Purbanchal university

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Numericals on
Hydropower
Engineering
Civil Engineering
 ............ .....c.. ~ vu f.1uwer n energy estimation
Solved Examples 4-1:
Solved EMamples 4-2 :
The long term monthly flow.of a sman S/Jeamis shown in table below:
MOtdh Jan Feb Mar
- The monlhly discharge data ~f Rasna/u ViU. · . .. ·. .
1
from Department of HYdrology and Met age s a~ (Stati0/1 no 650) of Khimti River is obtained
A¢. Mey Jun July Aug Sept
0 (m'/sec; 0.36 Oct Nov Dec I
duratkJn curve bilsed on the available mO::,~~t1 · HM) from 1964 to 2006. Calculate lhe flow
0.38 0.41) 0.51) 0.76 1.67 . 2.59 2.49 1.45 0.94 0.56 0.43'1
C81CtJ/ate the flow duratiOn CUI\/9.
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May i'.Jun AI AIJg Sep Oct Nov Dec
Solution: 1964 4.1 3.5 3.1 NA 5.0 1Z8, 50.8 56.6 47.9 '21.5 8.8 5.6
..
1965 4.1 3.5 3.1 3.6 4.4 18.0 59.3 69.5 37.0 • 16.2 8.8 5.6
i Discharge in 1966 4.6 3.8 3.0 2.6 3.3 16.5 80.6 83.7 47.5 14.0 7.2 4.1
Discharge descending -~IJyor
Monlt> I Jm•lsec) Older Froqueney 1967 3.3 3.2 32 3.6 42 15.7 58.8 65.5 39.1 16.0 8.0 5.6
Januarv· 0.38 2.59
RanO</nl
1
Nln I ;::,-oe
1
Discharge
lm'IS«:l 1968 4.5 3.7 4.0 4.1 u 17.8 75.8 78.2 34.4 27.2 10.5 6.9
Febl\larv 12.00 8.33 2.59 1969 5.5 4.5 42 4.0 62 20.0 50.3 49.8 42.4 17.9 9.2 6.6
0.38 2.49 . 2
March 6.00 16.67 2.49 1970 5.1 4.5 42 4.1 7.6 30.7 62.7 76.4 36.6 21.3 11.8 9.3
0.4 1.67
~April
3 4.00 25.00 1971 7.3 6.4 7.3 10.9 54.4 61.2 64.9 41.6 20.5 14.1 8.8
0.5 1.49 1.67 6.0
May 4 3.00 33.33 . 6.0
0.76 0.94 1.45 1972 7.2 8.5 5.9 8.6 14.4 . 55.0 60.3 45.4 ' 14.7 9.4 8.0
5 2.40 . 41.67 61.3 '
Juno 1.67 0.76 0.94 1973 6.5 5.8 5.5 5.3 10.7 62.1 77.4 56.1 26.3 10.5 8.9
July 6 2.00 50.00 1974 7.0
2.59 0.56 0.76 6.1 5.7 7.3 9.3 19.1 68.5 73.8 43.7 -22.1 11.9 7.8
7 1.71
~ 2.49 56:33 0.56 ' 1975 6.4 5.7 4.T 4.8 6.4 25.8 92.7 68.0 n.o 34.3 14.3 .7.8 .
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0.5 '8 1.50

~emile! 1.45 66.67 0.5 1976 ·6.1 5.2 4.3 4.4 ' 7.9 56.5 81.4 70.9 50.1 21.0 12.2 7.2
0:43 9 1.33
October 0.94 75.00 0.43 . 1977 5.5 4.4 4.1 7.1 7.5 13.5 78.7 69.9 35.1 17.2 13.0 7.5
0.4 10 1.20
Novembe< 0.56 83.33 0.4 1978 6.0 5.0 4.9 6.3 17.4 39.3 92.1 81.5 47.3 25.6 12.1. 7.5
0.38 11 1.09
December 0.43 91.67 0.38 1979 5.3 4.8 4.0 4.0 6.0 14.4 47.3 61.2 47.0 19.2 10.3 . 6.4
0.38 12 1.00 100.00 0.38 1980 4.9 4.3 4.1 3.8 5.5 56.8 102.0 108.0 51.7 19.1 9.6 6.5
The value of Probabi/i f
figure below. ty o exceedence vs drscharge rs ploUed t get now durati~ curve as shown in 1981 5.3 4.4 4.1 7.2 8.8 25.4 1()3.0 99.9 41!.7 17.6 9.8 6.9
1982 5.5 5.1 4.5 6.2 7.4 35.4 100.0 152.0 45.4 20.0 12.1 7.4
3 1983 5.6 4,8 4.3 4.6 9.2 15.4 148.0 163.0 53.0 33.8 11.9 77
1984 5.7 4.8 4.1 4.3 .14.5 91.4 126.0 75.5 60.7 17.5 9.5 7.1

..,. 2.5 . 1985 5.8

1986 4.9
5.0
4.0
4.6
3.7
4.5
4.7
7.7
5.4
42.3
52.5
168.0
135.0
133.0
93.4
95.2
5&1
24.3
36.2
9.8 6.5
10.7 6.7
~"' 2 1987 4.8 3.9 3.6 3.8 4.7 45.5 191.0 92.6 58.1 36.2 10.7 6.7

--
"'E
.."'
f!!'
1.5
1988 4.8
1989 6.3
1990 8.7
3.9
5.9
8.4
3.6
4.9
7.9
3.8
3.4
6.6
10.3
6.6
12.0
53.5
41!.5
56.5
111.0
122.0
108.0
105.0
125.0
73.8
52.1
52.1
51.5
25.5
25.5 .
380
10.9 10.2
10.9 10.2
20.6 10.9
.s:; 1991 8.4 7.0 5.8 6.6 15.5 42.2 127.0 161.0 106.0 55.2 24.1 10.1
u 1
"' 1992 6.2 5.1 4.4 4.0 8.0 42.2 85.1 130.0 106.0 55.2 24.1 10.1
Q
1993 6.4 4.7 4.2 6.5 11.1 83.5 146.0 190.0 58.7 32.6 23.1 15.7
·o.s
1994 5.0 3.9 3.7 3.5 4.5 56.2 51.0 59.1 43.7 17.6 9.9 8.o
1995 5.5 3.9 3.4 3.2 12.3 22.8 55.9 70.3 34.0 20.7 11.9 7.6
o o.oo
_:-~~--~--~--~--~-
20.00
1996 6.1
1997 4.3
5.0
3.4
7.0
3.4
4.1
5.1
5.2
6.9
16.5
11.3
56.5
50.6
59.9
55.6
48.8
46.6
15.8
22.7
7.5
9.9
5.0
5.7
60.01) 80.00 100.00 1998 4.6 3.6 4.3 8.0 7.8 18.1 55.1 90.7 62.2 31.6 i1.8 6.3
Percentage of time 1999 5.6 4.6 3.7 3.2 8.1 204 48.5 50.5 51.2 34.3 16.0 7.4
2000 5.1 4.6 5.0 4.6 7.8 22.8 50.0 39.8 80.1 16.3 8.7 7.6
 91.2 47.1 ~.9 8.4 5.8
1.9 2.3 1:1.4 57.9 59.7
2001 3.5 2.7 16.1 79 4.9
7.4 14.8 75.0 66.7 31.0
3.1 2.9 3.0 3.9
2002
17.4 57.0 83.7 46.2 16.6 5.6 4.3 Marginal cost =AC + O&M Cost
3.7 3.0 3.3 5.4 3.&
2003 64.1 34.9 14.3 7.1
2.6 5.5 14.2 435 79.3
2004 39 3.1 2.6 (t+i)H'I]
Marginal cost• V0001 N +%0&MxV..,1
2000 6.9 5.7 5.2 5.3 10.7 50.1 77.9 49.4 [ (1+1) - 1

-
5.2 20.1 11.0 8.2
2006 6.8 5.0 4.8 8.1 10.8 24.1 56.7 54.3 47.6 . 22.6 12.4 8.1
Equating margtnal cost and benefit, the value of X c:an be obtained. The power OOITesporlding to
5.5 4.6 u 4,9 8.0 33( 83.4 85.3 52.8 254 11,8 7.5
X% ollie in power durationcurve is lhe best Installed capacity of lhe project
The average ol monlhly ftow da18 is c:alcul<ited from lhe giver ftow data table. Then flow duration
curve is calcUated as sho'Mlln table. Solved Examples 4-3

Disd1argo In Frequency PI oballiil) of

Disc:harge From the mean fiiOiihly /low lot e Nepe/e$e /Wer, the pqwer tb8tion awe is calculated wtJich 818
Disd1argo
~1-:-.,.
McrCh Rank Q as shuwn below.
deuudir!Q Olde< f•Wn
.laR.ay 5.5 85.3 1 12.00 8..33 85.3 "lint 8.33 16.67 25 I 33.33 41.67 50 58.33 66.61 15 8133 91.67 100

lotr1:h
4.6
4.3
83.4
52.8
2
3
6.00
4.00
16.67
25.00
83.4
52.8
PrMer
I tw1 1113 588 537 l :.15 256 183 141 107 82 n 59 52
IA!ri 4.9 33.1 4 3.00 33.33 33.1
I May 8.0 25.4 5 2.40 41.67 25.4
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June 33.1 11.8 6 2.00 50.00 11.8 IntErest tate = tO%

Julv 83.4 8.0 7 1.71 58.33 8.0 Ene!gy price = U$3G'MWH
AuQust 85.3 7.5 8 1.50 66.67 7.5
Fixed cost =

-
U$200McW
52.8 5.5 9 1..33 75.00 5.5
Oclober 25.4 4.9 10 1.20 83.33 4.9 Variable cost = US60McW (eledromtchllllicsl}
11.8 4.6 11 1.09 91 .67 4.6
Decembef 7.5 4.3 12 1.00 100.00 4.3
Oandl.l = 2% of varia~~/$ cost

90
Economic hfe ofplant = 40yrs
Solution :
80
Lel\Js analyze marginal benefit and cost fOI' 1kW lns1811ation.
70 Assuming X% of the duration eotresponds to the best-Installed capacity 101' 1 kW power generation,
then.
60
'U · . 1KW'X% ' 365'24MWh
••
::- Total annual energy generatron = =8.76 X% MWh (Annual)
g so 1000
•u =8.76 X/100 =0.876 XMWh per ~
~4()

~ 30 Marginal benefit =U$ 30 x 0.876X =US 2.628X

Total cost = variable cost + 0 & M cost
20 =Acrual cost of ins1811ed eledromec:hanlcal equipment + 0 & M cost
Here, fixed cost is civil cost and no118ken in total cost
10

0 Annual variable cost = v. ((l+t)"x ']

0 0>11 (1+1)" - 1
 Solved Examples 4-4

The load on a hydropower plan/ Vllries from minimum of10MW to 35 MW. Two turgo generator of So Avera~~& power, P ~ 1.6 x to• x ,'.'. c 4 x lO'kW
e<~(J8Cilies 22MW instaled capacity have been insfa/W Calculare load factor: plant fador and
utilization lador. ' Let Q be tile discharge fw lhe plant to l\lll8S base load.
Here average load P=9.81Q H11
:. 4X 103=9.81 Q X 20 X 0.85
10 + 35
Avcrageload R • 22.5MW :. Q • 23.985 m'/sec
2
When Q =35m'/sec
Total Plant capatity =2l<22MW • 44MW
P • (9.81 X 35 X 20 X 0.85) kW= 5.83695 X 1Q3 kW

Loed factor • AYS<lJ9t load 22.5/.IW = 0 64 AlaJdmum load iactor" 5.83695Xl03 • 0.3648 • J6.4S%
Peak load 35MW . l.6xlO'

Q/p«iiyorp/aflttact()r= Averagsoutputoltheplant " 22.SMW • O.S I Solved Eltamples 4-7

Plant capacity 44/.IW
Apower station.hes to SIJflPiy the following bads 011 an 8VeJ1196 day. Draw the load dunJtion awe
• and calculate the dally load factor. Whet will ba the plant capacity factor and uhHzatio(l factor if n
Utiliz81kin fsctor e P68k loed - ~ ,. 0 79 has reseMI cspactly of 1(mi(W!
Instilled capadly 44/.IW .
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11pm SemiO 6amto 7am 10 9amm 12am 10 1pmlo Spmlo 7pmlo 9pml0
Solved Examples 4-5 1lmo to Sam 6am 7am 9am 12am !l>!l!. ~ ~m ~ 1~
Load
In a /lyl:llopcMe( f/ari of lnstslied capacJiy 10011/w, 42Git1l 6MW is {XOduced one l"fiOrDI. n I (KW) 500 750 1000 2000 2500 1500 2500 2000 2500 1000
What 1$ the ~:<~PilCJty factor of thai plant? If the maximum loed on the plant during that period is Solution :
804IIt; a(so cafaiate the load factor:.
Solution Res«ve Capaciy • 1000KW
Uno
Plan!/ aclor = Average ozdpur of rhe piam 42xJo• KWh How loadtkWl
;. 0.5833 1~1o5am 6 500
Plant cavaciry I OOxl 01 x30x24Kifh 500x6. 3000
6 5aml06atn 1 750 750x1. 750
Load factor - Al'llfll98 load ~
42X10 kwh -- 0?29
. 6amto7am 1 1000 1000.1 • 1000
Peak load 80xto 3 x30x24KWh 7am lo9am 2 2000 2000x2 • 4000
Hence, plan! factor is 52.3% and load faelof is 72.9% 9am II) 121m 3 2500 2500lc3 • 7500
12amlo 1pm 1 1500
Solved Examples 4·6 1500x1 =1500
!l>!l!.IO 5pm 4 2500 2500x4 = 10000
A run-off river plant operates at 25 pen:entload fador (LF} wilh an mailed capacJiy of 1.6 x 10' ~107pm 2 2000 2000x2 • 4000
kW r.11en a11011cs es a peak load plant. Find tho minimum "ow rate in the stream so that if may 7pm to 9pm .2
serve as base load plant. The efficiency end heed an~ 65 per cent end 20m respedively. Find also 2500 2500x2 =5000
mvm.n LF or the plant wflen o =35 m'tsoc. ~1011J>m 2 1000 1000x2 =2000
Solution: r· 38750 KWh
Average f)OWef as peak load willllf 25 per cent Maxlinum toad -- 2500KW
Ptaol capacity= maximum load+ reserve capacity. 2500+IOOO = 3500MW
Load factor Al'llfll98 load - 0.25
Peak loed
 38750 ·Excess discharge required lor daVilloping this excess power Is given by
Average load= = 1614.58Kif/
24 P=9.811JQH
!.Dad fac1Cr • Average load = 1614.58 = O _ 2732.78 = 9.81 x0.65xQx50
Peak load 2500 .64)
a= 8.57m' 1sec
Plant fador = Avefll!l8 Wpul of 1119 plari (A>'I!IOge load) _ 1614.58
= 0.46 The exoess discharge Is f8qlirecl for 3 holr each day.
Pfant capady 3500
4
Required pondage per day= Q = 8.57x3x60x60 m3 =9.2556xl0 ml
Or = 38750KI'rfl • 0.46
3500x24 Kl'rfl Solved Examples 4-9 :
~ utiized =maXimum value = 2500KW In a hydropower project, monthly flow of a river at heatMorl(s site and heedloss In penstock (from
headpond) Is as shown In table
Utilization factor • Power utilized • 2500KW 0.71
Power svallable 3500KW Month JIJII Feb Mar Apr May .Wn Jul IA;,g I~ Oct Nov Dec
Oischa~
Solved Examples 4-8 (m'lsec) .0.36 0.38 0.4 0.5 0.76 1.67 2.59 2.49 t.45 0.94 0.66 0.43
A·run-of river plan/Is constructed across a river at a site having net heed 50m. The river canies a Head loss In
sustained minimum flow of 20cumecs as a dry weather flow. Behind the poWer station, suffiCient
P&nslock (m) 1.86 1.89 1.9 2.58 4.06 5.06 5.06 5.08 5.06 5.oi 2.9 1.92
water pondage ha5 boen prcrvided to supply daily peak load of demand with a load faclor 70%.
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If the Intake 16~ is st1768.50, weter level at pipeinlet {Heedpond) Is 1766.99 and Tutbine axis
Assuming the plant efficl8ncy of 65%, delennine level Is at 134S.OOm. The dry season outage Is 3% and wet season outage Is 5%. Turfline
i. The maximum geneiB/ing C8p«iiy ofthe genemtCNS to be installed 8f the pawethous,s. elf_JCiency for lui dlsdlarge Is 90%. Generator efficiency Is 97% and Transformer eff'rcieney Is 99%.
i The I'Otme of pondaga to be ptoWJed to supply the daly demand asarnilg lhM the daly load CaklJale Olsta/led Cllp8City ol a plarl. if HIs d&sigoed in 40% ol avalabltl lfscharge. Also ca/cu/8Je
paf1em consist of avetage load for 21hol¥ and peak load for 3 hoi¥. the dry and wet ooergy generated from a plarl. {Wet seasoo is Apti to Nov). CalcWie p/8llt fac1Cr
of 8 plari oonsidemg oul'!/1).
Solutlon: . r
If the dry seesoo energy rate Is Nrs. 8.40 and wet season energy fllle Is Nts. 7.40, cakvlate lhe
The ~pro<kloed (at drywoolher flow) is given by P = 9.81 7J Q H yearly revenue from the project. Cooslder 10% of minimum /low as an environmental rekl-. If
tmnsmlssion loss Is 5% uplo the metering point of NEA and internal consumpljon of 1% of the
p = 9.81 X 0.65 X 20 X 50= 6376.5KW = 6.3765MW genera!ed anergy, what will be the toltJI revenue?
Avemga load (avemge power) Solu)ion
Load factor - Peok load (peak power), ' ' The flow duration curve can be drawn as shown below from lhe calculation sllown below
)
0.7 = 6376.5
Peak load
Peak load= 9109.28KW
i. Assuming !here is no reservoir capaaty, ..W have !he maximum capadty of !he gene<ators 1o be
ils1alled = 9109.28KW .
i. Excess wa1« from pondage is drawn in onfer to meet !he excess demand (demand in excess of
a.erage) for 3 holr. Excess po¥1W reqtired to be developed <kmg 3 holr = 9109.28- 6376.5 KW
=2732.76KW
 ...,
J:
3.00

2.50

;:;-. 2.00
...
~
Monlh

Jan
-llow

lm'lsl
Cl.3&
Avalable
low
lm'll)
0.32
Doys

31
Oo$9>
ll>w
(m'll)
0.32
Total
'-!loss

"'
U7
- --
,...
m
420.13
Goroorallon
~
(kW)
115410
Dly ...IOn

(kWh)
837,181
w.c ......

1\Wh

....
" " "-
.§. Fob 0,38 0.34 :5 0.34 3.40 420.10 1225.211 831,oi&O
1.50 lola' 0.40 0.311 31 o..:t6 3.41 420.011 1296.46 e40.4S4
!."
.., 1.00 14' 0.50 046 30 0.46 4Jlll 419.41 1649.96 1,12!,572
0
~ May OJll o.n 31 o.n 5.511 417.91 2S65.30 1.815.318
0.50 Jl.n 1.81 1.83 30 O.liO 6.!9 416.91 3181.21 2.175,992
My 2.!9 2.6! 31 0.90 6.!9 416.91 3181.27 2,251209
0.00 2.45 31 0.90 416.91
Al.lj 2.49 6.!9 3181.27 2.246,l(IS
0 20 40 60 80 100 Sept . 1.41 30 0.90 416.91
1.45 6.!9 3181.27 2.170,552
Probability of E)(teedence " Oe1 0.94 0.90 31 0.90 6.59 416.91 3181.27 2,248,525
Nov . 0.56 0.~ 30 0.52 4.41 419.09 1861.89 1,257,812
Dec 0.43 0.39 31 0.39 3.43 420.07 1403.25 1.011,018
Calculation of ftow duration curve Uaxinum lon,kW 318127

-
TOO!I seasonallnOilll', kWh 3,027,017 15.296.li02
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a
(m'IMc) order
a lnDesc. Rank
Frequency
(1-1+1)/n
Probabi.ity of
a
Ex<:eodence (m'lsec) ,. llis<:harge Anlual--··
T0011 llnli<'gy, GWtt GWit
3.83 15.30
1&.92
(1/F)
Jan 0.36 2.59 1 13.00 7.69 2.59 Ratiod·--·~-- 4.22
·feb 0.38 2.49 2 6.50 15.38 2.49 10 2.56 Hete, l\ea(loss from intal(e 1o headpond =1768.50·1766.99 =1.51m
March o..co 1.87 3 4.33 23.08 1.67 20 2.00
The hea<loss 111)111 headpond to turbine axis level is given. So Tota1 head loss can be obtained by
Airl 0.50 1.49 4 3.25 JO.n 1.45 30 1.47
adding the headloss from intake to headpond and monl!lly headloss of penstock pipe.
May 0.76 094 5 2.60 38.46 0.94 40 0.90
Juno 1.67 0.76 6 2.17 46.15 0.76 50 0.66 = =
Gross head Intake water levei-IUrlline axis level 1768.5 · 1345.00 •423.50
JtAy 2.59 0.56 7 1.86 53.85 0.56 60 0$1 Net head can be caletAated by SIJbtracting monthly loss from llle gross head.
Aug 2.49 0.50 8 1.63 61.54 0.50 70 0.43 Combined efficiency for lull discharge =66.43%
Seot 1.45 0.43 9 1.44 69.23 0.43 60. 0.39
0.94 0.40 10 1.30 76.92 0.40 90 0.37 So Generation capacJty (power) P • 'I r Q H
Oct
Nov 0.56 0.38 11 1.18 84.62 0.38 Dry season energy = power x number of operating days x 24 x (1· dry season outage)
Dec 0.43 038 12 1.08 92.31 0.38
Wet season energy= power x number of operating days x 24 x (1· wet season outage)
Hence from the now duration curve a.. = 0.90 m'lsec
Calculation lor revenue
Calculation of power and energy
Pla!lt fadDr - Adual «*gy produced by the pliri
=
Available IbN I1Yer IbN - envi:oomen1al Dow (vdlere, e!Mronmen1alllow is 1he 10% of driest rnaxroom enetVY produdioo capaci1y
month Oow) (1he driest Dow is 0.43 m'lsec in December so enWoomeneallow Is 0.04 m'lsec)
Design 11ow = lllhe avaiable 11ow is greater lhan lhe des9l ftow (0.9m'lsec), the design now is
Adual energy produced by the plant~ plant fadDr = 18,923,520 KWh
equal 1o design IbN and Wlhe available llow is less ll1an lhe design ftow lhen the design llow is Maximum energy produdioo capacity of the plant = installed capacity x 365 x 24 (KWh)
equal to lhe available now. =3181.27 X 365 X 24 =27,667,9251 KWh
 Plant factot • 18,923,520 KWh - 0.679
. 27,887,925.2KWh .
... Average load =2250KW

-· - - - ~
Deslgol

(m¥1oc)
Net
(m)
Gene<o'Jon
~
(KW)
Dry season

(K"'ll)
Wei-
(KWh)
Enolgy
roto(N11)
~
-
In order that !he plant can act as a base load stat!oo. tt must supply 2250KW average power. So
using
P = q rQ H

-
u

-
.llo 0.32 <12013 11S4.10 831181 l'lll2373
feb 0~ <120.10 1225.26 83148) 1.4 2250 = 0.75x9.81xQx20
6!1114264 .
0.3e 420.011 1296.46 u 11199815
Nxl 048 419.41 1649.96 1128572
Q = 15.31m' /sec
48 $117145
May o.n 417.91 2:566.30 1815316 48 8113518 Henc:e the stream must taiT)I a minimum discllarge of 15.31comec, in <lfder to make the pla.1t
.Me 0.90 41UI 3181.27 2175992 4.8 10444761 wor1<s as a base load stalion.
Jutv 0.90 416.91 3181.27 22S1209 4.8 111605802 .
Aug 0.90 418.91 • 3181.27 2248525 4.8 1079292Q b) when 0 e 20 m'l sec
Sop 0.90 416.91 3181.27 2170552 4.8 10418649 .
Oct 0.90 418.91 3181.27 2248525 4.8 1079292Q ••
Nov 0.52 419.09 1861.89 1257812 4.8 P = 7J r QH
60.'7496
Dee 0.39 420.07 1403.25 1017916 8.4 8550492 P = 0.75x9.81x20x20
SUbTotal 3627,017 15~502 103.890.156
P = 2940KIY
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TO!II 18923,520 103m.1ss

.
Transmission loss and oonsomplion is oons1ant in wet season and dry season. TotaiiQss is (5% Load f8ctor • AWJtll98 load
+1%= 6%). &Jt dry season and wet season ra!e are differet>l Peale load
The dry season energy that can be sold after loss = 3,627,017 x (1.ff.) 2940
LDad lat:ior = ISOOO •0.196=19.6%
The dry season eoergythatcan be sold after loss= f5,296,502 x(1-6%)
Total reveroe =3,627,017 x (1-6%)x 8.4 +15,296,502 x (1-6%}x 4.8 =Rs 97.656,743.20

Solved Examples 4-10

A run-of river station wUhan Installed capacity of 15,000KW operates a/15% load factor when ff
serves as a peak load station. What should be lowest discharge in the stream that the station may
serve as tha base lo8d station? If ills given that the plant effiCiency Is 75% when wooong under a
head of 20m. b) alsc calculate !he maximum load factor of the plant when the discharge in the
stream rises to 20 cumacs.
Solution :
Installed capadly =15000KW
Load ladOr = 15%

LDad lat:ior = AWJtll98 load

Peale load
_ = Average load
0 15
15000
 Solved Examples 4· 11 The loss of walet due to evapolranspiration etc per day = 10% of 9.72 x10' m' =0.972xt0' m'
If a tufK)ff river hydroeleciric plant is used as peak load plant operating only 8 hours a day, Net amount of pondage per day= (9.72.0.972) x10'm' =8.75 x10'm>
delennine (i) linn capacity of the plant without pondage or storage, (ii) with pondage If the river has
mil1imtJm t1ow 12 m'lsec under a head of12 m with plant effldency 85 peroent. This daily PJndage can supply a ooffonn Q required for 6 hoots only =
Solution: 8·c..;
...:.. 75;.c.x.:..:IO_' m 3 /sec • 40.51 m3 / sec
(i) From power wilhout pondage or storage 6 x 60x60

