difficult to know what your weaknesses are. Clearly not
everyone is equally good (3) _____ everything. You may need to improve yourself and so (4) _____ courses in that field
could turn a weakness into strength.
You will need to (5) _____ some time on your self-assessment. Your honesty and the desire for self-improvement
will lead to (6) _____ in getting the right job. Explore the following seven areas to start to get to know yourself: your
aptitude, your skills, your personality, the level of responsibility you feel comfortable with, your interests and your needs.
Ask (7) _____ if you have any special talents and if you need to consider your physical health when choosing a job.
Be as honest and realistic as you can, and ask for other people's (8) _____ if necessary. Make a list of these things. It is
usually a good idea to talk about your aptitudes with teachers, family and friends;
If you are considering a career that (9) _____ a special talent, such as art, acrobatics, mathematics or music, discuss
your aptitudes with (10) _____ expert in that area and discover how they fit the needs of the occupation.
1. a. strong b. strength c. strengthen d. strengthened
2. a. position b. location c. spot d. room
3. a. upon b. in c. at d. for
4. a. meeting b. taking c. choosing d. interviewing
5. a. use b. make c. lose d. spend
6. a. success b. successful c. successfully d. succeed
7. a. you b. your c. yours d. yourself
8. .a. interests b. fields c. opinions d. attendances
9. a. requires b. asks c. tells d. urges
10. a. a b. an c. the d. no article
2/ The interview is one of the most important (1) _____ in the job search process. When an employer invites you to an
interview, he/she is indicating an (2) _____ in yourself. The interview gives both of you the opportunity to (3) _____
enough information to determine if you are a good "fit" for each other. Think of an interview as a highly focused
professional conversation. You should (4) _____ the limited amount of time you have learning about the employer's needs
and discuss the ways you can meet these needs. In many cases, you will be interviewed at least, twice before being
employed for a (5) _____. Once in a brief screening interview and at least once again in a (6) _____ serious meeting
when you may also talk to many of your potential coworkers.
A job interview is a strategic conversation with a purpose. Your goal is to show the employer that you have the (7)
_____, background, and ability to do the job and that you can successfully fit into the organization. The interview is also
your (8) _____ to gather information about the job, the organization, and future career opportunities to figure out if the
position and work environment are (9) _____ for you. Most employers do not hire people based on certificates or
diplomas alone. Personality, (10) ______, enthusiasm, a positive outlook, and excellent interpersonal and communication
skills count heavily in the selection process.
1. a. parts b. roles c. fields d. facts
2. a. interest b. interesting c. interested d. interestingly
3. a. fill b. change c. exchange d. translate
4. a. make b. spend c. post d. apply
5. a. condition b. location c. satisfaction d. position
6. a. most b. mostly c. more d. more than
7. a. skills b. aspects c. appearances d. weaknesses
8. a. fates b. feasts c. lucks d. opportunities
9. a. fit b. right c. accurate d. exact
10. a. confide b. confidence c. confident d. confidently
VII. Rewrite the following sentences
1. It was the goalkeeper who saved the match for us. → If it hadn’t………………......…………………………..
2. It is thought that the accident was caused by human error.

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→ The accident………………………………………….……..
3. I think the last time I saw you was at Diana’s house-warming party.
→ I don’t think………………………………………………….
4. I gave Tom the message, but he already knew about it. → I needn’t…………………………………………...
5. I’ve forgotten that singer’s name but she’s very well-known.
→ That singer,…………………………………………….…….
6. It is essential that no one is told about our plans.→ You………………………………………………………..
7. It is your duty to tell him what to do.→ You ………...............……………………………………………..
8. Do you have a good relationship with your boss? → Are you……………………………………………..…?
9. Under no circumstances should you phone the police.→ The last ………………………………………….…..
10. The permit expires at the end of this month. → The permit is not…………………………………………….
11. Susan said that she didn’t want to go out that evening. (RATHER)
→ Susan said that ……………………………………. out that evening.
12. When was the last time you saw Robert? (LONG) → How …………………..……... you last saw Robert?
13. Would you like to see the photos I took? (HAVE)
→ Would you like …………………….………..….…. the photos I took?
14. They share a lot of hobbies and interests. (COMMON) → They have a lot of …………….....…..………… .
15. I’ve got to get a new computer. (NEED)  What I really ........................................... new computer.
16. I can’t describe people as well as you can. (BETTER)  You’re ..................................................... I am.
17. The players did their best, so the manager thanked them. (FOR)
 The manager …………………….………….. their best.
18. She couldn’t finish the race because she was injured. (PREVENTED)
 Her injury …….…………………………………… the race.
VIII. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.
1. The greater ................. increase in population, the harder it is for people to find adequate housing.
A. of B. is the C. the D. is of the
2. As soon as you buy a car, it starts falling in ..................