P=qyQH SoTotat 11ow available tor power generation fer peak tine of 6 hour =

P = 0.85x9.81xl2xl2 = 1200KW =15 +40.51 m3 / sec •SS.SI m3 / sec

[o) With pondage (aSSilmlng no loss) Power devsloped due to this discharge I.e firm power, because discharge is firm
The plallt Is used as a peak load plant operating 8 hours a day. So total volume stored during (24-8 P=qrQN
hour) = 16 hours when plant Is operating = (12 X 16 X 60) m> · P=0.8x 9.8lx 55.51x t6
= 6.912 X10'm3 =6963KW
· 6.91 2xiO' Hence, the firm power de~ped by the plant If pondage during rest hours is allowed = 6963KW
Rate of now available from poodage = m' I sec = 24m3/sec
8x60x60
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Solved Examples 4-13

Total rate o1 flow avaiable to genefllte power = (12 • 24) m'/sec =36 m'/sec
Arunoff river plsn1 1183 s minimum t1ow of 3Cm'lsec and net head of70. The overall sffrciency of a
Ann power with poodage = (9.81 X 36 X 12 X 0.85) kW plant is 85%. C8/c:vlale the IIISt8lfed cspacity of a plant
• 3.6022 X 1()> kW a) WittJott pondage (llhe plant is designed lor pure 11M! ofriver p/ad)

Solved Examplei 4-12 b) If the plant is de$if1ned fer e pealdng p/ad with 6 hour pea/Ong (motrW!g 2 hour Mid ewnong 4
houtj. The plant 1183 three set of units (IJJtbine and genem1olj sud! SO% ofaVBBabls tlow is used in
A runoff IMK planlls insl816d on a river having a minimum now of1 Sm'lsec. if the plant is used as offpeak hout ie. pl8nJ opersted during offpeak hour. If total evaporation and otller loss is
a peak load plant opera1ing only for 6 hours daj/y (i.e 6 hours pealdng p/anl). Compute the linn stored water.
5"of the

capacity of the plant

c) If the peak hour energy 1'91& Is Rs 12ncWh and off peak .energy rate is Rs 6 I kWh, what Is the
a) Wffhout pondage be~fit from peaking plant ins dsy wiHJn the minimum flow is available in the river.
b) Wrth pondage but aflowing 10% of water to be lost in .evaporation and other losses. Solution
Head at the plant Is 16m and the plant efficiencv mav be assumed as 80%. Power developed without peakii1Q bv 30m)/sec discharoe Is oiven bv
Solution P = t/rQH
Power developed by 15m3/sec discharge is given by P = 0.85x9.8lx30.t10 • 17510.85KW
P=qrQH This represent the firm capacity ollhe plant without pondage.
P = 0.8x9.8fxl5xl6 = l882KW b) 'lrilh pondage, As 50'It olthe low is conlinuously used and plant is a~ <ll*lted ~ olf peak
hour i.e 50'It o1 wale< Is used i.e 15 m'lsec so the pcl'<lil!f ol
This llpleSent the firm C8jlllCity olthe plan! wilhout pondage.
P = 0.8Sx9.8lt1Sx10 =81S5.42SKW is generated dlrilg oil peak hour.
b) wi1h pondage, 1118 lola! volume ol wale< slored during 18 hour when the plant isnot operating is
So the lola! volume of water mted during 18 hcUwhen only one 1.11it Is operating (during oil peak
= l5xl8x60x60m 3 •9.72xl0 5m3 hou') is due to the discharge ol15m'lsec, =
,
 Available Power Actual Power Energy
The loss of water due to evapotranspiration etc per day • 5% of 9.72 x 105m'= O.<lae x 10' m' S.No %lime Flow I (MW) I(MW) {GWh)
Net amount of pondage per day =(9.72 • 0.486) x10'm' =9.2314 x 10Sm 3 I 1 900 78.578 41.472 3.644
2 10 500 52.385 41.472 32.696
This daily pondage can supply a unilotm Q required for 6 hours only =
3 20 soo 43.655 41.472 36.329
9.2314XIO' m'lsec=40.51m'
6x60x60
'* 4
5
25
30
475
450
41.472
39.289
41.A72
39.289
18.165
17.687
So Toi<llllow available lot ~ generation lot peale time of 6 hour = Ia 40 400 34.924 34.924 32.505
;7 50 350 30.558 30.558 28.681
:30+ 40.5tm' / sec s 70.51m 1 1*
;8 60 340 29.685 29.685 26.387
Power developed due 1o lla <lscharge le rm power, beame dsdlarge is finn 9 70 300 26.1113 26.1113 24-474
P:qyQH i 10 80 280 24.447 24.447 22.180
II 90 200 17.462 17.462 18.356
P = 0.85x9.81 x70.51 x70 • 41)S6.33KW 12 93 140 12.223 12.223 3.901
Hence, 111e finn power developed by 111e plant 1 pondage amg rest hours is slowed = I 13 100 100 8.731 8.731 6.425
41 ,156.33KW S' 271.429
c) The reveooe in one dayWI1hou1 ~ •17,510.85 x 18 x 6 +17,510.85x 6 x 12
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The percentile d lime in X· axis and power generated in Y-axis is plotted lo gel povtef genetation
• Rs 3,151,953.00 a.rve. The power dura1ion curve drawn from above da1a is shown in figure below.
Total revenue in one day with pealdng =6.755.42 x 16x 6 + 41,156.33 x6x 12 The area under !he povtef duration curve gives energy generated. So the energy under different
area is calculated and summed up lo gellolal energy.
• Rs 3,906,841.12
Beoefit from peaking (" one day)= 3,906,841.12 • 3,151,953.00 = Rs 756,866.12 E, ~ 1- 0 X 41 .472 + 4 !.4?2. 365 X24 •3.644GWII
100 2x1000
Solved Examples 4-14 E2 ~ 10- l x 4 1.4?2+ 4 1.472 X365X24 • 32.696GWh
From the following data of the flow at a given are for an average year. Cornp~ta and d~aw. the 100 2x1000
power duration cl/MI. Assume an average avsilable ne1 head of 10m ~nd combmed efflci~ncy of E = 20 -tO x 4 1.472 + 4 1. 472 x365x24 =36.329GWIJ
89%. Determine primary and secondary energy aveileb/8 during e year ff the plan/ capaCity IS fixed 3
100 2x1000
at power corresponding to tile flow available for 25% of time.
Flo'N
_ 25 - 20 x 41.472+41. 472 x365x24 • 18. 165GWh
(m'lsec) 900 600 soo •so 400 350 340 300 280 200 140 100 E. tOO 2x1000
"time 1 10 20 30 40 50 so 70 80 90 93 100 - 30-25 X 41.472 + 39.289 x365x24 a l7.687GWh
Solution E, 100 2xt000
Head = 10m, overall eff.;lency =89% E - 40 -30 x 39.289 + 34.924 x365x24 = 32.505GWh
The power (installed capacity of the plant is fixed based on lhe 25% of time availabi!ity of now so • 100 2xl000
a, =475nl'isec. (by inear lnte<poiation) E = 50-40 .. 34.924+30.558 ,.365 x24 ·28.68 \GWh
Power (illstalled capacity), P = '1 r Q H So P = 41 .472 MW 1
100 2x1000
•
Detailed calculation is shown in table below E = 60-50 x 30.558 + 29.685 ..36544 = 26.387GWh
' 100 2x1000
 Solved Examples 4· 15
_ 70-60 x 29.685 + 26. 193 x365x24 = 24.474GJVI! Draw a flow duration curve from the st111am /low recoo1 from the proposed power development site
E, - 100 2x1000
.. i the a~ helld ;, 80m atKJ the maximum discharge capadl.y is 6() mYsec, determine linn afKi
secondary energy 81 the site if overall efficiency is 7~

10

70
It:I: 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1=I ~ I~ I
Solution
60 Calculation table for flow duration curve:

~so Month Dischll!llO Dlsoha<Qe in descending order Rank {n) %of time (NN)

..
Pow•r Duration Curve
~
"
~
~
2. '''
1 Jan
Feb
37
35
84
65
1
2
8.33
16.67
30 '' J,lar 31 82 3 25.00
''
'' IAor 25 51 4 33.33
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20
•'• '#
::1
May 19 .... 5 41.67
• b1 37 41 6 5000
'
10 ••'
. 7 58.33

..
i .U 65 37
•
0 • Ailg 84 37 6 66.67
.. so 60 70 100
0 10 2.0 Sop 62 35 9 75.00
"Time
Oct 51 31 10 83.33
_ 80 - 70 x 26.193+ 24 ·447 x365x24 = 22.18GWh Nov 44 25 11 91.67
5
••- 100 2xl000 Dec 41 19 12 100.00

E" 90 - 80 x24.447+ 17.462 x365x24=18.356GWh Head =S()m

100 2xl000
Overall efficiency =78%
E = 93 - 90 xl7.462+12.223 x365x24=3.901GWh Design discharge =60m3/sec
" 100 2x1000
So pOWer (Installed capacity). P = 'I r 0 H
E" = 100 -93 x 12.223 ~8.731 x365x24 =6.42SGWh SoP= 9.81 X 0.78 X60 X 8011000 :36.72 MW .
100 • 2xl000 from . thly data is constructed as shown in talj[e above. The plot
The sum ollhe above calc:utated enetgy (Eoto Ell) gives aooual energy generation from the plant The /low dur~tioo CUM!. ~n mon FOC ••
o1 percenble time al1d discharge is ca!led
.....,,ft
d"'""·- is s;ven as 6()m>lsec, cetculale
· ,.,.. .._,. ~-,..
100-0 8.731 the')(, line COI08$1)011ding 10 the des9l disci~~------._
Firm etJetWOf ptinBiy energy • - -x- -x365X24 e 76.48GIWI
100 1000 . . . ( (3333-25)x(62+60) • 26.s2
By har 111terpolation. peroentage time '\::::::: (62- 51) •
Sealndaly energy= 1ota1 energy- firm energy = 272.181·76.o48 GWh = 195.696GWh
 Now power at different percentile of time can be calculated as shown In table 60

Olsdlarge In
~~~~me li::
r:
descending Energy
Month tliocharge ordor Rani< (n) I (GW)
Jan 37 84 1 8.33 36.73 26.81
feb 35 65 2 16.67 36.73 26.81
Mar 31 62
60
3 2500
26.52
36.73
36.73
26.81
4.87
i:i
';:' JO
36.73MW
I
I
I
/(IWef DuratiOn CUrve

1\(X 25 51 4 33.33 3122 21).29 • I I

May 19 44 5 41.87 26.93 2123 l I
I
I
I
.u. 37 41 20 I I I
6 60.00 25.10 18.99 I I
1..
.u 65 37 7 58.33 22.65 17.A3 IN
lOft
I
I
I
I
Aug 84 37 8 66.67 22.65 16.53 lui I I
10 IN I I
Sep 62 35 9 75.00 21.A3 16.09 I I I
I I I
Od 51 31 10 83.33 18.98 14-75 I I I
I I
Not 44 25 11 91.67 15.30 1251 o+--r--t--1r-+--4--4-~--~--~~--~~
Dec 41 19 0.00 8.33 16.67 2500 ]).33 4167
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12 100.00 11.63 9.83 50.00 58.33 66.66 75.00 83.33 91.66 100.00
r 232.96 "'imt
The peteenlie of time In X· axis and power generated In Y-alds Is ploUed to get power generatiof
Fmenergy = IOO-O x~x365x24- 101 88GW!l
curve. The area under 1lle power duration curve gives energy generated. 100 1000 .
E1 - 8.33-0 x36.73 +36.73 x365x24 = 26.81G1Yh Secondalyenergy = tolal energy - finn energy= 232.96-101.88 GWh •131.08GWh
100 2xl000
E1 -1 6.67-8.33 x36.73+36.73 x365x24 .. 26.810Wh
100 2xl000
E 25.00-16.67 36.73+36.73
,- 100 x lxlOOO x365x24 "'26.810Wh

E = 26.52-25.00 x36.73+36.73 · _
, 100 2xiOOO x3 65x24 - 4.810Wh
E 33.33 -26.52 36.73+31.22
,- 100 x xl x365x24 = 20.29GII'h
2 000

E • = 41.67 -33.33 x 31.22+26.93

lxtOOO x3
65
x24 • 21.230Wh
100
E 50.00- 41.67 26.93+25.10
, - 100 x 2xtOOO x365x24 • l8.990Wh

E 58.33-50.00 25.10+22.65
I- IOO X 2xl()()() X36SX24 •17.4JGIWI
 Solved Examples 4-16 :
Apower development sne has the following avemge estimat9d !Mir flows. If 8515KW is generatoo
I
[ 0 + (67. 7;- 59.41) 66.6~ ~ 1 .52 )·[ {67.76 - 594 I) ;(67.76 - 47.04) 75.~~6.67} I
conUnuously rhlllUghou/ the year Mit 70% effidency and avemge ha9d oll8.3m, wflar will the
)+
-
stomge requlromenls? [ (67.76- 47.04);(67.76-32.11) r3.3~~5.00
Jan Feb .... I A~:r IMay i Jn .kJ IAuv ls.p Oct Ntw Dec
[ (67.76-32.11);(67.76- 24.31)rl.6~~83.33 )·

r
Flow
{111m') 349 378 286 154 126 63 86 63 189 257 286 2fJ6
Solution [ (67.76- 24.31);(67.76 - 23.52) 100~~~.67)
PowergenooJted =8515KW, Head = 18.3mand Overaa efficiency= 70%
= 10.7243 x365 x 24 x 3EOO m' =338.203x10' m'
For the installed capacity lo be illCreased uplo 85\SkW, the discharge to be maintained Is
P : 9.8 1x10% xax 18.30 => 0 =67.76 m'lsec
...
160

r·
Qin
Aow Q descending Rank %of time
Month IIIO'm'l Oeys I (m>/sec) order I (n) I !riNl POIW!r
120
Jan 349 31 130.30 156.25 1 8.33 19.64
/
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Feb 378 28 15625 ~ 100

..
130.30 2 16.67 16.37
Mar 286 31 106.78 110.34 3 25.00 13_87 •
;'i
I AI>< 154 30 5941 106.76 4 33.33 13.42 "'
0

I Mav 126 31 47.04 95.95 41.67

Jun 63 30 24.31 95.58
5
6 50.00
12.06
12.01
"'
Jul 86 31 32.11 72.92 . 7 58.33 9.16
••
67.76 61.52 lO
8.52
I Aoo 63 31 23.52 59.41 8 86.67 7.47 0
Seo
Oct
189
257
30
31
72.92
95.95
47.04
32.11
9
10
75.00
83.33
5.91
4.03
..
~
~

~
~
N
s•
Percentage Time ----+
Nov 286 30 110.34 24.31 11 91.67 3.05
Dec 256 I 31 95.58 23.52 12 100.00 2.96 Thls can be calculated In a simple way as shown in table below.
From monthly 'ldume, mean monthly discharge is cal~lated as {for month ol JanuafY) Oeslon 0 Adua!Q Oetlolt Percentile time Area Area x365x24lC3600/100
67.76 67.76 0 61.52
a- 349xro' • l30.30ml / sec 67.16 59.41 8.35 66.67 21.50 6 78063420
31x24x3600
67.76 47.04 zo.n 75 121.1)8 38,162,70081
The des9l cSschalge a =&7.76 m'lsec wllk:h is available 1n sts2% of time. So 1o maillain the 67.76 32.11 35.65 &333 234.78 74.040ffi1.93
installed capacity of 8515KW c:onsmuy, the discharge cJ 67.76 sholtf be malnlalned kJr lhe
remairing penod. The -.olu'ne of low d!Nalion curve givers slotage 'Jilbne required 1o mainlaln the 67.76 24.31 43.45 !11.67 329.65 104 020.549.92
design inslalled capadly. 67.76 23.52 4424 100 365.23 11517M!!).I4
ToCalsloraae IWCiunmenl lm'l 338,203,006 99
 Solved Examples 4-17
The effectiVe him of 100m llfld overs" effiCiency of 85% are MWmed constant. If the stream
diWiarge Is set to be 10<m'lsec. caJctJiate Q the amual firm enelg)l and seoondary 60019)1 2.500
p<Odi.Jced by 1M p/8111$.1/) If the firm~ Is to be incteased to 416.923MW. wflllt ls the 111!1011111 of
$IMlge requitement?

~ ~ 1:1:1 : I :J I J: I ~ ~ ~ ~ l;ol:l: 1
: 1: I i -2000

Sohrtlon o l SOO
!!'
~

Here, design dlsctlarge • 1000 m1/sec, -6

Head= 100m,
••
Q lOOO

·Overall efficiency • 85%.

Flow In soo
% 1m! Design Energy
Monlh Flow
Descending
order Rank (niN) discharge r~r (GWh)
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Jan 100 2510 1 8.33 1000 833.85 608.71

Feb 120 2000 2 16.67 1000 833.85 608.71
Mat 140 2000 3 25.00 1000 833.85 61)8.71 Months

• 300 11100
1000
4 33.33
40.74
1000
1000
833.85
833.85
&08.71
541J)8
Or ll1is can be calculated in simpler way

May 320 900 5 41.67 900 750.47 &1.25 Des9l FITD Secondaty
Jla1
.hi
Aug
Sep
11100
2000
2510
2000
500
320

-
300
300
6
7

9
a
50.00
58.33
66.67
75.00
500
320
300
300
416.93
286.83
250.16
250.16
428.10
249.57
188.70
162.61
Month
Jan
Feb
Dey
31
28
Flow
100
120
~
100
120
Power
(MW)
83.39
100.06
power
(MW)
83.39
83.39
=
0
16.677
local
energy
62.04
67.24
Secondary
enerav
0
5.20
Mar 31 140 140 116.74 83.39 33.354 88.85 24.62
Oct 900 140 10 83.33 140 116.74 133.92
Apr 30 300 300 250.16 83.39 166.77 180.11 118.07 .
Nov 500 120 11 91.67 120 100.08 79.13
May 31 320 320 286.83 83.39 183.447 198.52 136.46
Dec 300 100 12 100.00 100 63.39 66.96
Jun 30 1800 1000 633.85 63.39 750.485 600.37 539.33
r 4367.16
JUI 31 2000 1000 833.85 83.39 750.465 820.36 556.35
Aug 31 2510 1000 833.85 83.39 750.465 620.36 556.35
SEll 30 2000 1000 833.85 83.39 750.465 800.37 538.33
Oct 31 900 900 750.47 83.:39 667.08 558.35 496.31
Nco 31) 500 500 416.93 83.:39 333.54 300.19 236.15
Dec 31 300 300 250.16 83.:39 166.77 186.12 124.08
365 r '080.93 3336.47
 Here, If firm energy Is to be set in 416.9 MW, from foonula 0. • 499.97 m11sec
So Power (lnsta'led capacily), p 'I yOH
Q

Ou1!low Surplus/ Deficit

disdlatge deficit wlilne Surplus SoP• 9.81 X 0.8 X 14 x 50 KW• 5,4936 KW • 549MW
t.lol#l I cay :::-HC) reqoired cf~Sdlal!le ~10'91 YCMle Monlh Obsemcl flow aa3I1QEd in Rarlc
.1M 31 100 499.97 -399.97 1.07 llow Pttt.nt ol tme flow equaled or
fell 28 120 499.97 -379137 0.92 m¥s ~-
m¥s
m
0
n
"8feol•- xl00(%)
Mat 31 140 499137 -359.97 0.96 N
June 18 46 1
499.97 -199.97 0.52 Uy 8.33
•Afl< 30 300 20 42 2 1667
May 31 320 499.97 -179.97 o..ca ~ 46 37 3 25.00
Sopt 42 33
Jun 30 1800 499.97 1300.03 3.37 4 33.33
499.97 1500.03 ..02
oa 37 30 5 41.67
Jul 31 2000 Nov 30 26 6 50.00
IAu9 31 2510 499.97 2010.03 5.38 Oec 33 23 7 58.33
Sej) 30 2000 499.97 1500.03 3.89 Jan 23 21 8
Feb 66.67
0.:1 31 900 499.97 400.03 1.07 26 20 9 75.00
Mar 21 19
Nov 30 500 499.97 0.03 0.00 10 83.33
Aflr 19 18 11
31 499.97 -199.97 0.54 91.65
300
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Dec May 8 8 !2 100.00

r 4.49
Hence lolal defiCit • 4 49 xt()II m1

Solved Exam ples 4·1.8

Tile oiJwved mean mctll.hly trows of a stream for a one ye¥ pelfod from Jooe to may 111 m' aro
18. 20, 46, 42. 37, 30, 33, 23, 26. 21, 19, and 8.
(a) Detemline the flew which can be expected 80 per cent of time.
(b) lMlat is the dependability of the flow of magnitude 40 mlls ?
(c) If the ron-of-lhe-rlver plant Is proposed at the catchment outfet what from power can be
produced assuming an average head of 50 m?
Solution :
The oornputations required for t11e construction of the flow duration e~~rve are sholom in table below.
From the ftow duration e~~rve. the foilowii'IQ answe<s are obtained.
(a) flow elCj)llCied 80 pen:er11 of the time • 18.5 m'ls
(b) Dependablily of flew of magnitude 40 m' Is • 18.4%
(c) F« estimating the finn power le! us adopt 95% dependaiJie flow. From flow duration oorve file
magnitude ollhe flow available 95% of lime is 14 m'ls. Avalatlle head is 50 m. Assuming an
overal efficiency of80% !of file turlline genenl!or system, we obtain
 Numerlcals on reservior planning
Solved Ellamples 5·1
The monthly runoH volumes In millioo m' for a period of 24 months (two wa/81 year) recorded at a
stJeam gavging sltum3, 6, 16, 30, 18, 15, 10, 8, 6, 4, 3, 12. 5, 17, 28, 20, 15, 12, 7, 5, 4, 3 and 2.
(a) D9tetmlne lhfl $/z11 of lhfl tesetVOir ptOpOSed at lhfl Qail9ln9 $Jie if h is to malnlllin an IISSured
svpp/y of 5.33 tn1111on m' per IOOI'IIh. The Willet J188f may be tlllcan as June ro Mlly.
(IJ) Obtain /he stomg1118Q1Jhment of teS8Mli" lri/Joti lhll use oflhll mass QMW or (&ISing sequewt
peale .-pktrn)
Solution
From the given dala the c:umulalive ruooff wrumes ate calrulated as shown in Table. The mass
curve is plotted as shown in figure.
10
Month Runoii'Y<lllme million m' CumulatiVe runoff vokJme mlllon m'
June 3 3
s
JUly 6 9
Aug 16 25
Sep 30 55
Oct 18 73
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Nov 15 88 Figure S.. : Monthly hydrograph

Dec 10 98 250
Jan a 106
Feb 6 112
Mar 4 116
Api 3 119
May I 120 c
.Nne 2 122
July 5 m
Aug 17 144
Sept 28 . 172
Oct 20 192
t>lov 15 207 N

Dec 12 219 50
Jan 7 226
S0Mm 1
Feb 5 231 M w::....- - - - . J
Mar 4 235 oto-X~--~------~------~------~--~6~Mon~~·h~·------,
Api 3 238 • 8 12 16
May 2 240 - T~~tnein Months - - .
20 24

Figure 5·5 : Mass cutve analysis

 The line MN In the lnSill ineicates the dra~ rete of 50 miiUon m3 per 6 months or 8.33 miloon m'l
month. Tangents AC and 80 are drawn to the mass CU(Ve at the peak point A and tf\e trough point Month , Runoff
.
Demand I.{Vi ·Di) Cumulative CUf!luia~v&
B. TheSil two tangents are parallel to MN. The vertical intercept between these two tangentS, which volume (Vi) defiCit surplus
is30 mijlloo m' in the present case, is the requ~ed storage capacity. Dec 19 12 8.33 3.67 50.35
(b) When the runoff volume in any time period is more than the demane in the same time pefiod, Jan 20 7 8.33 ·1.33 -1.33
there is surplus water. This surplus water either .90es to build up the storage or nwill be spfiled if Feb 27 5 8.33
the reservoir is already full. Therefore nothing is dawn from the reservoir during the surplus pefiod. -3.33 -4.66
Mar 22 4 8.33
When the runoff In the stream is less than the demand. then there is a deficft. Water is drawn from -4:33 -8.99
the storage to meet the deficits. Sl?rting from the beginning of the dry period, Uthe deficft in each April 23 3 8.33 -5.33 ·14.32
time period is found out and Uthese defims are added, the calculative deficit at the end of dry May 24 2 8.33 -8.33 -20.65
period denotes the maximum amount of water drawn from the storage and the capacity of the
reseiVOir must at least be equal to this. t ..
able shows that the maximum cumulatrve defier! JS 29.31 mff!ion m>. Therefore the reseNoir
Similarly, if the cumulative surplus is found oot of the following surplus pefiod it must exceed the &l~ld ha7 a capaaty of 2_9.31 million m'. This answer is differing sNghtly from what was oblaine_d
cumulative deficit to ensure that the reservoir wltl be full again and we can also fine out when this ~ e prev ofus example usrng mass curve procedure. This ts because of the curve drawn through
happens. Table below shows the calculation to determine the storage capacity by lllis method. uie porn15 o mass curve.
lf thel . . • '
Storage determinalioll by arithmefic calculations th s orage capacrty of the reservorr Is fixed as 29.31 million m' and if it is full at the. beginning of
Monll\ ove record, It v~lll be depleted by 7.66 units by the end of July, full again by end of augu~t
I Ruooff Demand (Vi · 0.) Cl!mulative
volume {VI) deficit
Cumulative
surplus an~~~ dunng September to December, empty by end of July, full again sometime Ocjobe;
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June I 3 8.33 -5.33 -5.33

Solved Examples 5-2
July 2 6 8.33 ·2.33 -766
Aug 3 16 8.33 7.07 7.67 The iollo~ng /able giyes the av.era.ge monthly :runoff rales at a· proposed reservoir site the pan
Sept 4 30 8.33 21.57 29.34 eva~ly~on an.~ the rainfall recorded at a nearby meteorological observaiOfy. and the ~sOm~ted
mon uemanvS. .
Oct 5 18 8.33 9.07 39.01 '
Nov 15 8.33 45.68 Mcnth Average monthly Evaporallon
6 6.67 Precipilalion Monthly demind
runoff (nl'fs) (mm)
Dec 7 10 8.33 1.67 47.35 (M_rri') (Mm'i
· ian 8 8 8.33 -0.33 -ll.33 Jan 18.8 120 18 19.6
Feb 9 6 8.33 -2.33 -2.68 Feb
Mar
50.0-
11.0
125
. 13[)
- 22 21.5
Mar 10 4 8.33 -4.33 -6.99 9 23,4
April 7,5 190 11
April 11 3 8.33 -5.33 -12.32 May-...
27.0
6.0 200 5 24.0
May 12 1 8.33 -7.33 -19.65
June 19.0 160 135 .
June 13 2 8.33 -6.33 -25.98 26.0
July 75.0 120 I
125 20.0
July 14 s 8.33 -3.33 -29.31 Aug 81.2 120 185 20.0
Aug IS 17 8.33 8.67 8.67 Sept 600 110 205 18.5
Sept 16 28 8.33 19.67 28.34 Oct 30.0 100 10 18.5
Ocl 17 20 8.33 11.67 40.01 Nov 26.4 90 45 16.0'
Nov 18 15 8.33 6.67 46.68 Dec 22.0 110 30 19.0
 The downstr&am riparian rights require tho release of noturalllow or 18.5 mHiion m' In each month
whichever Is less. The pan coofflcienl mey ~ taken as 0.75. The average ar&a of submergence al
the resetYOir site is 7.5 km' lor which the runoff coefficient may be taken as 0.35. Detennlne the
storage of the re~ to meellhe demands.
Solution.
The runoff volume in any month in Mm' is given by
each month. The differenca betwoon runoff volume V and the nel demand D Is computed for each
month and entered in column (8) when (V·D) is positive, Ills surplus and when k is negaUve. II is
deficit The cumulatiVe delicil and lhe cumulatiVe surplus are given in column (9) and column(10)
reSjleCtively.
The slorage required Is equal lo the maximum cumulative delicil, whlcll in the present case is
72.309Mm'.

4 Solved Examples $-3

v Q • N • 2 x 60 • 60 0.864 QN is the mean monthly rate In m3/SilC and N is the ntll11ber of
106 The mcntftt rvnott 110ttn1e Into s reseMlir In M m> for a 112 month period from Januaty to
clays in the months. Therefore. the YOI\Jme in months is equallo 0.864 x6 x31 = 16.07 M m>. December are 22.8, 18.3, 11.4, 9.1, 13.9, 91.4, 102.8, 68.4, 41.1, 32.1 and 27.4 respectitlely.
Detennine the stor9ge the stor9ge C<lp8City of /he reseMlir to~ a demand which is equal the
The nm11 volooles'" M m> lhJs ~ 818 ShOw In <:Wm (2) ot lable shJwn below. BVetage flow in /he rMK.
The volume of water evapomted lrom the ~ Is obtained lrom the expteSSion Solution
( Ax 10 6
• 1 ~ x C}>where A IS the watenhed 8188 in Km2, E is the evaporation in nvn and C The average llow in the 1MK is given by
Is the pan c:oelfic:ieollosses 818 !t;en 111 oolurm (4). 22.8 + 18.3+ 13.7 + 11.4 ......... 32.1 + 27.4
12
~ 452·4 = 37.7Mm, permonth.
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12
If a mass curve is conslrueled wflh the given llow and il the CIR!lulative demand lile Is
superimposed on 11. nwill be obset'ied lhal there Is no !rough followi11g the first ridge point Hence
we would adopl the sequent peak algorithm using two cycles of the given dala. The WOif<ing of the
method Is given in lable below.
Determination of storage by the sequent peak algorithm
Rllnoff, v,
Monlh Demand, D. (V..O) L (v 1- 0 1) Remarl<s
Mm' Mm'
Jan 22.8 37.7 ·14.9 ·14.9
Feb 18.3 37.7 ·34.3 ·34.3
Mw 37.7 37.7 ~8.3 ·58.3
~ 11.4 37.7 ·84.6 ·84.6
Excepl ln the month of May, the natural flow Is more than 18.5 Mm' in all the monlhs. Therafor? the
May 9.1 37.7 -28.6 ·113.2
rtparlan release will be equal to 16.07 Mm' In May (whlcllls the nalural flow) and 18.5 Mm''" all
ol11er months. These are shown In column (5). JUn 13.9 37.7 ·23.8 ·137.0
Jul 91.4 37.7 53.7 ·83.3
The runoff of coemdent Is 0.35 In the absonca of the resetVolr only 35% of rainfall on the waler
spread area becomes runoff which is already Included In the monthly runoff of volumes. Bul when Aug 102.8 37.7 65.1 ·18.2
the reservoir is built 100% rainfall on the water spread area became runoff. Thus the additional Sej) 68.4 37.7 30.7 12.5
volume of water added 10 the storage when the reservoir is bufll has to be eslimated as (H).35) x Oct 41.1 37.7 3.4 p,
15.9
Ax P, and laking A in km' and Pin mm, il is equal to 0.004875 P mHiion m>. These volumes due to
rainfall are 9Mll1 in column (6). The mon!Ny demands are shown in column (3). Thus (column (3) •
, Nov 32.1 37.7 ~-8 10.3
column (4) + oo1wm (5) • cokJmn (6)), which is enlered in column (7) indicates the net dema!ld In Dec 27.4 37.7 ·10.3 0.0
 ~tonlh Runoff, V1 Demand. o, (VrO.! 2:: (v D ,) Remal1<s
Monlhs J F M A M J J A s 0 N 0
1- RoWin cumec 110 90 70 50 30 25 65 220 300 190 115 110
Mrn' Mm> monlhs
Jan 22.8 37.7 · -14.9 -14.9 Cumulali'le ftow 110 200 270 320 350 375 440 660 960 1150 1265 ~375
Feb 18.3 37.7 ·19.4 -34.3 In cumec monlh
Mar 13.7 37.7 -24 -58.3 Plot llle mass curve; Months against cumulative inflow Is plotted to get mass curve of inflew.
f i.4 37.7 -26.3 -84.6 Unfforrn demand line or demand curve (UDL) corresponding Ill 85 m'isec is plotted as a line MN.
""'
May
~un
9.1
13.9
37.7
37.7
-28.6
-23.8
-113.2
-137.0 To
The sloj)e of the line MN gives the uniform demand.
Draw two tangenls at A and R (point on oonve~ and concave depressions, respectively), parallel to
the demand line MN. The vertical distance between these two tangents i.e., RC = 185 cumec
Jul 91.4 37.7 53.7 -83.3
month Is llle required reservoir capacity.
Aug 102.8 37.7 65.1 -18.2
Sep 68.4 37.7 30.7 12.5
1400 1- - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - -.
0<:1 41.1 37.7 3.4 15.9 p,
Nov 32.1 37.7 -6.6 10.3
Dec 27A 37.7 -10.3 ' 0.0

The required sturage capacity 11 - T1

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=15.9 - (- 137.0)
= 152.9Mml

Solved Examples 5-4

The average inflows of a n'ver corresponding to a driest year is shown below
Months J F M A M J J A s 0 N D
Inflow 110 go 70 50 30 25 65 220 300 190 115 110
I (m3!sec) ..
Find (Q the mtmmum sto<age capacity of power generaUon at rnl/q,v dtschatge rate 85 m>sec.
{fi) If the reservoir capacity is fixed at 270 cume<: moot~ what unifoll!l rate of withdrawal is
possible? Assume one moolh" 30.4 days. Solve by mass curve and analytical method.
Solution:
0 • s 6
Time in Mon1hs
7
---+
• 10 ll 12

The Jlood hydrograph given in the problem may be written as months against volume an~ Reservoir capacity" RC =185 cume<: month
cumulative lnnow or volume lor plotting the mass.Olirve. The discharge of eve<y month in m3/sec or
cumec is multiplied by 1 month to convert the cumec into volume cumec month. = (185 X30.4 x24 X60 X60) rn'

1 oomec month= 1x30.4 x24x 60 x 00 =.2.626.560 m' = 48,59,13.60 m' =485.9136 x10' m'

For example, disehatge of January 110 m'Jsec (cumec)" 110 cumec mootll "(110 x2626,560)'m' = 485.9136 MH!ioo m'
Again if 85m3/sec is drawn for power production·in 12 months (January to December), then total = 48591.36 X 10' m'
volume drawn =48591.36 ham
= 85 cumes x 12 monltfs =1020 cumec month.
 sx = 516
X =1032 m'isec
1400
The aSSI.Illpbon of X< 90m1/sec is Incorrect so, assume wrthdrawal rate is below 110 m'lsec.
r
z~
1200 Anatyllcal method 10 calrulale the 19Ser¥0ir capacity

• Flow in flow
~ 1000 cumec lllrwil For m«Voir capacity 270, lei
• months t.riform lflilhdtawal rate X<11 0
~
IOOllne
Oeficil in Cumulalive Oeficil In
800
! Moolh
Jan 110
storage
.
deficit
.
I storage
.
Cunutative defiCit
.
1 600
85
~ Feb 90 85 . . (X-901 (X-901
~ Mar 70 85 15 15 (X-701 .J..2X-16QL
400
Aor 50 85 35 50 D<·5Ql. _flX·211l)
200 Mav 30 85 55 105 _(l<_-30) _(4X-24Pl
Jun 25 85 60 165 (X·251 _(SX-265)
Jul 65 85 20 185 (X~SI
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0 _(6X·3301
0 2 3 • 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 IAoo 220 85
Sep 300 85
When reseMlir capacity is fixed at 270 a.wnec monlh. from lowest point R, dtaw a ~ ine RF = Oct 190 85
270 cumec month 1o a scale.
No-1 115 85
Join A. F. and ex11!11d lo point G slope ollhe line AFG is the IJ1itonn rate of withcrawaL (Note, lhe
extended line AFG cut the mass il1low rur;e again so the resetYOit gets lull again at 1t1a1 point of Dec 110 85
intetsedlon). From flgtlre, the point G is intersected at1200, so lhe rumulawe demand of 1200 is Then maximum cumulative deficit is (x • 90) +(x • 70) + (x ·50) + (x • 30) + (x • 25) + (x· 65) wllich
lor 12 months so demand rate is Is equal to the reservoir capacity so,

0=~ = 100 m3 /sec (x· 90) + (x • 70)+ (x · 50)+ (x-30) +(X· 25) +(x· 65) = 276
12
6x=270+330 =600 = x =100 m'isec
Or from analy1ical method, let the uniform withdrawal rate is below 90 In first trial when reserve~
capacity Is 270 rumec month then. So! ved Examples 5·5 :
Let X= actual rate of withdrawal (X< 90), then there will be deficit In March. ~. May, June and Water turbine of powemouse of a hydropower scheme has an output of 7005 kW working uncler a
July month. The deficit be (x • 70). (x ·50), (x . 30), (x • 25) and (x· 65) respectively. head of 24 m with an overall efficiency of 85 per cent The in"ow of the reservoir during a year is
gN8nbe/ow
Then, rumula~ve deficit be (x • 70), (x • 70) + (x • 50), (x • 70) + (x • 50) + (x • 30), (x • 70) + (x • 50)
+ (x ·30) +(x ·25) and(x· 70) +(X · 50)+(x· 30)+ (X· 25) + (x-65). Month J F /.1 A /.1 J J A 0 s N 0
In/low In 38.8 41.2 34.3 30.8 27.4 33.1 45.7 34.2 35.4 377 40 36.6
The maxknum rumutalrve deficit lril be in the month of Jliy which Is equal 1o fhe teSei\'Oir cumec
capacily, so monlh
(X· 70) + (x ·50)+ (X -30) • (X · 25) + (X-65) = 276
Find {I) Reservoir csptdy ro satJsfy the unifonn demand of water.
SX-240 =276
 (iQ The total quanlityof waterwasted during U1e year. Take 1monlh =30.4 days.
Solution:
Using power equation in kW, P = 9.8lQH7J
7005 = 9.81' x Qx24x0.85
Q= 35 mlfsec which is lhe unifprm deman~.
Reservoir capacity is estimated by analytical method as shown in !able

Inflow In Uni!Oim QJmulatlve '

Month Deficit
cu~mon lll demand deficit
'
Jan 38.8 35
Feb 41.2 35
Mar 34.3 35 0.7 0.7
Aor 30.8 35 4.2 "4.9
Mav 27.4 35 7.6 12.5
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Jun 33.1 35 1.9 14.4

Jut 45.7 35
Allll 34.2 35 0.8
Sep 35.4 35
Oct 37.7 35
Nov 40 35
Dec 36.6 35
Here, cumulative defictl 14.4 cumec month is the rese<voir capacity. Deficit 0.8 in ,August not
considered as in July there is surplus of 10.7 cu~ month.'
Therefore, volume o( water required in 12 monlhs = (35.0 x 12 x 30.4 x 24 x 60 x 60) m3
= 1103.1 552 x ~06 ma
1 cumec monlh =1x30.4, x24x 60 x 60 = f ,626,560 m'
Volume to the rese~voir =(4352 x 30.4x·24 x 60 x 60) ma
= 1143.078912 x 11)6 m'
Volume wasted = (1143.078912 -1103.1552) x 10' m'
=39.92371 2 m'
 In the 3rd lnte(VSI
Capacity ratios are 0.3 and .~ = 0.2
Corresponding trap efficiencies are 0.94 and 0.92 respedively.
·.
:. Average trap efficiency = uz:o.s6 - 0.89

:. No. of years reqd. to be ~led=~ = 74.15 years

u.,xo.n
Tota1 probable lila of reseMlir {til filing of 80 per oenl)

Soluti011:
= (69.11 +69.M+ 70.96 • 74.15) years= 284.()6 years

Annual Sedrneot =13.3333xiO'ton= (13.3333 X 10' X9.81) N Solved Examples S.7 :

• ...,__~. •.a•n3.>sn..x•••
Volume or annual """"''"'" uxuu•ooo
=-'-x 106m>=-'-x Mm> Ill a teS8Mli' type hydtopower Plt;ea ollnstaled CIJj?8Cify of 2SC.\YW wiJIJ dam be/ght 181m
16.S 16.S
(effedive dam heigh( = head} end OV8ffll effidency 8~ has 8 tesetvrir wMle ol3500 inilion
20 per cent of reS8Mlir capaaty = 20 x,:, • 4 Mm• cubic melets for l:s rBgiJallon period. Fhf the lime lrke<llor h l8gCI/aljorl period if the regriated
flow dscharge CtltiQnuous/y ~for/1(WI8f gerlfllltion.
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ll1itial capaoly-lntlow ratio= :::::=0.5 Solution:

Cotrespooding trap efficiency given= 96 per cent= 0.96 Regulated llowdlschatge, Q ~ P • 2SOxtOOO - 162.73m 3 / sec
9.81x f/XH 9.81X 0.87XI80
Capacity.lnftow ratio at !he end of lntefval = a~• =0.4 f
6 )
Cooespooding trap efficiency= 0.95 Reservoir Volume = 3500 milioo cubic meter =3500xl 0 m
0 96
nme taken to empty the resorvow whe<1 coottnuoosly used !of power generation =
Ave1age trap efficiency,= · • 0•95 • 0.955 6
2 _ ResetVOir volume = 3SOOxt0 • 2 t 508019.42sec • 248.93d8ys
! Q 162.73
Volume.sediment deposited annually till 20 per cent ls filled • ( ~s X0.9SS) percent Mm'.
1 Therefore, regtJiatlon lime= 365 - 248.92 =116.08 days
4
No. ofyea!S to fill20 pel))ent of capaclty01'4 Mm> = .= 69.11 years
m1 xo.9SS
In tl]e 2"' lntefVBI

Capacity-inflow rallo (initial)= *-o.4 and at the end : * .. 0.3

Corresponding trap efficiencies are 0.95 and 0.94 respectively as per given data.
Aver~ . ·o.•s+o... = 0.945
. 2

No. of years reqd. to be filled = 4

- 1
;is-"094S
 Numerical on Gravity Dam Solved Example 7·2:
Solved Example 7·1 Analyse the stability of concrete gravity as shown in figure. Assume friction factor ~ =0. 75, unit
Design a JI(!ICiical profda ol s gravity dam of conctllle from the following data: weight of COIICtete =24 KNJ,.r and neglaG1 the uplift force.
RL of the ba~ of/he dam !350m ·
RLofHFL= l400m Solution:
Spedlic gr.~ri'y of c:ooc:tele = 2.4
Consider 1m length ol the dem.
Sale~ Sh$S of c:ooc:tele =3000 KNfm1
He/glio/WIMI, h.= lm HorizonlaJ forces:
Solution: (a) Horizontal fofte is trif water Pressure P".
Free Board (FB} • 1.5h. =1.5•1 =1.5 m 2
pH = yHJ ( 9.81x28 ) KN
:. Rl of the top= RL of HFL +Freeboard = 1400+1.5 = 1401.5 m 2 • 2
: . Height of the dam • (1401 .5 - 1350) =51 .5 m H=28
28
) 0()() X to> P" = L: H =3845.52 KN, P11 ads 3
m from
Umftlng height • _J__ = (9.81x 1000) (2.4+ I)' (base)~ ortoe.
r <G + l)
=89.94 > 51.5m Vertical t'orces:
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Hence. ft is low gravity dem. 9 4 A I.-.....!._ _ _ __:, 8

(a)Selfweight= [(' ; }30x i]X24
Depth of water H=(1400 - 1350) m =50 m 1
4m 15m

Top width a= 0.14H =7m = 8280KN. p D

Base widih of elementary profile = i Le. Self weiStJt W =8280 KN adS lh~ CG ol
the dam body.

50 Let X is the distance of CG from ~ then

= ~ =32.3m
v2.4
Curve
_ (30x4)x2+G x30x1S
5) }(4;
a 7 x - ----~~--~--
Upstreamoffset• - = - =0.44m
16 16 •F {30x4) +G x30xt5)
Total base width (32.3 + 0.44) =32.74 "'
32.75m J-1:50 =6.565m
H/3
There Is vef11cal uplift pressure so only the

l
Distance from water surface up to which Too
Ills slope is vertical weighl'of the dam body act as vertical Ioree. !Ql- )11-1 R
A s..:Heei::::::._ __ _~Bj,

= 2a./G =2•7 ../2.4 =21.6 m :c

r: • 0
Dislance from water smace up 10 .micll 0.64
8 •32.3
slope is given ~veam Nowlacb'olsafelyagalnstslidlng= PLV = 0.7Sx8280. 1_615 > 1
L;H 3845.52
= 3.1s.JG=(3.1•7./2.4)m=33.6m
Hence. sate agsklst sliding.
The designed profile Is sholwlln f~gure.
 Solution:
Fador safety agallst OlleMli1g = L PosiiNt moment _ .I Restoring ll10f11e!ll
L Negative moment I <Neltrnilgmoment Consider tm length of !he dam.
Calculation of l1lOITiellts of tile fotces about heel Vertical Forces:
Considering restoong moments as positive (+ve) due to self weight: (a) Sell weigh!=
Moment due to sell weight= (8280<(19-6.565))= 102961.8KN·m (+ve)
13+ 1) - ]
2
[(- 2 - xbx1 • 22
Moment due IOhcrironlalwater pressure= (3845.52>< ;)= 35891 .52 KN-m (-ve)
=2310 KN.
I Restoringmoment I.e. Seff weight W = 2310 KN acts through
Fat~or safety against overturning = L Nagat/Ye moment CG orlhe dam.

= 102961.8 - 2.87> 2
35891.52 A L-~--~------~8

: . Safe from ovenvrning. ~.~~m~-----~~tm~---.

(The vertical oomponent of pressure
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Sum of lhe moment Ioree can be calculated by extending !he

I 1.1 ~ 102961.8-35891.52 = 67070.20KN- m end point upto /he wat11r surface and
~ of water ilside !hat area gives
Lei !he resultant of al forces acts at a distance X Yer1ic:al 0011\)0118111 of pressm fotce.
from toe. Then This torte ads lhrough lhe oenter of
ama of thai area)
X = 67070.20KN-m - S. 10m 1-1=28 6.56 = Volume AA'D per metre • Specific
8280KN . weight of water

1\o a[(~xlxl5xl}
981
Since ~ =!2_=6.33m ReslAtan1 cuts wftllin · t ~000]
3 3
middle lhird so !he dam Is stable (or safe against
crushing). Or middle tlllrd rule: When resetvolr Is full,
v.t.oo the resultant passes wllhill lhe middle lhird
L.f-'r'----r-'.-----"8 KN
•73.575 KN

(e s~) .!he dam Is safe againslthS auslling.

6
1 - - - b =19m ---1 This Pvacls (n-i) = 12.67 metres
torn toe.
b 19 b f 1 ••
FOt lhis e = 9.fHl.1 -1.4m and '6='6 =3. 167m. Hence,e s6 So !he dam Is sae agan..
(c) Uplift l01ee :(as lhemls no water at the downstream side so the uplift fOtce will be triangular with
crushing. THat upstream and 0 at downstream. The area of uplift pressure diagram gives the total uplift Ioree
and h acts lhrough lhe C.G of !he diagram)
Solved Example 7·3 :
A gm11y dam of15m helghl is shown in figure. Considering se/III'Sighl, waterpresstn 8lld /he upli4 U=~x rHxwidthotdam
fotce, test the slabilny of the dam: find principal sttesses at toe 8lld heel. Assume 111111 weight of
concrete= 22 KNfm1 and permissible shear sttess =1400 KNfm1
 Gx Ix15x lx 22)(12 +~) +(1•15• 1•22) (11+ 0.5) + ( ~x II x 15 x I x 22) (I t"*J
~ 19139.9934KN-m (+ve)
Uacts lhrwgh (% x 13) metre from toe "'1940 KN-m (+vel
LVertical forces =L v =(2310 • 73.575- 956.475) KN Momeoldue lllwaterweoghlln AA'D • ( 73.575>< 111J=858.375KN-m (+ve)
L,v = 1427.1KN
(d) Horizontal Ioree Is only watl!f Pressure PH· Moment due to1Jplift fofce = ( 965.475 x 13 x 'i)KN-m = 8289.45 KN-m (·ve)

~rH, (9.81x iOOOxiS

2
)KN 1
Moment due to horizontal water pressure= ( 1103.625 >< : )=5518.125 KN-m (-ve)
PH 2 = 2xl000

PH=
15
LH =1103.625KN,P"acts 3 mfrom(base)~ortoe.
. L,Positive moment
Factor safety agamst o~rtumlng =~ .

t:
~ Negavve moment

11
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Now ladef of safety against sliding= asswning 11 =0.7$ = 19140+858.375 =1.448 < 1.S : . Unsafe.
8289.45+5518.125
~ de'leloped
= 0.75xl427.1 =MS9S< 1
1103.625 lellhe redan! ol 81 forces acts at a distance xfrom !De. Then
Hence, lhele eXistS a possibii ty ol siding. i = L,M => X s (19140+858.375)-(8289.45 +5518.125)

Shear friction factor =

11
L{; Bq
LV r427.J

or i"'• 6190 8
· "' 4.338m
1427. 1
Whefe B is base widltl of the dam = 13m
q is the permissible shear stress= 14 KN!m' The dislanoeof xfrom oentre • .!!-
2
4.338 : 2.162m
0.75x l427.1 + 13x 1400
. . Shear friction factor =
11
OJ.§ZS :. eccentricity o • 2.162 m.
=17.46 > 4, safe. The reservoir is full at upslream race so the maximum normal stress will be oocurTed at toe and
minimum at normal slress heel. So tile oompressive stress ·at toe and heel w1q be
Clllculalioo of moments ollhe toroes about heel
Considering O'I9I1Umllg moments as negative ('w) and resloring moments as positive (..-e) P.= Lv(1•
B
68 )
B
and P•• L,v(,-
B
68 )
B
respectively
.
Due to self weight Now compressive stress at !De Is
Moment=
P. = L,v
B
[l+668 ] => P• -~[1+
13
6 2 62
" .1· ] => P;2J9.317KN 1m2
13 J •
 fiQure and calculation is dooe in table.
Compresslvestressatheel=
~::V [
- - 1-
6e1=--
-
1427.1[ 6x2.162]
1- =0.2364KNim2
8 B 13 13

From figure. tan a= ,' and tan 8 =

5
:!
where IJ is the angle made by the downstream slope

vhth vertical and a Is the angle made by the upstream slope vAth vertical
2
We know 1+ tan2 a = sec a
H1

l +CtsY =sec' a

: · Seca = ..)1.00444 lH1

Similarly, SecO = .JLS377 ' Mornent il bout. toe KN-m

2 forces KN
Principal stress attoe = P.Sec 2 8 = 2 19.317 xl.5377 = 337 .724KN 1m
Descriptions il nd
I
:~} 100.832 KN!m
S.H Item horl:tontal l.ever am
...
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2 dimenSions upw~ rd
1
clockwise anlldockwlse
Shear stress at toe =P. tano =(219.317 x .,. +ve towa rds
(d/sl
.....
Solved Example 7-4 (a) weight of dam
6x5Sx24
-- --- ----
A concrete dam as shown in figure ofgiven profde 6m
1+--i
' I WI
~ 23.00 tB2t~·OL
Is proposed by a deslg~r for implementation. The l2_ 1{2l<20x 40x24 9600 __E.33 1279~.00
unft shear resistance and angle of shearing
W2
--- ----· -

~
resistance Is 500 KN!nJl and 3f!l respectiVely. Unit
W3 I/2JfAQx20lC9.81
!!!! Uplift ~ress ure
3924 li67
- 26173.08

weight of concrete is 24 KN!m'. You are the -----

person to implement it so you want to check the Ul 26x392.4 ·102ll2.40 I_E.OO ·132611.20
stability of dam against floatatioll overturning, and
sliding before implementatioll. Based upon your
fs U2 1/2 X26>c98.1
- - --- ·U7S.3,0 17.33 ....,E!:JI0.9S

'
findings do you implement II? Wllat measure do
you recommend to implement it? "'" - 1 t!:
f 1
PI
P2
(e) Wate! preHure
1/2. 490.SJ<SO
1/2. 392.41<4')
, _ _...P.~
·1848.00
-- ------
16.67
13.33
·204415.88
-
104613.84

l~l
Solution:
Here, •
Sun of forces~•nd moment$
-- _, ____
Unit ShearresistanceT, =500 KNim' (!)to (31 21444 336301.08

Angle of shear resistance. ,P = 35° 8=26m - - o i

•[ (I) to (51
{I) to (7)
9966.30
9966.30 4414.50
·154732.15
-359'148.02
33_!30.!:'!L
440914.92
M
Unit weight of concrete, Yc = 24 KN!rnl - 81766.89 =8 20
9966.30 · m
Considering\ m length of dam for analysis. The pres'sure diaglams and their locatloos are shown in
 .. e 2!- x ~~ -8.2 =4.Mm
2 2
Resultani horizontal force L: H = 6614.39 KN
Specific bond stressq = 147.15 KN/ml
! ~ 26 ; 4.33 Friction factor ( Jl ) =0.65
6 6
Since. e > ~ =Hence the dam is unstable. Resultant moment about the CG of the base of the lollndation L:M =-12176.37 KN-m
Fader of Safety (FOS) =?
tv
Flo!a!ion factor= F e._.
-= 1
21444
=1.87 > 1, Hence stable. - LM 12176.30 O
'-'u 11477.70 x= L;v = 14158.38 = .86m

Ovenumingtactor (F. J= .LAIR = 440914.92 = 1l3<1.50 Henceunslallle. e= x = 0.66 m

0
tu0 359148.03 '

Safety inst sliding (SFF) = Jl~) +8q = tan35x9966.301 + 26x500

p• = L;v(l± 6e)=14158.38( 1±6x0.86)
B B 32 32
aga D 4414.50
6x0.86)
P..,, - 14158.38( 1+"'"32
= 4.52 > 4 , Hence stable. =513.7941<Nhnl (oornpresslcn) and,
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32

Sli<fl>g factor ( F I= Jl t v=tan35x9966-30 14158.38 ( 1- 6x0.86) =371.104KNJml(~ion).

5
tH 4414.50
Pdl•-
32 32
= u;a> 1. Hef1()8 stable. :. FOS= JJtV+qB = 0.65x l4158.38+ 147.15x32
Condusions: This dam cannot be implemented as ft is unstable against tension and overturning. LH 6614.39
To implement ft following measures should be reoornmended:
=2.10 < 4, Hence unstable.
• Rod aochoring (for overturning).
Solved Example 7·6 :
• Use ol high grade of ooncrete (lor tension),
Design the elementary profile ofa gravity dam mllde of stone masonry given a.fottowtng data. RL of
Solved Example 7·5 : base of dam= 198m, RL of HFL of dam = 228m, S!NJc/flc gravity ofmasonry= 2.4, safe oompressive
stress In masonry Is 1200 KN/m', lanp• 0.7 (The setpage coeffiCient is 1).
A blind oorn:rete gmllily dam of 32 m /JBse width has been designed lor creating e resefoio/r wtth
following data. Resuhant vertical force • 14158.38, resu#ant horizontal forte = 6614.39 KN, 'Specific
Solution:
bond stress = 147.15 KN/m', lrlc/ion fllclor = 0.85, negative teSUIIJln/ moment about/lie 9G of the
base of the fDtJildatiofl =12176.37 KN·m. Determine the factor of sefilty of dam against suriaee Height or water (H) = 228 • 198 =30m
thrust and contDtJr (edge) stress at UIS dt.Ning exp/offat/on period.
Spec:iflc gravity (G) = 2.4
Solution: Up!ifl seep~ge coefficient (k) =1
Given, base wld1h (B) = 32 m p = tan p= 0.75
Resultant ve<tical force L;v = 14158.38 sate compressive stress in masonry ( .,., ) =1200 KN!m'
 The base width of elementary triangular profile B. Minimum base widtll needed a~ tension in the We know that the 1101mal stress (maximum/ minimum stresses) P• = ~V ( 1± ~)
dam is given by,

B= ~·
30 Normal stress at toe,
=25.35m
~G -k ./2.4- l
p = L v(l+6e)= 5222.36 ( 1+ 64.23)• 412.26KNhn 2
H 30 •IJ>! B B 25.35 25.35
Considerillg friction coefficient, B = :) k = =30.61 m
p. G- 0.70.J2.4 - I Principal stress at 10&;
Take B = 30.61 m (maxfrnool of two case$). Pmax =P0 _.,.(1+tanl8)e P•Joo s.clti= 412.26XSec14Q.2" =706.67 KN!m>
1200
Agai1 imllilg OOght:
q
I = • 50.997> Hl 0Idam. Shear stress at 108,
y.(G-k+l) 9.8(2.4-1+1}
f', = p..... lanl/= 4f2.26Xfan 40.20": 348.39 KNfm2
TalOng B = 25.35 m.
Facsor of sa"'Y aga11st siding.
8=
5
~an-•(~~ )=40.20. _ P L V _ 0.7x5222.36
- LH - 4414.50
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Wl.oldam(W) = .!GyHB = !x2.4x9.81x30x25.35 =8952.61KN

2 2 • 0.828 < I Hence U11$8lt.
Tr1al2: take B =30.61 m.
Upliflforoe(U)= .!KyHB = !xl x9.81x30x25.35=3730.25KN
2 2 8= ~an-•(~:' )= 4S.s7·
:. Net vertical force, ~ V =W·U =8952.61 -3730.25 • 5222.36 KN

~x2.4x9.8 1x30x30.6J
Hydrostatic pressure fonce. ( P )=~r H 2 • ~x9.81 x307 = 4414.50 KN Weightoldam(W)= 1-Gr HB = =10801.23KN

:. Nethorlzontallorce, 'L,H c P =4414.50KN Upliftlorce(U) = .!..Kr HB = !x l x9.81x30x30.61 =4504.26KN

2 2
Netmomentabouttoe, LM" l:V•3B-
2 "' H
£...H x3 :. Net vertical force, ~ V = W-U = 10801.23 • 4504.26 =6305.97 KN

Net hc)(lzootallorce. ~H •P =4414.50 KN

= 5222.36x~25.35 -4414.50x 30 • 4411 2.66KN·m
3 3 U&ance of the resultant from the toe,

X=·LM
2 30
Distance of the rewltant from the we
'
"£..,"'"v • 441 12.88
5222.36
=8.45 m "'1.4 630S.97x - x30.61- 4414.50x -
X = ~= 3 3 • l3.41m
£.., v 6305.97
E~ntricity e= ~-X=~L8.4S• 4.23m
Eccentriclty, e = ~-X =
30 61
' 2 2 · - 13.41 = t.895m
2 2
 I
(~imum/ minimum stresses) P... ~V (I±~) Wlofdam(W)= '2Gy H8 = I x2.25x l000x 20x l4.9 =335.2tonnes
Normal stress 2
66 6305 97 Upliftforce(\J) = ~KrH8 = ~x0.4Sx l000x20xJ4.9•76tonnes
Normal stress alloe, "'•·""'= LV
8
( 1+ )=
8 30.61
6 1895
· (1 + " • ) = 282.53KNim>
30.61
: . Net ver1ical force, ~)' • W-U =335.2 • 70" 268.2 toones
PlincipaJ slress at toe;
2
P- =P• .,.(I+tan 0)-P• ..,.Sec fJ 2
whet89=1arr 1
( 30.61) =45.576"
3()
Hyaoslatic pressure force, ( I' ) =ir H2 =~xl000x20 2 =200 toones
:. Net horizontal Iaroe, L H • P =200 lOMaS
=282.53Xsect45.57SO = 576.67 KNJm2< 1200 KNJm2 sare.
Shear sti8Ss at toe. Net moment about toe, ). M• ""V x!.
~ "" 3
8-"""H H3x

.0, =P-lanO• 282.53Xtan 45.576" • 288 27 KNJm2

= 268200x!.xl4.9- 200000x 20
Fad!lr of safely agailst sliding. 3 3
= PL; v = o.7x6305.97 =1_428 > 1 =1333000 kQ-1!1 • 1333 toones-m
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Hence safe.
LH 4414.50
Distance of the resultant from the toe. X • ~M • 1333
=4.97m
Solved Example 7-7 :
""v 263.2

Find the minimum safe width lor an ehlmenlal)l trlMgiJI(Ir pro/i/e lor e gra~y dam of 20m height
considering seff weight, hydrostatic pressure end uptin pressure only. Assume the spei:ific gravity of
Eccentricity, e=%-;X= 1 ~9 -4.97 • 2.48m
the dam materilllto be 2. 25 end upli" file/or K ss 0.45. Calculate the pnncipaland shear stresses at
the toe of the dam. Take, the aHowsbls oom(lfeSslve sl!ess for the material of. the loundavon as Normal stress at toe,
50/<f]/cm>. Also calculate the limiting height of the dam that can be reised.
P. _ L V(I+6e)_268.2(t
••100 - B 6~4.48) =3Stonnesm
B -14.9 +14.9 I 2
Solution:
Height ot water (H) =20m
tan a = ~~: = 0.145,Sec 2a a l.SSS
Specific gravity (G) =2.25 "
Uplift seepage coefficient (k) • 0.45 Plinclpal stress at toe;
2
Sale compressive stress in masonry ( o-, ) .so Kg/ern' P,., = P.,.,.(l + tan a) R Pn,rooSec 2 a • 36000xl.SS5 • 56000/(g I m2
The base width of elementary triangular profile B. Minimum base width neoded avoid tension In the $11ear stress at toe,
dam is given by, ·
P, =P0 ,,., tana ~ 36000x0.74S • 26800kg/m 2
B= _ H_ = 20 = 14.9 m
,/G- k J2.25 - 0AS 17
Again,&milingheigllt= • = SOxJo• =178.5m
TalUng B= 14.9 m. r (G- k+ l) 1000(2.2S-0.4S +I)
 Momenubout. toe KN"m
Forces KN
So_lved Example 7-$ :
Oescr1ptlons and
For a gravity dam of drainage gal/91')' 8S shown In l/guf6, calcul81a (a) Maximum vel1ic81 stress at
the heel and toe of the dam (b) Major prlnc/pal stf6ss at the toe of the dam, (c) The intensity of shear
stress on a hotizontal plane near the toe, (d) Check the stabillly of dam.
U• l,.m
dlmet~ s1on•
...
upward
l'lotltont•l
...... lOWirdS
(d/1)
I.e \Itt ltm
dockwlse
·Ill! ...
antlclockwls~

(Take permJssjb/e comprassive stress for dam Is 2500 Kfllml, tan; = 0. 75. and uml weight of
cooctete 23.5KN/ml negled the earthquake afled 1 WI
(o) welahlol dom
IWIQJ.S
---
--
118<4 53.00
- Glnll.OO
6m
r----4
_2_ _ Wl
3 W3
1/2 ><7Sx50><23.S
1/2-.c9~.!.._
-~5
117.71
--
-
3:1.1)
LU
t4£8ti03.U
156.58
(b) Uplift preuure

7 __!!.!_
Ul
JOO.I4'!_ - ·2<06.72
5&.1l6x4l ·:WSl8
- ...!!:!!....
2..00
· l.lS1410M
-61*)6.12

-
l
6 Ul 1/2X24..-a ·SI07.s2 32.00 -- 6 <
7 U4 1/2o483.96d · 1935.84 5:1.1) •10l2311.3S
2 (C) W~tet PIUSUrw
\13 a Pl 1/2 • 7&UOooliO 31392.01) l6.67 -837226.6<
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75m 9 Pl 1/h5&16oo6 -116-Sa l.OO 353.16

l B•56m
.Sum of fotu"s •nd momenu
(I) 10 (3)
ill to (7)
(I) to (9)
560lo.la
4l04U7
43048.17 3JliS.I2
Where w, and Wt are weigt1t or dam body and w, IS ~ht of water supp<lfted on downstream face.
OistaMe or the resultant !rom the toe,
- ~43l03S.lS

-1319259.79
1096491.71
2096ot91.71
209681-4.87

Solution:
Here, r.= 23.50 KN/m'. p ~ tan¢ = 0.75 X" LM = 177585.08 =18.06 m
L:v 43048.87
Consider 1m loogth of dam.
Eccentrici1y, e ~ ~-x ~ 56 - 18.06 •9.94m
2 2
a) Normal stress (Vertlcat stresses) at heel and toe
49.97
p = ~:V(I± 68) = 43048.86 ( ! ± 6x9.94) ,'-[?----......,_;......_-=-...,=-"'7"iToe
.....::0:::::::
.. - 03 •a a s6 56 Heol
PH 1587.43
p ~ _ 43048.87 j 1_ 6x9.94 ) •· 49_97 KN/m2
.,_ 56 "\. 56
 and. p•Joo =43048.87
56
(I+6x9.94). =1587.43 KN/m2.
56
SoluUon:
Height of wa1er (H) = 35 m
b) Major principal Slre$Se$ at tee Base widltl ol dam (B) =26 m
Upift pressure intensity k = 0.5
P_ •.,. = P••Sec20-PTan1 0
Coellicienl ollndion, IJ = 0.75
P~r 11'•9.81 x6•58.9KN/m2

lanO =.! and sec 2 o.. l+ian 2 0=1..2=~

Weight of gravilydam (W) = ~Br.H = 0.5•26><35•2400 • 1092000 1cq
3 9 9
13 4
P.... ,.,. = 1581.6x9 - 58.9Xg=2267KN/m
2 Uplift pressure (U) = f arHxK=0.5•26•35•100•0.5 • 227500kg
The maximum compressive stress (principal stress) is less than the permissible compressive stress Pressure due to upstream water (P) . ~r H ' =0.5•.1000, 352 • 612500 kg
(2500 KN/m') of a dam material or foundation material. Hence OK.
c) Intensity of shear stress on a horizonlal plane near 10e Sum of vertical foroes Lv =w.u=1 o~20oo,227500 =864500 kg
P, ..,. : (P.,.,. - P)TanO
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Momantabouttoe, L;M_ = (W - 9)x3.x..26-Px H

P,- = (1S87.6-58.9)~= 1019.1KN/ m2 -- 3 3

Factor o1 safely against ownumlng, = 864500x~x26-612500x ~ : 7838833.3licq-<n

f{)S = ~• 2096844-87 : 1.59 > 1.50 safe. Let the resultanl of al foo:es ac1s at a dis1ance ; from Joe. Then

FQS
~ 13192$9.79
Factor of safety against slilfong,

=.u~:V • 0.7 • 43048.87 = 1.03 > 1 safe.

Xe ¥; a 9.06m

F 31215.42
The.distancs or fron1 Clllltre = ~ - = 26 _ 9J)6
x x
2 2 . '
Solved Example 7-9 :
:. eccentricity e • 3.93 m.
Water stands on the upstream skill of grevUy dam of triangular section up to the tun .height o/35 m. , B ' 26
The base width of the dam Is 26m. The uplifl pressure lfllenslty K may be assumed to be 0.5. Show Also, 6 =6 = 4.3Jm
/hal
a no tension exists 8llyWhefe 8/ong the base of the dam
b. the dam Is safe against sliding Here, es 8
c. the maximum~ sttess in the bod)' of the dam Is tess t1tsn the elfowable CJIJShing 6
&IIBSS oflhe materla/11 kgficm1, and
d. the dam Is safe again&! avertuming
Sale 8galn$l tension.
o.
Take the coefficient o1 bfalon bel11'1100 base and foundation 8$ 75 and the oo/1 weight of matelial of
thed8m8$2~. Fac!or of safety agaNI sliding FOS ~ Jl LV
, LH
 0.75 ><864500 = 1.05 > 1. So safe against sliding.
= 612500
Maximum allowable crushing stress of material =11 kglcm2

P.~ ~v[t+~]
p ~~[1 + 6x3.93] =li3405.19kgUm2=6.34 kgflcm' <11 kgUom' Ok.
• 26 26
End of Gravity Dam
For overturning,
2 H
M .,!ltf/ltr.II('C =U x- x26+Px-
3 3
35
-_ Z27500x3.x
3 26+ 612500x 3 = 11089166.67 kg'm
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M . = W x 3. x 26 = 1092000x 3. x 26 = 1892800 kg-rn

~-.... 3 3

FOS -
- IL;Mo
MR = 18928000 = 1.7<1.50
11089166.67

Henoe, stable arid safe against olli!rtuming.

 6m
Solved Example 8-1 UIS WL C f 3!1.00m "'~~::::::!_ +,32.00m
An earlh dam of hctnogei100US section having /IOiizontal filter is shown in Hgure, the ooeff~eienl of
permeability of the soli used in the do~ is 5 x 1&" em/sec, establish !he seepage through the dam.
H, t - 7 U/Sm•3 '"' D/Sm=2 150m
Solution
Consioomg sl8l1ing point Sler as toe~. the equation ol parabola is given by
to~ Jxl +y1 - x
w1lele ~ = distance of d~ectrix from the origin al1d (x, y) are 1he COO!dlnates of MY point on the
K . i:~·~
Solution
... , , ....... , ... ~:s-· 1~
parabola. The parabola cuts the reservoir water surfllce at poiDI C such lhat q _ k(H~ - Hf)
AC = 80-20-39 + 11.70 =32.7m 2L
Depth at entry point =13m
k{H~ - (1. 5+ 6 ) 1
1
So here, q .
Xo = ~(32.7f +(13)~ - 32.7 a 2.49m 2 (L0 - 2A}

y = ~2xxo H ol Or i e Hf - (1 .50+A}1 I)
'k 2x(Lo - 2A}
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~ ~4.98X+6.20
Anoel1er equation
11.7m 5m
HFL C r~ m:,s[ 1+ 2J03klg( H2: 6 )]----(i)
Lo • cH1 +2X3+6+ 32x2-LSx2
13m 15m - 0.44 0.44
G• I = I - 0.377
GL I l H-. • • , • • ••• •
1+- - 1 + -
2m.,, 2x3
39m
BOrn
20m ==:j Lo e0.377X30+6+6+ 2X32- 3
=84.3 1m