A. cost B. worth C. value D. price

3. – “Thank you very much for your lift” – “ …………………!”
A. That was all I could do B. I see C. Delighted I was able to help D. Thank you.
4. Since they aren't answering their telephone, they................... left
A. must have B. should have C. need have D. can have
5. She ..................... $ 20 out of the bank every Monday.
A. pulls B. draws C. moves D. removes
6. The thief was .......................... to six months' imprisonment.
A. given B. sent C. sentenced D. changed
7. “Would you rather have wine or coke?” – “…………….”
A. It doesn’t matter B. No problem C. Sure D. None, please.
8. Houses in big cities are expensive because land is in ................... supply.
A. short B. brief C. little D. slight
9. He's not very sensible as far as money ................... are concerned.
A. matters B. objects C. things D. aspects
10. He considers shares to be a good ...................... investment.
A. long-time B. long-term C. long-age D. long-run
11. There's no point in telephoning him. He's certain ..................... by now.
A. to leave B. to have left C. left D. having left
12. – “………………..” – “Thank you.”
A. What a nice house! B. Thanks for coming C. Please help me with this D. Sorry
13. Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to ..................... heart disease.
A. push off B. put off C. ward off D. throw off
14. The windows don't fit very well and this makes the room awfully .....................
A. airy B. draughty C. breezy D. ventilated
15. –“May I go out?” – “ ……………….”
A. Go ahead B. It doesn’t matter C. You may D. Be quick
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16. It seem to be your boss who is ………………. fault in this case.
A. under B. at C. with D. for
17. I’ll be kind to her ……………. she decides to leave me.
A. in case B. so that C. for fear that D. lest
18. ………………., the catfish is prized for its taste.
A. With ugly look B. As ugly looking C. Ugly looking as it is D. As it is ugly looking
19. –“What a lovely you have!” - “ …………………”
A. No problem B. I think so C. Thank you. Hope you will drop in. D. Of course not. It’s not costly.
20. –“Who broke the window?” – “ …………………”
A. I am B. Sorry to hear that C. I did. Excuse me D. I did. Sorry.
21. – “Janet, make us some tea, will you?” – “……………………”
A. No, I won’t B. Sorry, I don’t C. Don’t worry. Go ahead D. I can’t. I’m afraid.
22. – “Would you mind moving your bag from the seat?” – “……………………….”
A. Yes, I would like. B. Don’t mention it C. Oh, sorry D. You shouldn’t say that
23. “I didn’t get the job!” – “……………………”
A. Good heavens! B. Bless you! C. That’s brilliant! D. Never mind, better luck next time!
24. Mr. Gump supposes, …………………., that he will retire at 60.
A. like most people did B. as most of people C. like most people do D. as do most people
25. Children can be difficult to teach because of their short attention ……………… .
A. limit B. duration C. span D. time
26. It really gets me …………….. having to work so much overtime.
A. up B. on C. by D. down
27. …………………., I would give a party.
A. Were she to come next month B. She were to come next month
A. If she come next month D. Should she come next month
28. The parcel I sent you ………………… by now.
A. is supposed to arrive B. should arrive C. should have arrived D. would arrive
29. You are too old to carry on working. It’s time you called it a …………….. .
A. year B. month C. week D. day
30. On the battle field ………………………… .
A. the tanks lay B. did the tanks lie C. lay the tanks D. lied the tanks

IX. WRITING Do you agree with the following statement?

"Parents are the best teachers"
Write a paragraph (150-200 words) to support your opinion
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VOCABULARY
locate (v) xác định, nằm ở
establish (v) lập, thành lập
rainforest (n) rừng mưa nhiệt đới
butterfly (n) con bướm
cave (n) hang động
hike (v) đi bộ đường dài
over (a) qua , hết
be dependent upon (a) phụ thuộc vào
survival (n) sự sống sót, tồn tại
release (v) phóng thích, thả
orphan (v) ( làm cho ) mồ côi
orphanage (n) trại mồ côi
abandon (v) bỏ rơi, từ bỏ
wilderness (n) vùng hoang vu.
tropical (a) nhiệt đới
recognize (v) nhận ra
temperate (a) ôn hòa
plant (n) thực vật
toxic (a) độc
chemical (n) chất hóa học
contamination (n) sự ô nhiễm
organization (n) sự tổ chức
intend (v) dự định
exist (v) tồn tại
pollute (v) làm ô nhiễm
suitable (a) (for sb/ sth) thích hợp
feature (n) đặc điểm
sensitive (a) nhạy cảm
imprison (v) giam giữ
against someone’s will: một cách cưỡng ép.
endangered species (a) những lòai có nguy cơ bị tuyệt
chủng.
reconstruct (v) tái tạo
own (v) sở hữu
breed (v) nhân giống
wild (a) hoang dã
policy (n) chính sách
risky (a) rủi ro
injure (v) làm bị thưong
suffer from (v) đau, đau khổ, chịu đựng

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