~~~.47 UIS WI. C

6m

Seepage llow per unit lenglh or the dam

q=Kx0 .,
=5xl0-) x2.49xl00cm) /sec/an ,..--·
'
~ 1.245anJ / sec/em
=l.24Sx JO •c:umesl m~olllledam· -
1
;U t
I
6m
Solved Wmp" 8-2
100 dimension shown in ligure of the earthen dam is made of homogenous materials wiUIOtlf
,,
1 Uti

~ ,.
12131:6
'(

;.
(

;, > ' '

dlain: Taking permeabifzyooe.nt o(lhe.bodY. uraterlal equ81 to 15 x 10• m~. Dete:mme the ' lo l~3Mm ~
specific Oow disdlerge passing through the body of the dam•
• 6 - •' -
 The co--ordinates of any point (x,y) oo a parabola of equation

,j ~... ·I ~Lo-2.1 l
~X 2 +y 2 •
r.J

x0 =
X=

Jx
L.., y= H,
2
+y 2
t+X0 wiRbeforpoint A

-x • J62.925 2
+25 2 -62.925 =4.78m=h1
Equting (I) and (i) and soMng lot .1
q- K(H~ -hl)
24
2
ISXIO... (zs 4 782 ) = 7. 18xi 0-3m3 /sec= 7. 18Jillsec
- ·
2x62.925
Again we 1\ave,
Jx 2 + y 2 • x+ x0
2
x +y
2
= X 2 +2XXo+ l~

Or, y = ~2xxo +X~

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lllhet8 x0 = 4.78m
=8.96%10- 3 m3 1'* • 8.96/ir/ sec From the aboYe equation ciffenlnl poilt can be takM and co -onli1ate of plveatic line can be
Solved Example 8-3 found out and dt8w
X 0 5 10 15 lll 2S 30 35 40 45 !0 56 fjQ- 62Sl
An eatlhen d9m of homogenous maleriB/s, with drafn pipe is give below. Oelermlne the OOOidlnate
ol p/rfe8lic line and specific Wow disdla"l'l passing through the body of dam. y 4:1& &A 10.&a 12.1 \4.8:1 11!.18 17.6 18.9 21).13 31.28 22.38 23.04 2442 2S

6m Solved Example a..

U/S wt. C f 25.00m ,_!:~::::::; f 26~ WMe plotting nownets fore homogenous earlhen dam ol height 22m end freeboard 2.0m, 10

t -
Hi mte3
7 . ~=2 numbers ol polentiBI drops end 4 nvmbef of flow channels are obtained. The dam has a horizontal
nner of 30m length at the downstream end end coeffiCient of penneabllay of dam material is SxiO"
em/sec. Drawing the secJ/on of dam body showt09 the above conditions, colculole the discharge

K,,~~-~~,,, , , ,...hr~...~.
per meter length of the dam.
Number of potential drop • 10
Number of flow channels •4
!- tOm -I The dischaf1]fl pef m runs of the dam, 0 = K H !!J..
N•
E= O.~ m O.~ = 0.377
Where
1+- - 1+--
2m., 2x3 K =5><l0... cm/sec
cH1 =0.371x2S 9.42Sm H = 22- 2 u 20m
~ =9.42S+I.SX3 + 6 + 26.Sx2- 10=62.925m N1 =4, N• = 10

:. q =5><10~x20X ~ • 4x1 0~m3 1mofdam

1 ' .
 SOlved Example 8-6
Solved Example ~
LDcate the p/'leflltic line in the earth dam shown in figure and also draw the llow nel and del&mline A eal1hen dam made of homogeneous material has the following data: Coefflcleat of permeability
the dischatoo. Takek =4•100 mls. •dam material = 2" IO'"" anl sec , leYelottop of dam= 200m, 11M/ of daepesl t1verbed =178
•67 .!lm----- ~HR. of reSM'Oir =197.5 m, Widlh of top of dam =4.5m, upstream slope = 3:1, dawnsiJeam

20..25m~
ae =2. Detemrine the plrealic 1ne ofttis dam seam & 6scharge I)BS$ing tlwuglllhe dam.
Solution:
OIRElRIX
NI.J
l'l• 7m .~15
.. L
e RL: 197.5
•••
•
• 3:1
l----bb 64.775n. - - -.&..- ' !Qim---1 H= 19.5:
•
•
'-- - - -- -- - -l 42!m-- - - - - - - - - - 1 •
••• t.: 178
Solu!lon. We haw lhe equation:
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Xo =.Jb2 +h2 - b b' • 56

In !Ns case, b= 73.5
b= 142.0.1l.J0=64.75m
ToCa1 height of dam • 200-178 = 22m
x0 ~ J64.1S 2 +27 2 - 64.7S~5.41m
Horizontellengttt of upsUeam sloped portion = 66m
The eootdlnetes of various poi11s on llle plleta5c line are deWnined by
EB =l =3x 19.5 • 56.5m
7 "~2u0 +X/ = "LJ0.80x+ 29.16 Horizontal distance from point B to F =b' =22 x2+4.5+2.5x3 = 56m
Thus, Distance AB • 0.3x BE= 0.3l = 0.3x (3x 19.5) =0.3 XS8.5m = 17.5m
5 10 20 30 40 so eo 64.75 Horlzootaldistance kom Ato F • b' +0.3l = 56+17.5= 73.5m .
r 9.12 11.11 15.66 18.79 21.47 23.116 :ae.02 21.00 Taking the focus F at the downstream toe as !he origin, The equalloo of the base parabola Is gJVen
The above points are plotted and a smooth cum is drawn to obte!n the base parabola. The entry by Jx>+ y> ~ x • Xo Where Xo =distance of the poinl (x,y) from the directrix called local
CliTection is made as shown and the ftow net is completed.
dls13nce
llJmber of tlow cllannels (N 1) = 3 SeleCt point A In sllCh lllat Ail'• 0.3EB ,(0.3L) = 0.3 x58.5 = l?.Sm
lilmber ol equipotential drops (N.) =15
Now kom above equation. when X= b, Y= H

f:llnequabl. q·kh(Z:] Jb2 +H2 ,. b+ )(0

'!= (4•100) • 27• (3115) = 2.16x1~cumecslm :. J73.s1 ~19.5 2 • 73.S+Xo

M!mative melhod, q = K Xo = 4• 10'• 5.40 = 2.16•1 ~cumecs/ m :. X0 a 2.S4m
:. The verlex C of the base parabola shall be situated at a distance equal to S/2 (1.27m) kom
focus.
 Here, X. be lhe avnge thickness ol impet'vlous core placed Inside ll1e dam body =3m
X yl • 2XXo+Xol y;~X01 +2XX0 So converting the thickness o1 impeNious core to the equivalent with of same pervious dam ·
0 645 2,5.1 material.
K•

,_
57.25 71i8
10 X011 =X, j(
20 108.05 10.39 t

30 12.61 X =3x 4xlo-4 I200m

.. 4rl0_,
40
. L• 90
n :H •I
50
60 A
70 362.06 19.02
73.5 382 19.5 '' 3:1
30m '
a<30 ''' Ko
'
b' ~56, H a 19.5 and a • 26.s6· 1' ''' F
99 : I X..r1200 !4 I 62:5·~ •
b' .
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8=--- '
• • • •J •
oosa Now draw the transfooned dam section with homogeneous dam material of permeabllty K. ~ •
Now llis parabola his 10 be c:orred8d al entry lWld exit as expanded. AI entry the p1veatic line is analysis should be done as per the enalysis of 1l1e preYioos section.
started from fhl point Bil such was #lilt l beccmes r911ar9e to upslream lac:e. AI exit knaoW1g
a, lhe point Kis plolled & plnatic line BlK is c:ompeted. a = tan- 1 - 1- = 21.8•
2.S
Hence. lhe seepage cilcharve t11ro191 clam can be Olll1pUied by HB=L=90rn
q=K.Xo
A8 =0.3L = 0.3x90 =27m
~sxl01 x2.S4 m3 /m/s Honzontal distance betmlen A10 F =82.5+1200+99- (9G-27) =131 8.50m
~ l2.7x!0-6 m3 /1/ m Taking tile focus Fat the ~s~eam .'~ ~s.lli~'Of\gil\, The equaU9n oflhp biise ~r~ [s.giv~.
Sol~ Eample e.7 by ~X2 + yz • X+ Xo WMre x., = distance or the point ()c,y) from the directrix calle~ fo~l.
··~.~
Determine the seepf196 dlschllrge for the 88/then dam having 33m height with 3m width distance
linp6Mous central core"" shown In figure. Take top width of the dam Is 7 mand freeboard 3m. AI polnl A, when X • 1318.50, Y=H = 30
The ccefflclenl ofpeTTTI$Ibllily of dam msterl8/ls 4xt(}' mfsec and that of lmpeiVIous core is 4xt(}'
rr¥.!ee. lhe ups/rNm and downslr8am sJooe Is 3:1 an 2.5:1 resoectiV9/y. :. ~1318.S 2 t30 2 • I318.5+X 0
Solution :. X0 : 0.34m
Hence seepage disc:harge from the body of 1l1e jlam is
q ~ K.Xo

=4xl0-6 xO.J4m 1 lml s

= I.J7xl0-6m3 /slm
 Design of trashrack In Intake
Numerical on Headw ork Trasllrack opening (a)= 100mm
Solved Example 9-1 : ThicJ<ness of bal (1) • 20mm
Design side lnta~e w111 COGtSO trash tiKi< ror a projed in 'l>fllch lf'M bed leYel is 3315.0m amsl,
M1k crest kNal (1101118.,., '-1) is fiXed to 3317.5 mamsl. From lrydologiCBI ~and In for Shape facl:w (k) =2 42 (lor rectangular bat)
(lfOIIOS8d lleadwotts design condition (f!JT given IKIIfefsluiGe bed level and oprilg, weir lenglh Angle otlrdilation wf1h Horizontal (o) =1o•
and helg!d). tile lleighest flood level in ,~ rellm period is 332083111 emsllltld flood level In
20 yeatS /Ilium period is 3319.55m ams/. The canal water level is fiXed IS 33f7.3m ems/. The Her&, depth cl Intake is 1m so SlJbmerged deplll ot the trash rack IS 1m and there IS two intake
turbln& dischatge of a project is 1.45 m'tsec. Assume other SUitable data lot design. opening ot tm depth and width ol pier between two intake Is O.Sm end 0.3m on edge is taken so
Solution !otal SIJbmerged width of the trasllrack Is (0.3+1.0+0.5+1.0+0.3 = 3.1m). The Intake Is lncined to
70• v.ith horizontal so,
Turbine discharge = 0, =1.45 m'lsec
Intake diScharge: a, : 1.2 X a,= 1.2 X 1.45 m3/SeC =1.74 m3/SeC Gross submerged area or trashrack Is J. txl =3.29m2
'Sin70'
R,iver bed level " 3315.0m amsl
But the trasll rake Is provided with opening 100mm and thlchness or ~r 20 so percentage opening
Weir crest level (h,) =3317.5 m amsl 100
Is • 83.33%
Canal water level (h..) =3317.3m amsl 100+20
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Place intake sil (lop) level 30cm below lhe nocmal water level, and assume veloclty of water at So effective opening arna of trashrack IS 83.33% of 329m' =2.74m'
intake Is 0.9mlsec lhen. Hence approadl velocity
Q 1.74 2 0 1.74
Cross sectional area 11!qUired = A = - ~- = 1.93m
v 0.9 v.o • - • -
A., 2.74 =0.635 mlsec
1\ssumedepdl cllntlke as 1.0m, lhen length of intake IS 1.93m'l1m = 1.93111 Now, lhe loss through the trasllrack is calculated umg the foorula
Hence adopt 1m wldlh by 1m depth 2 numbef of Intake openings.
Now che(k doscharge carrying capacity of Intake in given NWL c:oodltion and flood condition, by
h, j !.)
'\a
413
~slna
2g
using tile formula
Q ~ AC J2g(h, - h0 ) h, • 2.42(
20
100
)•/3 °·2x9.81
635 2
sin70 •
Here, the intake Is assumed roughly finished concreteintake so take C =0.6
= 0.00546m
A•(1+1)x1 m'=2m' = 5.46mm •
hr· ho. =3317.5 • 3317.3m =0.2m Hence tile velocity lhrough the Intake is within tile limH or 0.6 to 1.5 mlsec henoe ole aoo lhe
Q= 2x0 6-t2x9.81x0.2 =2.37rn'/sec leadloss through the trasll rack in normal water level period hence adopted. The trash rack width is
Whidlts great• than the des91 cl intake heooe <*- 3.1m and depth c12m (1m sUbmetged depth and 30cm below the Intake boCtom level to maJdmum
uplo the HFL) lnc:tined al 10• with horizontal is JXoposed.
Intake IIM!IIIeWI = 3317.5- 0.3- 1.0 =33162 m amsl ('oml:h is 1.2m aboYe the rM!f bed lewl)
The trash rack gat clogged 111quenlly so alklwance IO< dogg1ng should be pr!Mded, i.e the
designed area shotAd be greater than the required area.
 Solved Example g.2 CALCULATION
Design a bottom I drop rock (Tyro/yen type) Intake for lkls/gn discharge 0.87m'lsec lot a small
I
hydropower project. The crest level of the weir Is 1767.70. 0/her data are mentioned within the
cslculalion part.
Initial water depth at u/s of Intake
ho{2LJ'
C.,L 0.17 m
Solution
Area of now u/s of tnlake A= I.Jc h, 1.01 m>
Intake is located al lhe bottom ot the river and draw water al the righl bank ollhe river wl1ll
trashrack, stoplog and gates. Velocity of water at u/s of Intake VA/A 0.86 mls
BcaDm Intake channel of ~et~gth em
and wldll11m shaR be coosWded. The cresllevel ollhe trash vz
rack ollntaka shal be below 30cm ollhe crest level ollhe weir I.e 1767.70 and floating load that hv= ..L
Velocity head at intake 2g 0.04 m
may remain allhe trash rack. The design dischatge for lntaka Is 0.87m'lsec.
vz
One i1taka gale shal be installed a11he Slaftlng pcjnt of intlke canaiiD oonb'ollhe ftow dumg ~
llood c:onditiou. The size at an intake ~ Is 1.0m • 0.90m wi1h Invert level at 1766.43 m.
hE•h0 +hv=h0 +1g 0.21 m
Tolal head indudi"Q velocity head
Design cfiSCilalge a. 0.87 ~ 2
Clear~ ol traslvaclt bar A IS mm Generaly 61o 15 mm Design head
h•-1;;
3 0.13
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Tllc:kJie$$ ol trashraclt bar T 20 mm 50 mm wide ftat MS bar Centre lo centre diS!anc:e between bars d = B+I 35 mm
Ang.e of ioclinalion with horizonlal 8 8 degree s
a -2~
c • 06-Cos
Intake length l 6.00 m Correction factor for submergenoe . d
0.27
Weir c:oeffident c. 2.1 For round ovedall
2
Contractioo c:oefficieol M 0.63 For square bar QA =3CJJbLJ29h
Discharge through Intake 1.08 m3fs
Width of intake chamber opening 8 1.00 m Additional discharge Or{OrO.)IQ, 23.8%
Function of trashrack opening X 0.927 Foc~=8' . (by changing L)
Must be >20%to 111c:0rporate chocking
Intake c:anal deplh D1 0.27 m Trial
Intake chamber stope s. 1/250
Manning's ooeff!Cienl N 0.015
 Numericals on settling basin
S.No v, (mm'sec:) Re c. v,
Solved Example 10-1
1 32.53 7.23 4.78 30.06
Design Ana/yt/cal method for 0.2mm di&meter of parlicle, T=25'C, 5=2.65. Calwlate !h9 settling 2 30.06 6.68 5.09 29.11
velocity (fal velodlyJ (Vi. 3 29.11 6.47 5.23 2873
Note; The dynamic viscc6ity or ~viscxlsily {p)ofwater ai20'C 0.01 PQse = 1 Centipoise
= •
5
28.73
28.57
6.38
6.35
5.29
5.31
28.57
28.51
[1 ~ = 1gm/ (seo-cm) =0.1 kW(seo<n) = 0.1 Nsecfm') 28.51
6 6~ 5.32 28.A8
7 2848 6.33 5.32 28A7
Kinematic vfscosily is (11 - P) whose uni1ls rn?-/sec
p 8 28.47 6.33 5.33 28-47
V1 = 28.47mmlsec
Hence forwaler et 20'C, 11 • 11 .. O.Olkg /(see- m) • lxl0-6m 2 /sec • lmml/sec
P IOOOkg l m' But this theoretical analysis Is for lruly spherical particles. Therefore, for actual shape sediment
laking 65% of theoretical velocity= 2a.47x 0.65 = 18.5mmlsec = 1.85cmlsec.
~ -41 8(S- I)Ol 31+70 Solved Example 10·2
I 100
Determine 8 length of 8 settling tank for design discharge 5 m'Jsec, to settle O.Smm diameter of
Where, t Is in centigrade
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particle, water temperature T=25'C, 5=2. 65, take depth of settling basin liS 3.2m.
v1 =418(2.6S - IX0.2)1 lx~~ 70 40mm/sec v, = 4t8(S - I)D2 31 +70
100
V1d 40x0.2 _ 8.S I 'lhete, I is in c:en6grade
Reoolfsnurnbef(Re)•-;;- • 0.9xO.OixiOxiO
{The Ylsrosity of liquid decreases wllh lhe increase of temperalun!) '11 = 418(2.6S - I)(O.S)1 3x2S+70 -2SO.OltMJ / sec
100
Renold's nurnbef lies between 1 to 1000, which indicates !he now is lranslstlon, so
Reoolfsnumber(Re)• v, 0 -
250.0lxO.S - 138.90
v1 = i.l...(S - 1)0 0.9x0.0 lxiOxlO
11
3 Co Renold's number lies between 1 to 1000, which indicates the t1ow Is translsUon, so
24 3
Where, C0 s-t~t 0.34
Re v Re
v, . i..£..cs - 1)o
3 C0

So C0 =~+~+ 0.34 = 4.078 24

Where, C0 •-+-;:=• 0.34
3
8.8 '1/8.8 Re .JRe
9 1
~ = i ·8 (2.65 - 1) 0·2 =0.0325misec=32.53mm/sec
24
So Co = - + J
3
z+0.34=0.77
I 3 4.078 tOOO 138.90 138.90
Which is less !han lhe in1btallaJcen vakle of 40mmlsec so repeat lhe prooediJre as 4 9.81 0.5
v1 = J- - (2.65 - 1) - = 118.S8mm / sec
(Re) = V,d . C0 - ~ +~+ 0.34 and V1 = i.l...(S - 1)0 3 0.77 1000
11 Re vKe 3 Co Wlich is less 1han lhe i1iliaJ 1a1cen value of250.01mmlsec so repeal !he Jl'liC8dln as
The delated calculation is shown in lable v,o 24 3 g
(Re)= - , C0 =-+-;:=+ 0.34 and V1 = --(S - 1)0
J4
11 Re vRe J C0
The detailed calculation Is shown '" table
 2
L- 1.51 0.3 11 (Ji2 - 0.2)
2
' S.No Vr(mmtsec) Re Co v, 2
1 11858 65.88 1.07 100.24 7.5 t x(0.06133)
2 100.24 5669 1.17 95.92 l = 19.44 m
3 9592 53.29 1.20 94.n Adopllenglh of basin =20m
4 94.n 52.65 121 94.47 Solved Example 1G-3
5 94.47 52..a 121 9438 Design a ~ basin lo remcwe padide size greater than 0.3nvn 6ame/ef c:atryi1g mainly saai
6 94.38 52.43 121 9438 hamg design~~ 6 CIN!IGCS.
7 94.36 52.42 121 94.35
Solution
8 94.35 52.42 1.21 94.35
d = diameter of particle to be removed = 0.3mm
Q = lhe design flow rate = 6m'/sec
But this theoretical analysis Is lor lru!y spherical particles. Therefore, for actual shape sediment Where, the horizoolal velocity of water in settling basin (V) is calculated from limiting critical
taking 65% of th900ltlcal velocity= 94.35x 0.65 =61.33mm/se<: = 6.133cm/sec.
velocity approach, Vc s 0.44./d, where dis diameter of particle In mm and Vc In mlsec.
The liniiting now velocity (V) In the basin by V, = a.J d, Wllere. d = size of particle to be removed in
mm. For partlc1e of size O.Smm diameter, fimitillg velocity Vc • 0.44./d a 0.44.Jo.5 = So , Vc • 0.44.J03 =0.24m/se<:
0.3111m/se<: = 31.11cm/sec. So adopting lhe horizontal compone11t of velocity 031.11cm/sec in lhe Helloe, taking hortzontal compone111 of velocity as 0.24m/sec, the lenglh of lhe basin can be
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seWing basin, required depth Is computed by using lhe following lo<mula.

rome required to settlelhe par1icle t ~ !!_ = ~ =53 se<:

H L
-=- The lenglh ol setlf1119 basin, L • H V
v, 0.0633 (}) v 0)

3 1 53 Where, 111 = fal velocity. which can be computed tern Iallie klr walet temperam1s•c and
Lenglh ollhe lank L • I X Vc • 1.1 X l6.48m particle size 0.3mm. lhe fal velocity is 52.3&nmlsec. and Assume depih ol basin D =3m
100
By assumilg tllrbu!ent flow, Now lenglhofbasln L ,.!!!..,. 3.0xO.Z4 -13.75m
The 1a1 vtlocity of lhe perticle Is reduced by tile n.tolence ef!OO lhis resulls In larger basin lenglh (}) 0.05236
to settle lhe targeted particle In a desired limit. Widlh of setUing basil (B) is calcUlated from.lhe computed horizontal component of velocity and
given discharge
The faQvelocity IVJ • Ill - Ill'
Q=VxA
. IVJ = c~-a v
6: 0.24xBxH
0.1 32 0. 132 0 073 Here, H =3.0 (assumed), so solving the above equation, B = 8.33m
Where, a •7if • ./3.20 = .
Hence provide settllllg basin of lenglh 13.75m and width 8.33m and depth 3.0m. The ca~ity of
Relaldlng velocity% 1»'• aV = 0.073x31.1tcmlsec = 2.27cm/se<: lhe settling basin Is l X 8 XH = 13.75 X 8.33 X3.0 = 343.61 m3
So flllal fall vmcily = OJ- ol- 6.133- 2.27cml se<: =3.863cm/se<: Hwe con!ldtr !bt turbyltnet e!fed
32 Considering tutbulence ~eel, lhe fall velocity is reduced and lhe length of setting basin is
Tome required to settle lhe particle coosidelilg turbUent e"ect. 15 !!_ ,. · .. 83 sec
v, 0.03863
~IOL • ~
ti) - (iJ'
lengthollhe tank L• I xVc ~ 1.1 x8J :25.82m
3
1
100
length ollhe basin by M.A Ve!blov's method
L A_l y 2 (./H - O.l)l
7.StOJ2
 3 Considering turbulence effect
H2V
L _, - ..p.__.;.-:-:- Considerillg turbulence effect. the fall velocity is reduced and the length of settling basin is
w../H-O.l32V changed to L = - -
HV
l m-ol
L- 3.02x0.24 = ~ • 21.38m L
HV
0.052 M - 0.132 X 0.24 0.058 0.132V
w- - -
Hence pro~ seltiing basin of length 21 .4m and width 8.4m and deptll3.0m size consiCering the .JH
l
SolVed Example 10-4 H2V
L - -.,;.:...-'---
Compute the dimension of penodlc type SGfflll1g basin for s hydropower plant ~ and w.JH - 0. 132V
itithoiA ~the turbulence elfel;t using lhe simple aeltbng u-y rih lhe data gwn llebw.
.!
Tate sell.fng ve1oaty ollhe padjcle = 6cm'5ee, ~ dfsch8tge = ~~ particle diameter lobe L 2.4 1 x0. 196 • 0.728 = IO.S6m
n;moyed = 0.2mm, depth d basin= 2.4m. 0.06J2.4 - O.J32x0.196 0.067
Solution Hence JXOvide selling baSI1 of length 11m and wicftll 11m and deptll 2.4m size consldemg the
turllulenoe effect In !his case also. the width • equalleng1h so rooltiple chambels sel1ling basin
m= full wlcx:ily of lafgel se<iment partide =0.06m/sec shal be oonslructed to maintain the U8 ratio for effecting sellling of particles.
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0 =the design flow rate =Sm'lsec SolVed Example 10.5

Wrthout considoring turt>ulenc. e!f!<;t Design a seltJing basin using following datil: Disdi8Jpe (0} =10m'/s6c, padicie size to settle =
From simple selUing theoly. the time required 10 fall lha palticle upto depth H is equal to the time 0.2mm, partkie fall l'elocity (w) = 0.02m/sec (from chBrt), horizontal velocily of the trow (v) =
required to move the settlmg basin lenglh L, ~ • ~ 0.15mlsec.
Use two basin lor Hushing purpose I.e. whi7e OM Is hushing tht olher basin can rvn. use factor of
The length of seming basin, L= !!J.. safety for basin area= 1.5, use length to breadth rotio =4 to 10, Check the efflciency of the basin
lor 90% to settle the p91tlcte.
'"
Where, 1he horizontal velocity or water In setUing basin (V) Is calculated from limifing critical
Assume sediment concentration os SOOOppm or Skg/m', lime lor seltlingldetenti<m of s~rliment =
velocity app~oach, v0 • 0.44.Jd. where dIs diameter of particle In mm and Vc In mtsec.
6/lrs, assume 10% additional discharge lor ltushlng and performance coefflcient of Hazen= 0.17
So . v0 = 0.44.JQ.2 =0.196mlsec
Fonnulae for the sleslgn of settling basin
Take horizontal component of velocity Is 0.196mlsec.
KQ
• L HV 2.4 x0.196 7 6
Now leng1h ofbasm General equation of plan area (A,= L xB): A, • -
~~- 0.0 • . m ll'r
6
Wldlh of settlillg basin (B) is calcul<ited from the computed horizontal component of velocity and where, K is the factor of safety
given d'ISch&ge ll'r is the particle faK velocity
O=VXA 2.. WKfthof1hebasin: a)U8=4to 10 b) 8 • 4.7~
5=0.19xBxH Length or the basln by M.A Velikano'l's method
Here, H = 2.4 (given), so solving the above equation, B = 10.96m
L ,t2 y z (.Jii -0.2)2
Hence provide settling basin of length 8m end width 11m and deptll2.4m slze without C001$ldering
the turbulence effect. In such case the wicftllls greater lhan lenglh so multiple chambers setUing 7.51~2
basin shall be consb\Jc!ed 1o maintain the UB ralio for ef!edlng settting of par1icles.
Hence capacity of the setting basin is l X 8 XH =8 X11 X 2.4 =211.3rn'
 Q l 1 V(H 05 - 0.2)2 b. From Vetter's Equation
3. Depth of settling basln: Lx 8 • .Sial H
1
-~
a. By cootinuity equation, 0 =A • V 1- q = e 0
where, 11 1s the elf'ICiency olthe basin, wis lhe fall velocity and Q is the deslgn discharge.
v, =a-/ d, d = size cl.partlde to be
b. Calc:Wte the titibng 11ow veloc:lty Min the~ by,
remowd il mm. So ~ the horizoofal oomponent d 'l9loc:lly vmlsec ltllhe selll'll19
jQLUT!O N
Q
basin. requir8d de¢\ Is H ; VB
!) Calcul<>te the geometry of the oettling basin
4. !lepCh of sediment
Sediment Load =Q X T X C 8) fwplan aruofset/1/Qq basin
where, QIs the discharge Using lhe general equation as given below
T is lhe detention time
Plan area of the basin (As) • 1.5 x0/ w
C is the sediment concentration
where, 0 is tho design discharge of one basin = (10x1 .1Y2 =5.5m'lsec
Then, Volume ol Sedimentation =Sediment Loadi(Oensity'~)
wis the fall velocity of the particle =0.02m/sec
v.t.ere, ~ is 111e packing factor of sediment in submergence (taken as 0.5) A,= 1.5 X 5.5/0.02 =412.5m2
So, uslng basin plan area and vdume of sedimentation, height of sediment is computed.
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Use lhe UB ratio Is 8

5. Check for efficiency:
where, L is lhe length of the basin and B is the b<eadth of the basln
a From Hazsn's equation, 11 = 1-(1+m Vo) ,.
OJ -r. From the above C8bllation l x B = 412.5m'
B:l/8

11 = 1- (l + m' As · "'1
,-v
/•I
lxl/8=375
0 or, l'= 375 x 8 =3300
So, lenglh of the basin (L) =57.44m
where, V0 • ~ • mIs lhe performaoce coefficient (0.17 for very good) Hence, for 111e breadll1 olthe basin, B = 57.4418
• So, Breadth of the basin, (B)= 7.18m
Where. A, Is the plan area, ro is the particle faDvelocity and Q is lhe discharge.
Check the Basin width by the following equation
a. From Camp's graph B = 4.7501~
Hydraulic Radius (R) • Cross sectional area I Wetted Perimeter B• 4.75 X (5.5)1n =11.139m
Shear velocity Adopt smaller dimension lor easemootof the nushing purpose. So. basin wklll1 (B)= 7.18m
v• __ 4;.;;.2...,•,.,. c) For the depth of still/no basin.
lOOR,V. I) Calculate the limiting Dow velocity Min the~ by Vc =a >I d. where, d • size
where, vis the horizontalllow velocity. R is the hydraulic radius of particle lo be removed in mm. For particle cl sits 0.2mm diameter, tititing
Calc:Wte the ratio or particle 1a1 velocity and s11ear velocity (wlv')
velocity Vc = 0.44-/d = 0.44../0iO = 0.196mlsec. Adoptiog the horirontal
Calcu1a18 "' A, value and using lhese IWO values ilthe QlliPh, inlerpolate the eflicieocy. C01Tlp01180~ ol 'l9loc:lly 0.196m'sec, requied deplh of setlilg basin is
0
H • .fLs S.S ~3.90m
V.B 0.196x7.1 8
 ii) IM from the Continuity Equation Ratio (w/V")• 0.0210.00556 = 3.59
Q=AxV
From the Camp's chart lor the sedimer~latloo of IUrbUient flow,
A=ON
EfficiencY (~) = 100'4
Hence, AdopllheHelghloflhe . _ H=Q/(VxB) = ~.51(0.15x7.18)=5.11m
basil (H) - 5.11m (Talce the maxrnum of bo4h) c) From Venet's !(!!!81ion
c) 9lmp!te tl!u!ld!n!OOI del)lh!! the basil ~
l-1)=8 0
Sed'IIMOI concenlr8Uon • 5l<g/m'
vdlere, 'l is the effiCiency otlhe basil
Density of seewnent • 2600kgim>
Detention ~me lor sediment= 6lvs (Given) wis the fall velocity
Q Is the design diSCharge
So, Sediment load • 0 X T XC
= 5.5x6 x60 xSO x 5 So Eff' • ... ~ - om.m
• 594000 k.g . laency ('l)" 7] • 1- e 0 o l - e 5.5 =0.7768=77.68%

'"9 ~ calculallons of lh& elliclency or the

Packing factor of sediment in submergence =0.5 Henoe. from the above 3 equations regard' lh .
sedimentalion, lhe calculaled plan area
Volume ol sediment = 540000/2600/0.5 = 456.92m'
Then, we have, basin plan area = 412.5m
2
using Camp's equallon. So lhe plan area:::
::~s ~ :~~nX ~~: efficiency lor the
• m•412.W case
So, height of sediment. h.= 456.92/412.5 =1.1m I ~~
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7.2m
Sinoe, the above caJc:Uiaboo is ooosidered lor lhe case of rectangular baSe. we can recalculate ,-
the area for the baSe wlttllhe follooMng shape From -. l
5.011 To l>oadr""
From c:alculallon. the angle of indinalion ollhe slope = ~ when the area resembleS wlttl I ~
~
~
l
fedangU1ar base
2) Check the efficiency Zl»'o
r-...
a) From Hazen's &l!!!!ljoQ
Effir.l<lncy 11 • HI +mAs a>l(-Y.,)
Q
where, mIs the performance coefficient = 0.17 (for very good)

I) ~ 1- (1 t 0.17X412.5XO.Ol){-Yo.nl
5.5
Efficiency(~)= 73.71%
b) From camp's eq!!!!lioa
Cross sedlonal area (A.)= (B x H) = 7.18x 5.11 = 36.689m'
Well9d penmeter(P) = (2 x5.11 +7.18) = 17.4m
(Assume H as lrit the dear water he9\ll
HydraAic nldius (R) =A.JP =36.689/17.4 =21m
Hence. shear velocity (v') =v' - 4 '2 v - .2xO.IS ~ 0.00556
4
\OOR~ 100x2.1~
 Solved Example 10.6
Find out t1Nl di~slon of ~nung basin for a high head project in Himelayan river which utffil& a Checking length of the basin using M. A Velikanov's Method
discharge of 60m11Sfe and gro-ss haad of 300m. The s&diment pertf<;les lllrger than 0.15mm
( ()) • !.Scm I sec) hed to be lt9p in the basin. Ccnsider effed of tvrbulence as weM as. Draw pian
I- ,tlvl(JH -o4 (m)
1
7.S lcv
ad Stldion of the basin 5howfng ma;or C001p00e111s.
" - CIOilec:ib! ooellki6w!t - 1.5
The projecl is ~ haad (300m) so !he paltic:fe 0.151ml panicle is latgeted to setue 111 ~ H=9m
basin.
1 l.s xo. ls (J9-o.2f o.3969
1 1
FJISI C8k:ula18 !he selling surface area.
Calculala surface area ~ 7.51 x0.01S 1 (m) • 0.0016897 = 234·88m
KO length of basin considering turlxllence effect
A1 s -
li!j
Consideling lllrbulence elf9d, L =...!!}!__
A, = the required surface area of a settling basill, w- al
w, = targ&l sediment particle size with a fall velocity, (read value lrom table) L~ HV
O. I32 V
Q = the design flow rate and OJ-J'fr"
K =ooefticienllo acoounl for turbulence (vallle of K is taken 1.2 to 1.5)
)
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Since !he Oow is gfllater, propose two chambers in a settling basin. So the flow In one cl13tnber is
3()m"sec L Hl V
Here, !he tatget pat1lcle is 0.15mm an lall vetocity is t;j.en so - OJJH-0.132 V
3
A e KQ • I.Sx30
L: 9 1 x0.17 4.59
0.015 =3000m>
o.olsJ9 - 0. I32xO.I7 0.02256 - 203 .4Sm
' OJ,

catculate l and 8 usirQ !he relation lJB =8 Chec* !he e1ficiency of !he pettic:le setued.
A, = LB c 8BB • 3000
Chec* !he e1'liciency olllle particle settled using Hazen'8 Cam • and
SoB = 19.36m do..sired pei'Centage of !he rtlcle HI • . . ; Ps Vetler's otller melhods. If
procedure changing the dn::!sions~ ed IS within the lllllH, the design is ok otherwise repeat the
Adopt width of 20m for aach chamber, then kMlg1h of chamber Is 160m.
Calculate the limiting flow velocity M in the basln by Compute the sediment depth In the basin
V• = a.J d, d = slzs of particle to be removed in mm Sediment depth Is calculated for desfgn dischar Q 3/ • •
and delentlon time for sediment T (generally Shr~ is :~~~~~~~~d;~~~~~:=lon C kglm'
whered lnmm 9
So, theorellcal value of sediment Load (in kg) =0 x T x C
For particle of size 0.15mm diameter, Umlting velocity Vc = o.«fd • 0.44JO:I5
Apply pecking factor of s&diment in submergence
So , Vc =0.#/d = 0.44JO.IS =0.17mlsec Volume of sediment = Secfiment load
So adopting !he horizontal ~ent of vetocity 0.17mlsec In !he settling basin, required de¢l is Density X packing fader
30 ,. 8,82m We have, besin plan area=~
H e.E...s
VB 0.17x20 So, depCh of secfimen~ H.= \'Illumed sedment l bam plan area
AdoptH=9m
The dep!h is found In ~ range so !he calo.dation can be revised by using !he lJB ratio 6.
 Since, the above calallatlon is 0011sidered lor 1 - a ----1- B --1
the case of. roctangular base, we can
recalculate the area for the base with the
sloping shape with too angle of inclination of
the slope = 40' when the area resembleS with
rectangular base.

l
-
• :~
''
.
••
••
'
••'
' '
•'
'
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.,''
•
..
•
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 Numerica ls on Tunnel
Druolggmtnt gf El~ llY!IIIl!D ~y~
Solved Example 11·1 :
C•:~ry ~ischa~
~~
DiS<iiarge
Determine oplimum diameter of the he8d1'8C6 tunnel from the following data &oeedence- ·(m'lsec) (M Exceoctence m•lsec
Intake water level = 892.50m 5% 73.82 129.85 55% 11.36 19.98
Tailraoo water/eve/ = 675.301!1 10% 63.8<4 112.30 60% 9.50 16.71
Length of tunnel= 5197m IS% 58.14 98.75 66% 8.18 14.39
The momhly flow in IMK In m'l* Is If. 20% 49.72 87.47 70% 7.21 12.69
25% .0.67 71.54 75% 6M 11.37
.
11.89 21.60 50.06 68.29 62.01 35.86 17.42 9.81 6.49 5.08 4.91 6.89 30% 31.31 55.07 80% 5.83 10.26
The ~is designed bllsad oo o.,
ba$ls whkh Is equal to 28.06m'lsec. The-luttline, genetaJJx 35% 24.40 42.92 85% 5.33 9.37
and /nliiSfotmer efflciency is talten as 9~ 9114 lind 99% ~.20cm thick irrM RCC is
done by C25 oonaete, f(bn thick IMIIit1g PCC by C20 Cl0t1Q81e, tlkm thick 5()nm plain
ti 40'11. 20.10 35.36 90'lli 4.90 8.61
Sholaste, 10 em thick 5omm fibre Sholtctlle is done 10 gel the linisMd smace of the tvme/. 1be . lS% 1857 29.16 9511 4.4-4 7.80
rate of~ lem o/lltwfr is fiJen below SOli. 13.8<4 2A.35
Items Rare lhllt Flow Duration curve
TIJI1IIIl/ Excavation Cosl 4000 NRslm' 90
Rock Boll • S/roiCII!le 3500 NfWm1
I 1\
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80
IIMNIRCC 1950 NRshri' • 70
\.
I.,
Levelling PCC

Solution
1300 NRslm'
·I-r " '
li
,: 60
50

Full Sllpply Water level at Intake

Tail race water level

894.95

675.3
masl

masl f
5
.::;
• ~ 30

20
" 40
"\..
...........
......__
10
Gross head 219.65 m I

Total head loss (Doring design discharge) 7.91 m

I
. 0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

• Percentile time

Calculation of ooweran d entmX

ElfiCiency 86.5%
Net Head 211.7m
Wf!I.Ovlalle 10%
• DryOulaoe 5%
Desig!Fiow 20.10m>la
IO%DIS release O,C91 m'/s
 0 shaped Tunnel is proposed for ltle project. Sample CalculaUon lor 3.5m
. •' .. ...... ,, ~, ·' ' wero~
')'~· :1 ~ ''~'lft· ~ ,.
-~~;~ .si. Inside area =Area ol semi circular portion+ Area or rectangular portion
ri::~m-n
.'' Iii ..
i~Si
~sign
;;;~.~~ . ~:~. AvallabiEJ Oj)~~~09 W I i ''}iii,~)'?.
1-•~ Mon!l\ ·r,·flait'· .' fKw; fl&l(
!ID1 D.D 11D1 D1 tr 3 52 3 52
Baishal<h 11.89 11.40 11.40 31 20.48 14.48 = -+-- =-+----·-+-'-=10.93m'
8 2 8 2 8 2
21.60 21.11 20.10 31 36.12 25.53
Jesltla
50.06 49.57 20. 10 31 36.12 25.53 35
Weighted Perimelet= 1liJ +2D• " x · + 2x3.5 •1249m
Ashad
~.12 26.36 2 2 .
Slva•Nan 88.29 67.80 20.10 32
62.01 61.52 20.10 31 36.12 25.53
Bhadra Hydrautic radius= Inside area • 0.875
35.86 35.37 20.10 30 ~-12 24.71 Weighted Perineter
Ashq
17.42 16.93 16.!13 30 30.42 20.81
l<af1ik T111001 area = IDtll area of 8lii:8Vation ol tunnel (This includes additiolial atea lor shortaele and
9.81 9.32 9.32 30 16.74 11.45
Mangsir RCC)
p,.JSI1 6.49 5.999 5.999 29 10.76 7.28

M<9> 5.08 4.59 4.59 29 8.25 5.51 ,:{v + 2 x Fibte shottcteter • (o + 2x Fibteshottctete}(o~ tlltled RCC +LevelPCCJ
l'balp 4.91 4.42 4.42 30 7.94 5.55 8 2
610 31 11.14 6.04
Chain 6.69 6.20 = ~r(3.5+: xo.1f + (3.5+ 2x0.1)~.S+0.2 +O.t) • 5.97 +7.03 = 13 m>
T~Crt ....an and wei_,"'*"" 26.43 174.39
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Total Eroefgy . 200.82

Excavation Cos1 = lOla! tunnel area x tunnel exca'llltion rate
Cost or bolti119 and shorlcrele, oost or R.c.c and oost or P.c.c is calculated and added 1o gel total
Monthly energy generation from 1he projed Is shown In chart annual cost The s~ or 1hesa oosts lor different dlamelef is shown in table below
-
Monthly Energy Generat ion I;~~ I JnSide. Hydraulic TUMel
Tolal Co4lof Cost Cosl Total
.1) - Area lladAJS ExcavaUon Bolting& ol of A~aj:~'
~ m> ~v!.'!ll ~re, (rn') ~ Cost ~r~le RCC PCC.
2 3.6 0.5 4.76 95.21 127.47 2t .45 14.30 32.~;-
2.1 3.9 0.5 5.18 103.65 131.97 22.43 14.95 33.89
2.2 4.3 0.6 5.62 112.44 136.47 23.4() 15.60 35.74
2.3 4.7 0.6 6.08 121.59 140.97 24.38 16.25 37.64
2.4 5.1 0.6 6.55 131.09 145.47 25.35 16.90 39.58
2.5 5.6 0.6 7.05 140.96 149.97 26.33 17.55 41.56
2.6 6.0 0.7 7.56 151.18 154.46 27.30 18.20 43.59
2.7 6.5 0.7 8.09 161.75 158.96 28.28 18.85 45.67.
2.8 7.0 0.7 8.63 172.69 163.-ca 29.25 19.50 47.78
2.9 7.5 0.7 9.20 183.98 167.96 30.23 20. 15 49.94
3 8.0 0.8 9.78 195.62 172<Ca 31.20 20.80 . 52.15
3.1 6.6 0.6 10.38 207.63 176.96 32.18 21.45 54.40
3.2 9.1 0.6 11.00 219.99 181.-ca 33.15 22.10 56.70
3.3 9.7 0.8 11.64 232.71 185.96 3<1.13 22.75 59.04
3.4 10.3 0.9 12.2!1 245.79 190.-ca 35.10 23.4() 61 .42
!
Calculatioo of cost of tunnel
 Calculation of epergy lost cOJ!
Where Constant, C .. '1 9· 8 t~
In monlhly now, minimum flow is 4.91 rrl'/se<: so 10% of minimum flow is taken.as ~ironmen1al 1 1
MAR '
now and 28.06rri'/sec is taken as design discharge. So river now, design flow '" different month
with correspondilg number ol days Is shown in table below. So when 1here Is fuM design diSCharge a in ltmelthe power lost Is calculated using this 1ormuta
· ~ o' ;
9 81
ldr:1ntt> Flow ~' Desi<nfloio DIM wllic:ll is also called maxonum power lost P_ - " coos tanr •o'.
1 1
Baishalch 1UI9 IUO 31 t.1 A R
Joslla 21.60 21.11 31 But when the llow In l!.rlMI is less then the design <ischatge say (1 then power lost is
Ashad
Slvawan
50.06
68.29
28.06
28.06
31
32
P...,'- 'I 9.81l
M 1A2RR Q
(a)' " coostanl (0')'Q
Bhadnt 62.01 28.06 31
Asllol 35.86 28.06 30 Mulliply monthly power klst by time to get monthly energy losl Taking BaiShak to Mangsir
(Smonths) as a wat season and PouSh to Chaltra (remaining 4 months) dry season and
Kartik 17.42 16.93 30
considering dry saason energy rate <Js 8.4 NRs. per unit and wet season energy rate as 4:8NRs.
Mangslr 9.81 9.32 30 per u{rit, to1al yearly revenue can be computed.
Poush 6.49 6.00 29 Energy lost for BaiShak to Mangslr Month =
Mll!llh 5.08 4.59 29
P.,., 'x No of dayslnamonlh x 24 x(I-Wel season outage)
Phalgun 4.91 4.42 30
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a.ailra 6.69 6.20 31 Energy lost for PouSh to Chaitra Month =

Headloss In bJnnells celaJtated using Manrings equation so · P.,., ' x Hool dayslnarnon#l x 24x (1 - Dty season O!Aage)

I .! 1 Whete, wet season outage is 10% and~ season outage is 5%.

o;-AR'
n
Soz
HL Ql
9 81
EnergylostforBalshakMonlh : '1 · L
1.1 A R~
1 1
(0')
Q
1
x31x24 x(l-0.1)
L A1M1RR

wllere, S0 .. fH and Constant ( ~J X31 X 24 X 0.9

Menning's roughness coefficient n:l/m Total dry season energy and total wet season energy is added and multiplied by the COIT\lsponding
rate or energy to get total revenue. For our case, NRs. 4.80 per kwhr Is wet season energy rate
and NRs. 8.40 per kwllr ls dty season energy rate (four monlh).
\ The revenue Is generated annually upto the project period so discounting all the annual reYOO\Je to
So HL ;. stafling point uslng the formula,
MR
Now powefl.OSlln bJnneJ is, P e q9.81QHL A- Pxi(l+it • PxCRF
(I +It-•
PuUilg vM of 1\from aboYe equation.
1
Sarnpe calcUa!ion for c f - 2.6, 2.7, 2.&n. 2.9m, 3.0 m is Shown In Iaiiie below.
8 Q L , 9.8tl 0 , - constant•o'
P.,., e'l9. t AlMlRR = M1A'R~ -
 Hence, final cost is calculated for aUdiameter of tunnel as

~-:f.o_
J.Y~etD~~t~ntli' .\Wl<~i;~Qli]U[J~ ~'if1~ JOLS!; ;~;:J
: ~d.., ;~~~~,;,.;·· • ·· cost ~ Million NRs.•
2 32.08 81.36 113.44
2.1 33.89 62.72 96.61
2.2 35.74 48.94 84.68
2.3 37.64 38.61 76.25
2.4 39.59 30.77 70.35
2.5 41 .56 24.75 66.31 .
2.6 43,59 20.08 63.67
2.7 45.67 16.42 62.08
2.8 47.78 13.52 61 .31
2.9 49.94 11:21' 6{ 16
3 52.15 9:36 •. 61.51
3.1 54.40 7.86 62.26
3.2 56.70 6.63 63.33
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3.3 59.04 5.63 64.67

3.4 61.42 4.80 . 66.22
The runnel optimization ctJI'IIe is shown belolv. -

TunneiO timiz.atton ,,
"''
-£l'tCit9y t ese '
- - Tl.llnitl .c;OQ tiCt~~ment ,
- -SUm01 0051..
I'
I'
~ I'I'
"
:0c I' r' r-
t- r-
•E I'
! I' ~
75392857.7
l r-..

11214470.63 9359545.108
r- 1'- I'-
t- t-
t-
11.21 9.36 0
N
.;:; :;) ;l ~ ::l ::1, :; :I ~ ~
;;
"' " "
N
~ ~
Tunneldiilmeter
Hence total cost Is minimumat runnel diametec 2.9m so reoom(l'lended for imple~~~tion. ·
 Numer ical on Canel design
b. For most economlceiTiiang!Aarsedlon. Z:1 = 1:1
&Jmmary ot PlllllQrties for tile most efficioot channel
A=Zf=yl
I.R~ II. Triangular P = 2y.rzr+i ,. z,fZy
Cood~ion: B = 2y Condition: Z:t = 1:1 R= AlP =y /2 ,fZ =0.353y
A= 8y='lf 2 1
A= Z'f= 'f Q = ~AR2/3s'l => 1 = - y (0.353y) 1 0.006S11
2 2 3 2
ft 0.01
p = 8+2y =4y 2y.rzr+f = 2,f7.y
p ; y=0.59m
R= AIP=yfl
R•AIP =yJ2,fZ = 0253fly c. For most economical Trapezoidal section

Ill. Trapezoidal tV. Circular Z:1 = Js: 1, b = 2yJ../3, P = 3b

a) ff Z:Os given Coodition (using Chezy): A= (b+zy)y= (~ + f.)y = 1.732y 2

Condition b+ 2zy = Hydraulic radius (R) = 0.30, y = 0.810 (lor maxfm\Jm R =AlP = O.Sy
2(.JiT+I}y velocity)
Q = n~AR'Ils0 1 => 1 = -00'- 1 t.732y, (O.Sy) f o.0065 1
1 2 2 3 1 2

b) If Z:11$ not~ Hydraulic radius (R) = 0.290, y = 0.950 (tor maxlrmrn y=0.44m
discharge)
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Condition: Z:1 = _),: 1, b = 2r0.44f../3 =0.51m

Condition (using Maoolng):
b=2yj../3,P=3b d. For most economical semk:lrcular section,
HydratMc radills (R) = 0.30, y = 0.81 o (tor maxirrMn
A= (b+zy)y= velocity) A ;: ~
8 •
P=!!E.
2
Hydraulic radius (R) • 0.290, y = 0.9380 (tor maximwn
(~ + ~)y"' ../3y2 .. diSCharge)
R=AIP = 0250
l .732y 2 Q =!AR 213So 112
Semi.Qrcular section •
1 = --~D 2 (0.2SD)m0.00651 12
1
R=AIP=y/2 2
a-0 1rD D 0.018
A m -8 , Pa -2. R •-
...
y=O
0=0.92m
Solved Example 12·1 y =Dfl =0.46m
An O{lfn ~aooe/1$ to be designed ID cerry 1 m'/$ st a slope of 0.0065. Find the most economical Solved Example 12·2
cross-soction for (a) a rectangular section, (b) a t!apezoiifal section, (c) a triangular sec/ion and (d) Two ooncrete pipes (Chezy's C = 100) carries flow from an open channel of 1.8m wide and 0.9m
a semicirt:ular SllCJioo. Tak.e n= 0.01. deep (Chezy's C=120). The sJop6 of both structu111s Is 0.0009. (a) Delennln~ the diameter ofpipe.
(b) Find ft. depth of wa!.IJf in the reclllflgiW channel attiJf l has become stabilzed, if the slope Is
Solution: changed to 0.0016. (Uss C • 120}.
Discharge (Q) = 1 m'/s, S =0.0065, n = 0.01 Solulioo;
a. For most economical Reaangular secdoo, b = 2y C/sAreaofchannei(A,) = 1.8 x 0.9 = 1.62Jn2
A= by =2y2 Wetted perime!Alf of channel (P,) = 1.8 + 2 x 0.9 =3.6m
P=b+2y•4y
Hydrau'lc radius of channel (R,) =1.6113.6 = 0.45m
R=AIP =O.Sy
112
Slope for both (S, • s,) = 0.0009
Q = ;AR213 So => 1 = ..:,, 2y2 (0.Sy)213 0.006Slf2
v=0.42m and b =2x0.42 =0.84m
 CIS of pipe (~) 2!!!! Z:1 = 2:1 ,i • !
• II= 0.025
Wetted~ of pipe (1'2) =rrD
Discharge (Q). 11.5m'ls
Hydnlulic radius d ~ (~ =0250 Velocity (V) • 0.7~
a) Chezy's C d ~ (C.)= 100 For most economc8llnflezoidal c/JaMel,
Chezy's Cd channel (Co) • 120 b + 2<1)' = 2(.Ji"+'i!}y
Q;amele( of pipes (0) =? b + zxzy = 2("1 + zi)y '
a channe1 = A1C1,jR1S1 = !.62xi20"0.4Sx0.0009 =3.91mlfs b= 0.472Y
A= (b+zy)y = (0.472y< 2YJY • 2.472y2
a channel =a pipe1•~2 p = b + zy..rr:;:z'l - 0.472y + 2y"l + z• = 4.944y
A1C1 ,jR1S1 .. 2A2 C2 ,jR2 S2 R=AIP =0.5y
•Da Q = AV :o 11.5 • 2.472y2x 0.75
1.62x120v0.4Sx0.0009 "'2x 7 xlOOVO.ZSDx0.0009
y= 2.49m, So, b =0.472x2.49 = 1.17m
D =1.22m A= 2.472x 2.49'• 15.326 m'
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R = 0.5x2.49 • !.245m
Q = l AR'I3S0 112 :o U .S= ~ 1S.326x1.24S213So
25
1 12
b)Q=3.91m'ls
n
Sloped channel (S) =0.0016 S.• 0.00026
C = 120 Solved Example 12-i
Oep4h (y) = ? An krigalion (;81111/ /Iss a t1sc11a19e of !lm'/$ec. AlanlitJgs n for lhll ~~is 0.025
$Ide $lope is taken 2H : tV. Design the sedion tor ..::onomic (OO(flio<l if lhll bed M!pa IS 0.0016.
A=by=1.8y
p = b+2y = 1.8+2y Solution:
R = ~ =~ 0 =10m3 1&«
1' t .S•Z)'
n ~ 0.025
Q = AC,jRS0 z: 1=2H : IV,i.e.,z • 2
3.91 = 1.8yx120 ..!:!!L o 00'16 5 0 = 0.0016
t.8+2)' .

y>/2 .. B+2zy r--.1

1 z-
2
From economic oondollon, - =yvJ+
(1.8+zYPI• - 0.337
Solving for y, y=0.716m
B+2Zy - y./5 (·:z• 2)
2
. .
Solwd e.... 12.3 2
Detenrint lhll most ICOIIOITiiclll sectbl of a lnlpezoidal channel rill $Ide $lope of2.1, catl}1ilg a
~ of11.Sm'ls rill a Wllody of 0. 75trls. mJat siWd be lhll bed $lope of lhll channel? ~ +2Y = y./5 ........................(1)
Take n = 0.025. 2

Solution:
 Again AR2/3 =...£.._ J0x0.025 _ 6_25 1.736y 2 "-] 4.359y +7 =0
.Js; .Jo.oo16
'
Soh-ing y = 0.25mand7.7m
Wilen y =0.52 m,B=13.2m
(B+zy)y{ (B+zy)r J21l = 6.25 Wilen y = 7.7 m, B= • ve so this y is neglected.
8+Zy~t+Z 2 Assuminga25per centFB, y = (0.52 +0.13)m
y =0.65 m
f(B + 2y)y~:: 6.25 .......... ................. (2) B=13.2m
8 +2y.J5
Solved Example 12·6
Now kvo equations (1) atid (2) and ~vo unknowns Band y,
. . Design a trapezoidal shaped practical canal.to'carry 100 cumecs at slo~e ol lJ.iooo: The s;ope is
Solving simultaneously, 1.5H: 1V. The value of n= 0.016. Assume limiting velocity as 1.5mlsec. · ·· ·
a.. 6m Solution:
y =0.962m.,1m 1
0= IOOctJmecs,S 0_.=., ,z = I.S,n =0,0I6,V"!' 1.5miS<l<: ,...
Provide a FB of 20 per cent. Full supply depth (FSO) = 0.962+0.962X0.2 =1.15 m 4000
,., ..
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And B=6 m Ans.

·: V.= .!.(R)2/3 (So)'l2 ...
Solved Example ·12·5 n '· . ~

Design a noo· erodible boundary irrigation canal laid on a slope of 0.0016 with discharge ·: .R=1.87m
9.1m31sec. A_
ssume Manning's n=0.015 with permissible velocity of 1.3 mlsec. , ' .!'ifl -·~ ,r
Solution:
cote =.!.= 1.5 => 0=0.59radian=33.8°
I
0=9. tm 1sec3 100
Q 2 A 6667
A=-=-=66.61m &P=- =--=33.6524m
V 1.5 R 1.87
50 =0.0016
n=0.015 A= By + y 2 (8+ COl0)
(1)
V=1.3m/sec. ·: 66.67 = By .., y2(0.59 +oot33.8°) " .
Assumesideslope0.5H:1VI.e.,Z = 0.5 p = 8 + 2y(Q +totO)
A= Q : 22=7m 2 =(B+ O.Sy)y
v 1.3 ·: 35.6524=B+2y(0.59+oot33.8°) (2)

By +0.5y2 =7 ................................. ...(1) Equation (1) and (2) and two unknown;s Bandy,
Solving simullaneoosly, B= 26.68 m =26.7 m
V=.!.(~)ws0 u 2 =>L3=-1 -(
n P
7
O.o15 8+2yJI +0.5 2
)m(o.0016)112 Y=2.15 m =2.2 m ·· .•
Solved Example 12·7
Simll!ifying B = 14.359- 2.36y .......................... (2) A lined rectangular channel with n = 0.015 is 4.5m wide and has a flow depth of 2m with b6d slOpe ·
of 1 in 1600. Retaining the rectangular shape of the channel section and the same (qlal ~.r~a :ol
Substituting this value of Bin Eq. (1) lining, to whal maximum extent can discharge be incteased wifhout chilnging the slope. •
 Solu1lon:
Wodth (b)= 4.5m, llowdeplh (y) =2m, n = 0 015, bed slope (So)= 1/1600 Cost of excavation lor 1 m length= 9.756X1x 3p = 29.268p
A, =by: •.5x2 = 9 mZ p, =b + 2y = 4.5+2x2 = 8.5 m, R, =AlP= 918.5 = 1.058m Case b: Untd canal
Oiscllarge tlltough the chan!1el C=70
.!.A 1 R12/>S0 l/1. = - 1-9:r(LOSS)'I 3 ( 1/1600)112 = 15.57 m'ls
Q1 :
n 0..015 Q = ACJRS0 ~ 15 = 1.8284y2x7oJ~x ,.:.. ::> y= 1.94m
=
Secood case is the case o1 the economical dlamel. In this case b 2y and area ollining per
length is same 11 boCh cases. ~ h is freelloanl A= 1.8284x1.94'• 6.881mZ
=
P,+21l bz+2y:r+2h p=b + 2y( v"f+"ii) = 0.8284x1.94 + 2:c1.94(-'1 + t1) • 7.094m
8.5 = 4y2 ::> Yz = 2.125m ::> bz = 2y2 =425 For 1m lenglh, Cosl of excavation= 6.881x1x3p =20.643p
flo =b:!Y1 = 4.25x2.125 = 9.03 m1 Cost oflining • 7.094x1xp =7.094p
Pz= In+ 2yz• 4.25+2x2.125 =8.5m Tolalcost = 27.737p (<29.268p)
R2 =PJP2 = 9.0318.5 • 1.062m The lined channel Is more economical.
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Discharge lllrough lhe d1annel

Q2 = .!.A,R~I 3s0 112
" ..
=- -9.03:c(1.062)2f3(1/1600)lll: 15.66 m'/s
1
0.015
End Of Cane I Design
llwrease in discl\arge • 15.66-15.57 = 0.09 m'ls
SoNed Eumple 12.a
A tJapezCidal chBmel having side slope of 1:1 has to carry allow of 15m'ls. The bed slope is 1
1000. Chery's CIs .S I the Chime/ is cdned and 70 If the Chime/If fned lrith conc:t8le. T
cost perm' ol eJWaWtlon If 3 times cost per mZ o/liling, Find which 111T8flg8f1>(11t Is economical.
Solution:
Discharge (0) • 15m'ls, Z:1 =1:1, and Bed slope (So) = 111000
For channel of best section,
b + 2zy = 2y( v"f+"ii) ::> b + 2)' = 2y(~) ~ b. 0.8284y
A• (b+zy)y =(0.8284y+y)y • 1.8284 f
Cost per mZ of lining =p, cost per m> ol excavation =3p

Case a: Unlined channt!

C =70
1
Q: ACJRS0 ::> 15 • 1.8284y2 :c4SJ!.x
2 1000
=> y =2.31m

A•1.8284 X 2.311: 9.756m'

 Sotved Example 13-1 Numericals on Tr.nsio nt a na lysis in pipe and roliof Oevico$
3 0 4 10 6
A water main of COilCfllte pipe, 3. 211m long and 30 em In diameter discharges into a resetVOir at the Hence increase in head = h = !.J. = · • = 3 1 o.2 2m
rate of 9 Mit/ion liters per day. If this line Is gradually cloSed by opera~ng a valve at the reservoir .r 98 J 0
end In 16 ~ond. prrJVt that there Is risk of pipe burst (take, pressure cepacity of the concrete Whoo the elastic water column theofy is used,
pipe is 25m) V 2.1
Solution
P, g(l + d) - 9.81 ( 1 0.6 ) = 2.48*10 N/m
6

d=900mm.= 0.9m.
Q = 9'10'1iVd<ly = 0.104 m'lsec.
Y K t.E mo 2.1*109 + .Ol2*2.1*1011
6
t=16sec. And increase in head In this case is 1z = P, = 2 · 4 6 • l 0 253.29m
L= 3:2 km = 3200m. r 98 t o
We know, V = 0/A Now to compare the velocity of p!essure wave in different cond'rtion the velocity of SO<Jnd wave for
elastic water column lheoJy is
And pressure head rise when the valve is gradually closed Is hd ~!!...
gt K
3200* 0.104 p
C = but for rigid water column theory the elasticity of pjpe material is
• 0.3'
(I + ~: )
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1C - -
30m
9.81 *16
Hence the pressure capacity of the concrete is only 25m but the developed pressure is 30m hence negle<:ted so •C ~ ~ . Hence from above ~o equatioos h is conduded that the velocity of
there is possibiftty or pipe buJSt.
pressure wave is high in rigid pipe..
Solved Example 13·2
Solved Example 13·3
A steel penstock 60cm in diameter has a shell thickness 1.2 em. the pipe Is requirad to design to
convey a discharge with a mean velocity of 2.1 mlsec. detlllmine the water hammer head, A900 mm. diameters/eel pipe cerrles water at the role of 1.5m~lsec. The pipe wall has a thickness
pressure rise due to sudden closure of the valve by using of 1 em. The elastic modulus of steel is 2.11 x 11J' kg/cm1 and the bulk modulus of water is 2.15 x
10' kg/em~ Determine lh.e increase in pressure if the valve at the end or 35 km. long pipeline is
• Rigid water column theory closed in a)3.5 seconds. b)B seconds
• Elastic water cofumn theory
Solution
Take K = 2.1' 1(}1 Nlmm', E = 2.1'10' Nlmm', Discuss the resun and write when the pressure wave
travel faster when the oioe is elastic or riflid? Data given:
Solution d = 900mm. = 0.9 m.
Q = 1.5 m31sec.
When the Rigid wafer column theo~y is used, lhe elasticity of pipe material Is neglecled so
t= 1 cm=O.o1 m.
So from the equation ·of pressure rise, P, V we have E = 2.11 x 10' kglcrn2= 9.81' 2.11 x 10" Nlm>

~G+,~)
K= 2.15 x 10' kglcrn2 = 9.81'2.15 x 10' Nlm2
L = 3.5 km = 3500m.
T= 3.5 seconds.
P, = VJK: = V.jKp =2.1·b.I*IO' *1000 =3 .04*10 N1m 6 2
 We know.
Coosidering the elasticity of pipe matarial,-a_rod _;,_ _:-:'-:-:~-;---
_ wa_ter
K 9.81*2 . 15 * 10°
- looo
C= ~c = ~ ( o.9*9.81*2.15* 10' For ethyl ak:ohol, C G
K glq•Ar>l = l.ll 8* 10 9
t.;..;..c..::..::._.;....c._ = I I 90.3 7 m I sec
l + 0 .0 1*9 .8 1*2.1 1* 10' 0 P.,,.,.., 789
b) v.llen the elasticity of the pipe material is taken Into acoounl,
:. c =1048.20 m1sec. .---------,,---
The Ume required for !he preS$ure wave 1o travel from !he valVe to the inlet arod back to thevalve K .,, 2 . 075*10 '
Is; Forwatef C = -r---::1:7:------ ~ c ~ I 000 =
2l 2x3500 1 + DK .,.,. ) ~ 2 . 01s•1o• )
l,=c;= 1048.20 IE l' T o:oi •2.47 •to"
:. I.= 6.68 seconds. 1287.36 m/sec
Slnoe !he time of closure T = 3.5 seconds is leSS than I. (cnllcal closure of the valve), the valve
K rlspllo/ 1.118*10.
clo5ure is rapid.
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(Note; 11 time of valve closUre. t. < rrne laken fol the press1.119 wave lo travel twic;e the pipe length For alcohol C = 7 =
(IIaNe - reseMlir • vaNe), Clo5ure is tajlid. Else, closure Is gradual.) 1 + DK ,,,,.o, J 0 .3*1.118*10' )
IE + 0.01*2.47*10 11
Pr8$sure rise due lo instantaneous valve closure,
1.5 1116.95mlsec

!:.(0.9)1 Solved Example 13-5

v
P, -~-(-,=d~) => P. = -...9=.s=t""
r8 K + r.E
(-=,~.:b+=-~o"".9~--~) A hyWoe/eclrical pcwel ctJannfl Is fed through a oonctlll8 lined tuooel of 4.9meter dimeter
0 operat.illg uooer gross head olf95m. the ~ through the t.vnne1 is ZfkW!sec. A surge rlltllr o1
1000 9.81*2.5xl01 0.01 *9.8t*2.llxt0' 295m' has been provided at ths end ol the tunnel. Head lost due to frlCiion under stoaey state flow
condition Is 2 percent of gross head. Assuming frlction factor of the tunlllll to be 0.015. Find
.-.PI= 8.201' 105 Nlm2• • Tolal /eJ!glh of the tuooel
Silce the line of closure T = 8 seconds is greater than I. ( 2l/C) (aillcal closure of the vai'le), the
valVe closure is slow closure. So po-eSSIJre rise due to closure of the valVe is • Maldmum upsurge in the tank
1.5 • Maximum downsurge in the tank
1000*3500* • calculate factof ol safely of the tanlllltw1 ascedaln whether. is adequate.
!•o.9'
p•t•v - - --,.-.:!....-
4
P, = - = 8.252'1ot Nlm2.
I 0.0 1 Solution
Solved Example 1l-4 The maxin'Alm upsu19e and downst.rge in toone! is calaJiatad using formula

z_..,.,. - z...(t-fPo +~Po')

Compare the velocity of proporuatlon of s pmsure wsve in 300mm diameter pipe of 10mm
thickness If ft is mads of steel snd ff carries (i) wster (H) ethyl s/oohc!. What wUI be the
001respcnding veJocitjes if the pipe coosidered es a) Rigid b) elaslic.
Take E = 2.47'10" Him' for stee/, K..,.,.,.'>CI • 1.11tr10' Him' and K.w = 2.057'10' N.m' and z.,...,~ = z..... (-1 + 2Po)
mess density of sthy(a~hol is 789 kg!m'.
 Where, z_ = Or tAsr = VoAr JLAsr -V ~
Asr 9 Ar Asr g Ar - ovg-f;; A L\( 2
1r 2
-X4.9 Xl 1337.9xl.4848
2
0 4
A > T - 32.2348m 2
so z...,. =VoJULAr
Asr
and R0 =_!1_
z(7l<lll
sr 2ghr{Hg -h,) 2x9.8Ix0.02X]95Q95-0.02xl95)
• -
295
FactOfof satety= - 9.15which.ismucha<requate
So, Velocity of now in tunnel, v0 Q 28 . 32.2348
Ar - 1rl4(4.9) 2 - L4848mlsec
Solved Examplo 13·6
Head los! due to fli<:lion 11 = fL Vo
2
'·
In a hydroelectiical projed, the design discharge tflrough the tunnel is 50m"lsec Is conveyed by
1
2gD throe number of penstock to tile tutbine of 1. 75m diameter each. Other data are as M,own below
2
Or 0.02xl 9S= O,Ot5xLxiA848 • Total length of the tunnel = 6/<m • Friction factor for penstock= 0.04
2x9.8 1x4.9 • Diameter of tunnel = 9.2m • Velocllyofwaveinpenstock= 1750mlsec
L = 11337.9111 =11.3379km • Friction factor for tunnel= 0.016
1t
11337.9x4x4.9 2 If simple cylindrical surge tank of 25m diameter has been provided al the end of the tunnel, find
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9.Slx295 -=12·7623111 • Maximum upsurge In the tank • Water hammer pressure

P. 0.02xl95 • Maximum downsurge in the tank • Time of oscillation or wave
0. 12. 7~23 ~0.30558
Hence, Maximum upsurge is ceJrutated as· Solution
Neglectfllg friction. maximum water hanvner pressure
Z~.,,..,.. =Zm.,(I -~Po+~P.') cv, Where, v,Is the velocity of flow in penstocll. Calculating flow in
ho = - each penstock and calculate velocity of flow In eactfpenstock.
g
z,..,""''~" =l2.762{I-~(o.~o5S8)+f(o.3osss)2 ) vP-- AQ - 50 /3
- 6.93m/sec
z_.,.,..... = 10.2947m p 71ltl.752
4
Again maximum dow!l surge is calculated as
z!Wilt~)I4W ::; zmu (- 1+ 2-Po) h _ CVP l750x6.93
0 g 9.8 t -t236.24m
zm....... = 12.7623(- 1+ 2x0.30558)
The velocity of flow in tunnel (Vo)
z.,.....,, = -4.962Sm
Q 50
The water levef dUiillg downsurge wffl be below rese/\'Oir level 'Since z,;,.,....,. is negative. Vo =-A, ="X 9.22 - 0.753m/ sec
Using Thoma formula 4
 The frictional headloss ill the tunnel tor steady flow Is given by Solved Example 13·7
ht = f, LVo . 0.016x60o0x0.752z A Hydropower project h8s a su~ge lhenk at the end a 2030 m long tunne/4.22 mIn dillmeter. The
2gD, 2.r9.8ix9.2 - 0.30m surge then((. which Is teclang!Mr In section, may be presumed to be 8 circulsr aoss section, 15.85
min diameter. The penstock system consists o/5 penstock each 1.525 mIn diameter and 380m
Neglecliog friaionat elfocl. maximum upsurge 8lld clolwl surge Is tj!ifK by long. These can be tepresented by a single penstodc. 380m long and 3.41 m In ditlmeter. Ftiaion

z_ :v0J~
factor f for ll.rlnellllld the pensloclc In 0.018 and 0.01 rt$p(JCIJWJff. The IIClOUstlc WIMJ .elociy In
the penstodc 1$ 1370 m'5. In steady state, the head reseMJi" leY8I is 457.00 wflh 8 discharge ol
26.2 m'ls. Con¥~ute Ills WBier hemmer pre$$JX8 tor a sudden ®n.
Solution
Maximum wall!t hammer pressure, neglecting friction, is given by:

ho = CVo
g
P.0 = - - ·0.30
h,
- · 0.044
z.,.,6.48 where V0 s Volocfty of flow In the penstock,

Hence. Maximum upsurge is caladated as v0 a 26 ·2 1 • 2.8Sm/s

1ri4(3.4t)
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z__ c Z-(1 -~P. +~Po') ho-

1370x2.88
9.8
• 402 m

Note: This case Is purely hypolhelical, as for such short penslocXs, sodden dosure Is out ol
z__ =6.4{J -~(0.044)+;(o.044)l) ~ z__ =6.64m question.
The !ridional head lo$S In 1he tunnel for steady flow is given by:
~maximum clolwl surge is calculated as
z __ aZ_(- 1+2Po) h _ j LV.'
1 2gD
z..._ • 6.84(- t+2x0.04)::::> z_..,.., =-6.24m Where Vo is the velocity In the tunnel.
The water level in surge lank will be befolv.reservoir level since z V 26.2 8 I
""'"""' 1s nega!fve. .. o • 11'14(4.22)1 • I. 7m s
Now, time of osellla!loo
1
.. ht _ 0.0 t8(2030Kt.87) a I.S4m
19.6x4.22
= 422.25Sec
Now ff we neglect tricOOnaJ effect. maximum up-surge/down-surge Is glvoo by:
 .
m
z
"""
=Or tAsr
Asr g Ar
a V0 Ar tAs 1
Asr 9 Ar
.v.J LA,
g Asr
Net head
Ho

H,.,.
250

1.5 m
Head loss
4.2 m
r.sea of Headrece tunnel A.
0, 2.31 m
Oiamet.ec of headrace tunnel
:. Z =I.S? 2030 ,../4(4.22f •?.2lm
"'" 9.8 .. ! 4(15.85t CaiaJI<ItioO
PtelirrinaiY Asea of Surge shalt
p =~=~=0.213 4Sx2.31·~J • 2•933m2
• z_ 1.22
Asr- Ho
lo/
4SD,n
s 250
F<>r maxirMrn upwrge and c~owns~Jrge, wllh rriclion taken fn4o oonsldera1ion, ~.
Qiameter of Surge laM
Z• =l- (t-~P0 .. ~Pi )·7.22{t- 0.142+0.00S) s6.24m
Dsr = f4A = t.932m
f;;-
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z_ =Z.... (-1 +2P0 )•7.22(·1+0.426)•4.1Sm ...... •'·meier of wrge tank Dsr = 2.132m
Using factor of safety for Asr as 2 "'" ""'
Trne of oscitation, AI the s1a11 of lhe oscillation. maximum ampfrtude
zoJo (ts.8s)l .. 339Seconds. - Or t Asr = v.Ar JLAsr .v.~ LAr
9.8 (4.22)Z z,..- Asr g Ar Asr g Ar g Asr
(Note: the actual meaw.--t have Indicated values of l,r5.67 m and Z....,= 4.17m under lhe
condition given In lhe prOOiem).
Or
~
z,_ = v, ~~
Solved Example 13-8
The design dischatue olthe power plant is 5m'l~ and there was surge mass oscillation when the Or ~Asrl S 5.866XI325 = II.?Om
power plant was suddenly stopped. Hence, esJimste the upsurge and downsurge in a Surge tank in z""" = ~---
Asr A1g 5.866 4.2x9.81
the juncUon of headrece tunnel end penstock pipe. The length of the headmce tunnel is 1325m
with a cross ~Uon area o/4.2m2end the total heed loss In the hesdrace tunnel is 1.5m. Normal
; vet at intake is 632.6m msJ. A/so provide a minimum submergence seal of water to the crown of
the headrece tunnel which Is about 627msJ. Take 1.2m diamllter of penstock pipe.

Solution
Pc=~~~·0.128
Input z""' t l.70

Discllarge a 5 rril/sec .z 2 I p,2) t t?{I-!O.t28+~0.128 2

)=t0.728m
Z ( t- -P0 +- c • · 3 9
.
-
up - 3 9
length of headrace tunnel L 1325 m
Z_.._ =Z (-1+2Pc,)
 zdoorl = z.,,(- 1+2Po)-11.70(·1+2X0.128)•-8.707 m v•
h,... = I.S - = 1.49m
: : : t:~~~ :d ~~suh rg(eUheight ~ very high, the diameter of surge tank needs to be 2g
ose etQ ts se •teralion by changing lhe AMa of surgeshaft)
h.., = 1.5Dp =l.Sx1.2 • 1.80m
Diameter (m) A.t (m') z,,.., Po z... z- Roolarks Considering lhe required submergence head, lhe dow11$urge level should be greater than = crown
level of headrace tunnel + submergence = 627 .OOm • 1.80m = 628.80
3 7.o7 10.66 0.14 9.69 ·1.66
Now tallillg surge tank of diameter sm. downsurge head from static level Is 3.40m and the stalic
3.5 9.62 9.14 0.16 8.17 ·6.14 level at surge tank after deduding headlosS in tunnel is 831 .10m •
So dow11surge level conslderin9 maxiJoom do«n$Urge at surge shaft is 831 .10-3.40m = 627.7m
4 12.57 8.00 0.19 7.03 ·5.00
This level is alloY8 lhe crown level oi11JM81 but nri'lun submelgeuce camot be achieved so
4.5 15.90 7.11 0.21 6.15 -4.11 incte3Se a diamel8f of surge tank and calculate the mimfnum $tJbmel9en08.
TalOng diameter of surge tank as 7.5m diameter, then maJdmum do«nSU'98 .s 1.27m from static
5 19.83 6.40 0.23 5.44 -3.40 (Tna11) level The mal<imum dowiiSUige level = 831.10 -1.27m = 629.83m
SubmergenCe available = III3XIIliURI dcM'riSUriJ8 level - crown level at surge tank = 629.83m -
6 28.27 5.33 0.28 4.38 ·233
.oom = 2.83m
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627
7 38."8 4.57 0.33 3.83 ·1.57 He<1ce ttus is g<eater than 1.80m (requored l!lllll11um $Ubcnergence). Hence olt
7.5 44.18 4.27 0.35 3.32 ·1.27 (Tria12) Aivl upsurge level= 631.10 • 3.63m =634A2m
Considering freeboard 2m, top leve4 of su'981al1k =636 42m
_Now takllg mal 1' diameter of SU'98 tank es 5m and chec:t minimum submer,_,... I _.,ock
1nlel ' .-..- a ,..,. ~· Note: The neoessity of rteraoon arises dUe to lhe greater height of upsurge head. doWnsurge head
a11d also to maintain the submergence head. So the area of surge shaft was increased using the
Upsurge head from staOc level =5.44m
iteration.
Downsurge head from static level • 3.40m
Normal level at intake= 632.6 m msl (GIVen)
Due to head loss, static level at surge tank= 632.6 •1.sm = SJI.IOm
But crown level of the tunnel= 627 .OOm
Calculate submergence head

M'•m•mum
· v~
submergence head, h.., • J.S 2g" or l.SDP,wllichever Is greater.
WhaM, V =velocity of penstock and 0, Is diameter of penstock

Diameter of penstodc 0, 1.2 M

\
Anla of penstock A, 1.130973355 m> Surge tank

Velocity of llow at penstodc v, 4.420970641 mlsec

 F!8t!lioar.l - 2111
The design ol Forebay basin musl foOow the following points:
lvl =6JA.A2m 1. They must have length. width and required size of dep!ll which Is large enough 10
accommoda!e the setlled parlicle for required period of time. However. the tank shoutd
001 be owr sae and very expensive
~-:J
Yll • -(HGlNr-1-::!::::;-+I---H--1
2. They must lolow the easy atlshing pmcipte and f\Jshlng should undef1ake Sllfficienlly 1o a
frequent irtetval ol fine.
---.... 3. The waler removed from tile nushing exit must be led C818f\Aiy away from tile importan1
strodures suc:h as powelhouse, penslock and etc. This sholAd avoid eros.on of sol
SYrroundings & suppotting tile basin and penslock lounda1lons.
4. They must avoid sharp bends which may C3use the llow sepatGtion mtile water away
system.
5. The basin must serve a required capacity fO< colledion of sediment In the basin.
Aor 6. The depth of the basin must be sufficiently lligh to. allow the required <fe1lth of
submergence so as not penni! the air entrainment In the penstOCk pipe during the down
a.. surge In the pov~ plant.
SUfllll lank 7.5m dla....,r 7. The basic principle or the design of the Forebay area should follow the design slandar.d of
lhe desandlng basin.
SolVed Example 1J..9
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Fore/Jay design: AJ state the basic principle of the Forebay design. B) C81culate the required
dimensions of the Forebey using the following d818:
• Design cfsdwge of the po- p/anl is ~~
• Use the du>gtl ~of the Fotebay as hoft:8 the design disdlarge of the power plad.
Bl CalculaUon of !ho sly of the Forebay:
a) Forebay d/SCharve (Clr ) is taken as twice the power plant (design) discharge (0.). During dosing
oltlle valve, there will be bacldlcM ocwred from tile pens!OCk and tile disd1alge from conveyance
system is also conthue for short time.

• Sp/llftay in the Fotebay has a fmlted head of O.lm and 8SSIHII8S • as the $hatp CIIJS!ed
a.= 2x1cm'lsec • 20mllsec
WllK.
Tlrne for detention (!) =44sec.
• Use the down surge height of the Fcnbay is as 4m in depth. Volume required lor tile Faebay (V-) =?
• Use the sullmergence head as 1.5 limes the velocity head of penstock end the opltnwm V-=Or't
size of penstock is taken as 2.am die. and the velocity is ffmlted to 3.18nVsec in the v_•• 20'44• ssom>
penstock.
• Detanlion time of the water now In the Forebay is limited to 44 sec. of the Forebay b) Actual depth of the Forebay Is calculated as considering the following:
discharge. I) down surge depth Is taken as 4m
• The Forebey Is located to the adjacent to the desanding basin having width of 10m. ii) Calculate lho submergence head from the following equation:
Solution: ..,z
hrub• 1.5
A! Statement of the basic design principle: 29
Whefe; V= 2.83nVsec
The required amount ol water ..mlcll is laken from tile ff'lel oonlains sit amount In a c:ertaiA
pertelllaqe. Those amounts of sil wil damage tile wrtline runner. The sllloed ..mlcll oontai'ls hard 3.182
ab<asiYe maleroats suc:h as quat1z and sica and etc. are abrasNe lo expet~SM~ turtline runner. In
h.,.•= 1.5 2 • 9.8 1 - 0.78m
order lo remove those paltide$, tile water llow In tile system must slowdown In lhe Fombay Basin
1o seUle In Its 11oor which sholAd be nushed out pericldically.
 iii) Take lhe diameter of lhe penstock as 2.0m
iv) CalcUlate the actual depth of 1he Forebay as fO:Iows 0
hc.ota-r -;:; hdow'f\SVrll + hrub + hdta of~
!
h, = 4 + 0.78 + 2.0 • 6.78m
c) Take the v.4dth of the Forebay as equal widlh or 1he desandi1g baSA:
W=1()n .li
...,
g
E
- FU'&bay T "* -
d) Cak:Uate the leng1h olthe Fetebey
Use the volUme as calculaled above and celaJ!ate the required leng1h,
... Sjllldy
'
VtiOtui'M' = L • W • hcortll
L= Vrol.o'
e-: 10111

W * h.r,cal
000
PLAN ' Flushlrq """ (800nrn dla.

L = 10• 6.78 = 13m I , 2.58 I

i).Ched< the length of the Forebay, if it is sufficient to !he calculated length from the required
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le!lglh ollhe spllway point of view.

Calrulate 1he tenglh of the spillway in the Forebay by the following equation
Dasandlog Baoln
Q, Fo<ebayTri
I-.,wway = CHlf>
'1/hete C is taken as 1.7 for Sharp aesled,...
Q:20m'/see and
The head tmr the crest (h) is lmited to 0.7m
20
1-.,wwa:y = 1.7 • 0. 73/Z • 10m
Se<lionA-A
Hence the calrulated length for the F(l(ebay Is greater than the required length of 1he spillway
length. Therefore, adopt the length of the Forebayas 13m. Solved Example 13·10
Conclusion: adopt the dimension of the Forebay as the following: Design a Forebay using the following data:
a) length (L)• 13m, • Design discharge of the powerplant is t.Bm'lsec
b) Width (W) =10m, • Row Is carried by sslngle penslock of diameter= 1.55m
c) Deptt\ (Jo..) = 6.78m • Assume ootentJOn 6me 8S 3 minute.
• Assume other neot$S81)' daiB.
 Or depth of Forebay can first be calculated based on the submergence criteria lllld laklng
Solution: Umiting velocity between 0.2mlsec to 0.8mlsec for lhe length can be calculated. Then from
Calculalioo ollhe slze of the Forebay: volume required to stCfe, the lenglh can be computed.
a) Forebay dlschalge Is taken as !Ynce the power plant discharge,
from calculalioo h =2.75 (effective water depth)
Take holizontal Yelodty of l'«ebay =0.3mlsec
a,= 2x a. =2x 1.8 m¥sec = 3.fim31sec
Time tlr del8nllcn (I) = 3 mRJie. Now, y ~ ~~ lltlen! vis velocity of ftow
Volume teQUired tlr the tlrebay (V....,.) = ?
v_.a. xt b= 0/ = 3.6 - 4.36m
v h 0 3lC2.75
V-= 3.6 X 3 X6(): 648ml
Now length of Forellay required l =VolUme =
648 . 54.04m
b) Actual depth of the lorebay is calculated as considering the followillg:
bh 4.36x2.75
I) Calculate the submergence head from the following equation:
0) Check the length or the Forebay, If it Is sufficient lo the calculated length from the requirad
length of the spillway point of view.
1.5V/
h, >- or O.SV,vIn
o, whlchever isgraater Calculate the length of the Spillway In the Forebay by the lo!IQwlng equation
2g

h..-b.t.S'f;• l,rptuw•y • C 2L2

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Where C is taken as 1.7 for Sharp crested weir

v : Q- 3.6 2£_ J.90m/ sec Q--3.6m3fsec and
P A .oxi.SS1 1.886
The head owe the crest (h) is limited to O.Sm
4
L 3.6
Whe<e; v. =1.90m'sec =
""''-Y l.7 , O. 5312 - 5.98m
1.92
h.,.0 . l.S • _ = 0.27Sm Hence the calcula\ed lqth lor lhe F«ebay is gremer than lhe reqUited length ollhe Spillway
2 9 81 fEng1h. Therefore, adopt lhe length of lhe Forebay as 24m.
Considemg fac:lcl of safety es 3, &lbmergell<:e required= 0.825m
0 36
h, > 0.5 v, [0; Checking the limiting velocity In the Forebay V0 - - · • o218 (1m freeboard and
Bxh 6x2.1S
Taklng upper range of limhlng velocity of forebay as 0.8mlsec, 1m s~tlled parllela deposftlon depth is not considered) which Is graaier than minimum Umiling
veloc11y as 0.2mlsec, so design is ok.
h, > 0.5x1.9,J1.55 c1.18
So taking mlmlmum submet9enoe deplh as 1.2m Conclusion: Adopt the dimensioo of the Forebay as the following: a) Lenglh (l) = 24m, b) Width
f!N) =6m, c) Depth (h,.,~ a 4.75m
Assuming~ or sellllng zone= 1m and freeboard= 1m
Total dcplh or Forellay = Freeboard + minimum submergence + diameter of penstock + Construct the Inlet transition In the Forebay. The vemcal as well as horizontal tranSition from canal
settling deplh =1m +1 .2m+1.55m +1m= 4.75m to Forebay should be designed similar to the setiling basln. Place nne trash rack In Forabay Jnlront
of the penstock pipe, and spillway canal to take spilled water up to nearest safe dramge poinl
Considering length to breadlh ralioo as 4 (This is decided based on the topography)
l•4B
End of Transient analysis in pipe and relief Devices
Ap • ~ e 64S ~IJ6.42m 2
H 4.75
481 al36.42m2 => 8 =5.84m
Hence length = 23.36m
 Numerlcals on penstock
Solved Examples 14-1
A steel penstock pipe 500m tong with an internal diameter 0.4 m supplies water S1 s rote of So, hd ..!i:J: ,JK;
h0 2
1m'Jsee with the stalk heed of 100!!. Pressure w~ ii$/od1y due 10 dynamic su~gs pressure
development is 940 mlsec. A/towable design stress of the P1Pf1 matorlal is 1326 kgflcm' and joinl
efficiency 85%. Find the WBII thickness of penstock pipe l gats dosin lime Is 40 sec. h• - ~~ 0·0; 03 + .Jo.o1o3)
L=500m
10.66m
0= 0.4m
Q=1m'lsee
Now . 1!. e r(h. + h,)
Static head (ho) = 100m. •9.81(100 + 10.66)= 1085.57
c= 940 misee. Now,
Allowable sttenglh a-.=1326 kgl/cm2
(QI =_!L
Efficiency oljolnl 111 •0.65 2a1 •Jt
Time or gate closure T, =40 S88
(li)t - PR +&
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Solullon a,rJ1- 0.6P1

Time taken to reacn the generated pressure wave from the surge tank and to re1\Jm bale to the Where, is OOITOSion allowance is taken as 0.2cm
gale Mllimum lhic:kness (1)
2L 2xSOO
r; 7 ; .,.06* I=_E_
940 288
But. the time ol gate closure {T.) Is greater than T, the closure Is slow clceure. So l=d•20
hd K, tv 400
- =-'-:J: vKa
ho 2
Solved Eumples 14-2
2
A penstock carries 8 m21see of w81er al head of 25 m. The oost of pipe Is given by 35 hd' Rupees
where, K1 e(..!:YR..)
gh T per meter whero, h denoles hell<l and d denotes diameter of the penstock. Annual nxerJ chs~ges
0
are 8% of the pipeline oost. The head loss in lricJion is 0 025 ml m oflenglh of penstock pipe.
· ~
2

1 12.1d
Where, V=V0 ; Q • = 7.96m/see
A fx0.42 , _ .. =80% anrJ selling (enerpy) price Is 70 rupees/kw annum. Caicutstslhe most economical
or
diameter penslock.
2
So K -( soo X 7.96 ) SoluBon
' a- 9.81xl00x40
For 1 m ot pipe,
e O.OJOJ
Cost of pipelne :35 hd' : 35 X 25 X d 1
So, hd =!i :J: .JK; _ _ _(i)
h0 2 Annual fixed cost :..!...x 3Sx2Sxd 2
100
 0.0250'
• IIY 12.1 d5
O= AxV
_ 0.8x9.8 1x8x0.025xd 1 _ 8.3 kw liD'
0 =-x V
12.1xds ds 4

.".Revenue has per 8MUm = 8.J x 70 = SSI .I 4

ds ds - - - '
(li) oeco--~
- • ~xs =1.31m
;rV..., JT><3.714
Talai cost (TC) =Steal cost + I'IM!IlUe loss cost
8y Sa!ttatia Foooola
581 14
TC=0.008x35x25xd 1 + ; p~S
d o. =0.62x-
H0.6S l>flere, P In HP and HIn m
TC ~ 70d 1 +~ P =r OH'l
ds
For minimum cosl per annum • 9.81 ><Sx 4Sx0.8S • 1876. 1625/(W

dT< = O Pin HorseJ)OW1!r = 1876. 1625

_ • 25l4.96HP
dd 0 746
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or70x2d 581.14x(- 5) Ot =0.62x (2514.96)0.JS "'

' + •0 )o.os 0.81 m
a• 145
C) Design guideline by JNN
Ot,70><2><d 1 • SxS81.14
d = l.s<lm Ans
o. =~5.20•, = VS.2xs> • 1.46 m
Solved Eumpr.s 14-3 H4 45

Apenstod( of~ capacity 5 cvblc meters per second is fund ' . Solved Examples 14-4
with dynamic heed of 45 m over the Iurline Def,_.:.. it . IOI}Ifl9 for a hydtopower station
. · ~ .... ~ s econcxmc diameter. The static pressure is a penstod( is 17.60 kg/em' and Allowabl& hoop site~ is 1020 kg/em' with
D1schargo capacily (Q,) =5 melers joint efflciency 85%. Calculate wan thickness it Internal radius of a pipe Is 60 em (Assume 20%
Dynamic hood (lid =45 m dYnamic head}
Economic diameler (D) =7 Total pressure In lhe pipe (P) =17.60 + 20% of 17.60
USBB me!l!od =21.12 kg/an'

v"" = 0.12s.J2ijH Design s!tess (allowable hoop slress) ( cr•) =1020 kg/em'
""l x""4"'
=0.125"f..2-x"""9."8:- S Joinl efficiency ( '/) =0.85
=3.714 m/Stlf International Radius (R) =0.60m =60an
Wallhidcness (I) =?
/>& per ASME. equation

PR +O.lScm
u.,-o.6P
 _ _.::.2:.:1..::12:c.xc:6.0_--:-
,:. + 0. 1S • 1.63 em
I020x0.8S-0.6x 2J.12
Solved Examples 14-5 Where, P = 9.81 t}QH
735.50
A penstock pipe of /ntern81 radius 125 em WO/Idng und&r staUc head of 150m. C8/culate wall
thickness it the alloiVable stress in the penstock pipe is 1200 kg/em' and Joint efficiency 90%. 9.81 x l000x0.9x25x265
135 .50 = 79527.02 HP
lnremal radius (R) = 125 em
Head orwater(Static) H.= 150 D 0.62x(79527.02f35
Dynamic Head (H.) =Add 35% of static head as a dynarroc head =35% x 50= 52.50 - 265"-'5 = 0.86 m
So, Pressure(!') =P =n Ho + H4) C) Fonn JNN GuidefllleS
: 1000(150+52.50)
= 202500kg I m1 • 20.2Skg I cm 2
1Je ~ i
5.2.0/ _ 715.2 X 2.5J
H. -y 265 - 226 m
Joint eflicieucy ( 11) = 0.90. Solved Examples 14-7
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Design (allowable hoop) $lteSS (u,) = 1200 kg/em' A pens;x/(, llilh an lntema/ dlame!er of 1 20 ~"""'-· •
~an'. There 1$ _ • .....,, of 20 • m. _,....,. water Ill a head equiv8/ent to 17.6
a ,___,, per cent ~sa In the /)f8$SUr8 dua to trans;ent oonditions.
Walllhid<nes$ I PR + 0 IS
CT0 '7 - D.60P · The design stress and the effiCiency of the joint may be assumed to be 1020 kglcm> and 85
20.25xl25 percent respectively. Calculate the approlifnsie wall thiclmess of the penstoct required.
- 1200x0.90 - 0.6x20.2S +0.1Sa2.S2 em Ans Solution
Solved Examples 14-6 Here total pressure intensity, p • 11.6• 20% of 11.6 • 17.6 +3.52 • 21.t2kg/cm 1 including
Calculate the ecooom1c diamater of penstock ff ~lg d' surge pressure
and·overan efficiency 90% n lScharge as 25 rrr'lsee, net /lead is 265 m
Design stress ,s= 1020kgicm 1
A) Using USBR Fonnula
Joint efficiency, n = 85%
v = 0.125,fi9ii
Internal radius , R= 60 em
= 0. 12S·h x 9.81x265
=9.01 mlsee Wall thickness, I= s,- (o. pt0.15om
6

v =~=2
0 2 t.l 2x 60 1267.2
A= 77 m1 = +0. 15cm = +0. 1Som ~ 1 .485+0. 1 5cm
9.01 . 1020x0.85 - 0.6x21. 12 866- 12.67
f4A t x 2.77
D=v~= t =1.635cm
J< = 188m

B) Using Sar1<aira ronnula

 Solved Examplea14-8
The wmmary of pipe cost and enetgy lost oost is shown in table below.
For a hyrlropo- with monthly flow given below has weir crest level of 867.5()() smsl, turlJine axis Ilia oiPipe
level of 675.00 amsl and the operation level of water in surge IBnk Is 861.726. Pfpecost Energy loss- 1'\le• e,.,gy loss cost
1.40 74576.38 144911.64 219488.02
Manth B J A s 8 A K M p M F c 1.:;o
0 4.78
l9903.ll 102633.03 182536.30
9.89 21.54 28.55 ll.f19 18.98 8.53 H5 1.74 304 2.84 3.23 1.60 85230.15 74326.48 1~.63
Calclllation for pensiOck dlametet from 1.4m 1o 2.4m in 0.1m lnlerlalls ~led. Taldng 1m 1.70 80557.04 54890.11 145447.75
leoglh o1 pensloCK for caiQJiation. The energy lost OOS1 for diameter 1.4m Is shown on lable below·
1.80 95883.92 41245.91 137129.83
Sleel rate NIW<g 135 NRs
1.90 101210.61 31475.70 132686.51
Densily of steel kglm' 7850 l<&)lm'
2.00 106537.69 24355.30 130892.99
Diameter of pipe d 1.4 m
2.10 111864.57 19083.01 130947.59
Ftiction factor I 0.0125
2.20 117191.46 15122.72 132314.18
Thickness ol pipe t 0.016 m
2.30 122518.34 12108.89 1346ll.23
Length ol pipe L 1 m
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2.40 127845.23 7080.15 134925.38

Overall emciency ol plant 83.73%
Final optimization curve is plotted as shown in f19ure below.
lnlerest ra:e I 10%
HooljeaB n 25 yeaB
• l'lan1 tleacl PiNier ~ El1e<gy
loss.

I
Hoof 1 Oiscfl3"!111 ~ loss lt!e Enelgyloss
~!ooel' diY' (m'ls) (lit) (kW) {I.'Mt) (NR$'k\'t11) COSl

0.004 0.17 126.97 4 507.88 20000000 "\

Badhakll 31 4.765
Jestha 31 8.00 O.lll 0.81 6(11).87 4 2403.50 '
·~
'\""" TOUic...
~

Asad 31 8.00 001 0.81 600.87 4 2403SO «

z 150000 00
Srawan
81\adra
Ashoj
32
31
30
8.00
8.00
8.00
0.01
0,01
0.01
0.81
0.81
0.81
620.26
600.87
581.49
4
4
4
2481.03
2403.50
2325.97
~
u

100000.00
I \ --- - - -- - -·--::. ·
-
Kartrik
Mangsir
30
30
8.00
4.45
0.01
0.00
0.81
0.14
581.49
100.08
4

•
2325.97 .
400.33
60000.00
""~ "Pennock(Ott

Pausll 29 1.74 0.00 0.01 5.73 7 40.14

L('*JY'l.oltC.-c
~ 29 3.04 0.00 0.04 30.69 7 214.84
Fagun
a..n
30
31
2.84
3.23
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.05
2588
39.55
7
7
181.15
276.83
0.00
1.40 t-50 1.60 1.70 1.&0 1.90 200 :uo 2.20 2.:10
-
2.40
oe...o<..-ofplpo Cml
 Numerlcals on Spillway
Solved Example 15-1 0 = 2.5x100x(3.05) 312 • 1330 cumecs.

The crest level for a d8m spit/way has been kept at 1100.00 in whil& lhe maJdmum W918f level in Solved Example 15-3
the raservoir is to 1110.8Cm. Calculate the maximum discharge tiJrough the overllow splhay, find out the dischatge or a siphon spillway from following dala:
wtlen the flow llllces place lhtough Sl'lltlls cl12.2m width each, at the crest cl the ~-
Number ol siphon LQ1s = 4
Solutlon Atea at llvoa1 in ~ = 3
Elfedive lenglh ol Sllhev crest L = 5xl22 = 6lm Ful18$eMW ievej = 150m
Maxin'un head du~ ftood on the crest H = Ill 0.80 - Ill 0.0071 ,. I0.80m RL Of centre ol outfel = 128
Assume a value o1 ooefliclen1 ol diSCharge Cas 2.3, maximum diSCharge: Tailwater level on DIS side during rains = 130m
3
O= CL Hl
Tailwatet level during wlnler = 125 m
Discharge coefficient = 0.60.
0 =2.3x61x(t0.8)'·s •2.3x61x35.8 Solution.
0= 5020cumec.
Case 1. In rainy days outlet remains s~bmerged and hence discharge depends upon tile tan water
The maximtJm design dischatge value adllally adopled Is 5100 cumec level.
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Solved Example 1S.2 Wotldrg head • R.l of re~r-R.L. of T.W.L. =15()..130=20 m

=Hel1d of wat8f over the crest ot ogee $pillway is 3m and ooe"'-'--· c1 ,_,~ Is
100n tong and ........, c1 the

Solution
·~~..
· """"'" -~,... 2.5: weir is
crest allow the base of the 8()fJf08Ch ch8nnslls 10m width oi
dJennei 1$ 8qiJ8/ to the length cl the wet. Find otA the ~ pess~ng. over the
O=CA/iih • O.soxJ2gx20
= 35.7Sa.mec:$
Oisdlarge ofbJr urils =4x37.5 = 152 Cumecs.
Solved Example 1$-4
11 The siphon spillway (Escspe) ptOVkJed In a /rydfopl:1wef ptojec1 channel has 27 V9flts of size 3m x
0 =CLH 'l.
1m each. The mBllimum ras9Mlir /evel is exped.ed to be 1161.00 wnems under the design flow,
ElfeQ of approaell Vefoeily and end oonuaclions has been negiedad, the ta/lw9ter Jeveii88Chas 1155.00. The crest of the siphon spillway. Also celcUI8re the head over
the crest of an Ogee spillway escape which could be 8/lemetlve/y provided to discharge th& same
0 =2.Sx 100x3312 • IJOOcumec. flowovar ffscrest ofth& 81 mlength. Take 2.2.
Velocity of aJ)Ilfoech
Solution
v- 0 1300 Total lhroatareaolslphon A• 27(3xl) = 81 sqJII
• Headx widthofchannel m {10 +3)100 - lm
Operating head h • ll6 1.00-llS5.00~6.0m
y2 w
H, =...!..a-•O.OSm c. = 0.62
2g 2x9.8J
H =h+ H, • 3+0.05•3.05m Oisdlarge J1vo191 the siphon ~ o= cd. AJ2i.
0 =0.62x8 1.J2x9.81x6 a 545cumec.
or (with additional two Wlces ol1 m x 1.6m , the ac:tua1 disdlarge lllrough the siphon ~ is
600cumec).
 Solved Example 15-6
For an spillway, Design a suitable section for the IJllerflow spillway porlion of OOIICieta gravity dam having
) downsi!Bam face sloping at a slope of 0.7H: 1V. The design disc/talpe fw /he sp/IM'ay Is
Q :CLH1 BOOOm'ls. The height of/he spillway a8SI is kept at RL 204.00. The average nver bed level at the
site is lOOn. Thespillwsylenglhconsistsof6 spans hiMig a c/ear'lllidh of10 m each. Tbiclu>ess

=(2..)~ -(~)113
d eaclt pier may be taken as 2.5m.
h CL 2.2x81 Solution
EJ!edive length ol spillway
Or h=2.l2m
(The head ovet the crest of slpllon spillway= 1161.00-1159.00 = 2.00m) !., =L-l[N.Kp +K,jH,
Solved Example 1S.5
Assuming 90' cut wale! nose piefS and rounded abutment
A slp/ICI1 spillway has the fOllowing cross sectioo al ft throal.
Height of the throat=1.5m Kp = 0.01,K1 • 0.1
Width of the throat =4m
Number of pier, N =5
AJ the d&Si9n flow, the tsll water &levaUon is 7 m below the summit of the siphon snd head water
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elevation is 2m above the wmmiL (i) Taking coefficient of discharge as 0.6, dstsnnN!a /he capacity Lo =60-2 (5x0.0 1 ~ O. l]xH,
of /he siphon. (ii) Determine the head that would 18Quir9d on an ogee splifwlly 3.5 on long to
cischarrJa this /low, If the coeltici$nt of Mcharg9 is 2. 25. (Iii) What length of thi$ 0968 weir would Again Qa C L, H,
:112
be requited to disdllltpe $01719llow will ahead of2.2 on /he a8SI
Solution:
S0003 2.2x(60-(2(Sx0.01+0.1)) H, ) H/
12

~ Dischatge llvough sipl1on spilh¥ay

312
8000 = 2.2x(60- 0.3H, )H,
O=Cd A ~2gHI
A= l.Sx4 3636.36= (60 - 0.3H,)H/n
H1 =1+2m • 9m
By trial and 8«()(, H,z 16.40m.
0=0.6x 1.5x4x.J"2-x"'9."'8l:-x-:-9 z 47.8m3 I s
L • 60- 2(5x 0.01 +0.1]xH, = 55.10
Hence. '
ii) Head required on an ogee spillway
The orest profile is designed for H, = 16.4m (neglecting velocity head) (where. Ht is design head
O= C• L H,SI2 Including ~ty hesd)
47.8= 2.25x3.8xH,m
The Velocity he8d (H.) can be caii:Uated as fotlo\Vs,
:. H, = 3.1Sm
i) length ollhos agee- v1 = 8000 - 0.917m/ sec
O=C• lHell<l
Approachveloc:ity (60+5x2.5)(104+16.40)

47.8=2.25 L .2.2m
:.L=6.2m
 vl .
:. H. ~ - •0.043m whid1ls negllgib4e so call be neglected for fuMer caiCIJiat•on so H. can be
t /( c ) Origin and apex of'"'"

2g
laken negledlng the velocity head.
•[;,LX~
.......Iv···-~ Tongentl'oft

()ownslreanl proNe: V8f1ical IJI)Stleam face ~

'
~us
Y:--
• 21.6
x•.JS =2 H,w Y H 0282Hc

:. y II: x•,Sj x'"'

= __,..:.;_-,-- x'"' :Axis of
2xH/15 2 (16.40)0" 21.6
Into ~u..y
.........•
To determine the Iangen! point
.••
Taking downstream stope of dam as 0.7H: 1V

. dY I End of numerlcals on Spillway and Gate

.. - £ -
dX 0.7
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Differe111iating the above eq~~ation with respect to x,

dY 1.8SX 1M- 1 J.8SXU$

d)( = 21.6 - 2 1.6

Hence from above two equations.

LSS xo.s' 1
a-
21.6 0.7

:. X = 22.4m. Y• 14.6m

The OOOfdinates form X =0 to X =27.2 by using the equation y = xLll are

21.48
 Numelcals on Energy Dissipating Structure Where, l = Length Of sp!I~Nay: wiclll1 of caJ1al
Solved Example 16·1
In order to diSSipate energy below the spillway, • Is proposed to lrJnn a hydralJic jvmp in the s11111ng
basil. Due to 1M. the depth of flow c/lango$lrom 1.tm JolB m. Cakaale the dsdlatpe over the
H =[ 3x80
2x0.7x4x J2x9.81
]Zil = 4.54 m
sp#NBY, the aust length ol which is 110m.

Solution
And spedftc discl1arge, q = 9.8 =~
4.0
• 20 m1 1sec

Here y1 • 1.0m,y 2 e 3.8fl!, L=110m

'
.•: 3
From equation of hydrauUc jump, !.!.. ~ .!.(~1+ 8F12
Yl 2
-1)
Th\Js initial fraud number can be calculated using trle above equalion,

J1+8F,2 • 2yl +I
y,
.,. • 9.93m
r:-:::T 2x3.8 1
"1+...,-=--+ I
•
Jt+8F12 • 8.6 3 ''1
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Awfying Bemoullls equational botrl section (~ctlon 3 Is al dam location and section tis at Initial
F 12..(8.6)1 - 1 ~9.12 depth location)
8
FI ~3.2 P vz P. v2
-J+ -l +Z1 .......
" I
+-+Z
Now F 1 e ~, Where V, initial Velocity of tlow.
r 29 r 2g 1
Vgyl Considenng the stillng basin ftoor as datlrn, P, and P2 81$ boCh atmosplleric pressure and the
approiiCh velodty at near the dam is smal so v, can be neglec:ted.
V, = F,Jgy1 =3.02 J9.81x1 =9.4Sm/sec
vl
30+4.54 -.:L
Hence. Dlsdlarge over spillway, Q=V1 x y1 x L•9.45 x I x 110 = !040m3 /s 2g
Solved Example 16-2 V1 .. 26.03m/sec.
Design a sJH/Ing basin using following data light of the crest abo1!e the downstresm bed Is 30 m. Hence lhe veloclly or now at initial depth point Is 26.03 mlsec, now initial depth.
Design discharge BQm!/sec, Wldlh of canal 4 m. dis bed slop II 500, ma!<lng Is roughness q 20
Coelficienl 0.016 & C.= 0.7. Yt-=-=> rs • -
v, 26
Sollrtlon y1 =0.17m.
Here. ~ of water through spillway = 80 m'/sec. Head OVfll aes1 is calculated using loonula,

o ~ ~cdfii LJI 312

3
 Or lhis can be delennlned by equaling specific energy, Hence Y. > Yc. so hydrauNcjump is formed.
Hence, 111e taa water (y,) deplh is less lhan jump water deplh !Y<). so depce5SOO 11oor type stilting
Upstream specific ene<gy =speaflc energy at1 (E. =E,) basin is recommended.
Q 80 Solved Example 16-3
Where q ;-;-a20m 2 / sec
• 8 4.0 Design a hydtafJic jump type dig basin for a tischai!Je d :JO()n'ls llorilg from 1~ wide
ovedlow will 18$p8d 1o aesl 4Qn ~~bow the downslleam IMN bed will a slope d 0.0013 and
v.• q' 20'
30+4.S4 a yl +.:.L~30 + 4.S4=y, .. --~34.S4 = YI +-...;;;.;,--=- MaMng's Rooghness coef6citm <F0.025. Tal<e ooellicienl d tfschatge (CF4. 75)
2g 2gy/ 219.81xy12 3
Q =300m / s,L • IOm,Cd • 0.15
Solving, y, = 0.7nm
wehave• a -~cd<J<V
'i=g L Hm
F =~ • 26.03 • 9.47 3
I ~gyl ,J9.81x0,77 300 =.!.•0.7 bx9.8 xiOx H312 => :. H =5.95m
3
Now sequent depth can be calculated using lhe hydraulic jump formula,
300
Specific discharge q = .9. = • 30m 2 / s
h=.!.[-~+JI+SF1 ] 2 B 10
y, 2
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0 7
y, =Y
; [-I+ JI +SF1' ]•
2
·; [-I+ JI+8x(9.47) ]=9.93m

From Mannilg's equation. tile lalwater can be caiWated,

I ! I
1Wl
0 =- AR 3 S02
n
A=By=4y y, =ll1m tt•8.9m

P =B+2y =4+2y
3 '' 2
n =0.016 '1
Applying Bernoullrs equallon between seclloo 3-3 & as bed level as datum (section 1-1)
1 8y. !> I
_
80 =--(8y. { - Z ) S0 z
o.o16 8 + r. P. v' P.
.2.+- 3-+Z3 =.:..L+-+ Z1
v, •
r 2g r 2g
so = o.~l6(4r•{ 4:~~j(s~i V3 -
Q
-
300
8L 10x5.95
=S.OOmls

By bial and etTOr. p, = p, =p- =atmospheric pr8SSit8

Y, =5.54m
VJ 2 I
2 v
(!..')i • (2o
- ')i
- +Z3 = - + Z1
2g 2g
Critical deplh, Yc • = 3.44m
Q 9.81
 5 ool ~l
- ·-+(40+5.95) -.:L +o Q =200m1 /s
2><9.81 2g
V, =30.44mlt Assume, Cd • 0.7 L .. 50m=BreadthofriYer
Agak\ q e V1y1 We have,

:. y , =j_=~c0.98m O =~C• .Jii LH112

3
v, 30 44
f l ;2:L_e 30·
44 • 9.8 200=~x0.7J2x9.81 x50xHll2
.jgy; J9.8Jx0.98
H =1.55m
Now sequent depth can be calculated using the hydraulic jump formula,
Specific dlscllarge, q. O e 200 = 4ml1 s 1m
!l_= _l_[-t + JI +8F12
y, 2
J 8 so
Applying BetnouiU's equation betyreen section 3 & I (refer the figure of previous problem)
y, = ~ [ - t + J
0 8
I+8F12 ] · ·: [ -l+~l+8x(9.8)' ]=JJ. JOm Pl vll P. V, 2
- + - + Zl•:.L+-+Z,
r zg r 2g
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From M81111~g's equation, 18~ water depth can be calcUlated

Q 200
Q• _I_R211 AS,112, Vl =BH• SOxi.SS • 2.Sml s
n
A= B.y. P=B+ 2y 258 2 \1: 2
. 9 81 +(50+ l.SS)• I
2X • 2x9.81
1
I ( 10Y. )'' (IOxy.}xJO.OOIS
300=--x P, =P, =P•
(),025 10+2y,
m v/ v,'
4 11 - r. 2g +Zl "2g+ Z,
• (10+2y.)211
V1 =31.9mls,
Solving, y• " 8.9m
q 4
Yt • - = - •0.127m
The tall watflf depth (y,) is less than the jump depth (y,) i.e Y• < y, . the ski jump type energy v, 31.3
dissipater or slo!)lng apron below river bed or subsidiaty dam type of energy dissipater is
recommended. "
. F. -
I
v,
-r:== 31.3
• 28
Solved Example 16-4 v9 y, J9.8 Jx0.1 27
Chedl whether futthef excavalion for a sliling basin is required below the dam discllarging 200 The sequent depth
m' I s flow lhiOugh 8 spjlw9y aest locllted 50 m abo>-e the downstream rlwlr bad hlwi1g a widlh
as 5()11, bad slope as 0.001 & Manting's Roogosly coelliciett 8$ 0.025. ~: =~(-I+JI+S/12)
Solution =f(- I+JI +8x28 2)
 y, = 4.96m
Solved Example 16-6
From the Manning's equation,

Q: .!.ARltl .sot> a -t- •(SOxy. )x

0
S Yn
)lll ./O.OOt s 200
An ovetffow spillway has Ws crest at elevation 136m and a horizont8/spron a1 an elevation of 102m
on the dis side. Estimate the tai/water elevation required to fonn e hydraufic )lii7YI when the
n O.o25 ( 50+2Yn elevation of the -w c.
line just uJs of the spillway crest is 138m. A&sume =0.735m fOf the
spillway. Heg/ei;111Mf'JY lOss due lo flow owr the spillway.
y$13
So4ution:
Head (H) = 138-136. 2m
Coefficient of dischatge (C.) =0.735
S!lecific etlef9Y at uls of spil~y (E..J =
138-102 = 36m (negleding velocity
)2
head)
I
Tai~ter elevation =?

Discharge per unltv.1dth (q) =icd~H312 = ix0.73S·J2x9.81x23/1 =6.139 m'lslm

e..=e,
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Solution:
vl o'
36 = Yo + ~
2.1 '" Yt + -
Zgyf
Head uJs (h) =100 - 85 =15m
100m::..L--I
Tal water depCh =9t· 85 =5m 36 = y
l
+ b9.1tyf
6.1.39'

Cceflic:ient ol c:outrac:bou (Cc) =0.75 191m

36=y, +~
y,
Coefficient of velocity (C.) = 0.95 f
Type ol jlrnp =1
Y> &Mng, Y• =0.232m
Y• l v, = Qly, =6.13910.232 =26.46mls
&~quent depths (yo, Y•l =? t v,
.F.r1 ; - a
~
=17.5
Coefficient of discharge (C.) = Cc C.= 0.75x0.95 = 0.7125
Y2 = ~~ (-I+ .jl+ 8Fl1)
Velocity uls (Vo) = C0 J2gh = 0.9S.J2x9.81x1S =16.29mls
0.232 (
Discharge per unit width (q) = Cl cd.j2gh = 1.3x1x0.7125v"'2....,x9'"'.8"'"1....,xt"'5 = 15.88 m'/slm = -,- -1 + vl +8xl7.s2) =5.627m

Depth bef0f8 jump IY•l =qrv, = 16.29115.88= 0.975m Tailwaterelevation =102 + 5.627 =107.627m

F.rl -- ...!!....
Solved Example 16-7
.fiii -- :;;..l6.1t
uo:,,s=5.27 Aft~ lowing CMK the COtW:t8le splfway of a dam, 252 wls lhefl PB$$6$ ewer a level concrete
As F• is in~ U and 9, $leady ;.rnp ocx:urs. apron (n= 0.013). The veltdy of the wal~ fA the bottom of the S{lillway is 12.61M and the width of
apron is 54m. Coodbioo w1 ptOduce a lryhJjc jump, the deplh In the channel below the apron
Y2 = y; (- l+ Jt +SF!,)= o.~s ( -1+ v"l,...+,...Sx:-::5"".2"'7"'1) =6.8m being 3m. In Older that the fvmp be COI1tained oo the apron. (a) how long should the aptOn be bti/1
{length ABC)? (Use dit8CI Slep mtlhod to CtXIJ{XAe AS and /Jyi1IMc jump equation 1o COI17j}IJie
BC) (b) How much enorgy is lost from the fool ofthe spillway (A) 1o the dis olthe flii7YI (C).
 Solution Formula used In tho table

Oiscl1arge (OJ =252 ml/s Lengt~ of apron • ? . A= by, P = b+2y, R•AIP

Velocity at 1 (V a) =12.6 mls Loss of energy be~ A and c; = ? v=OJA.E=y•'Mo.s, = ~:~ .s, =Hcs,)1_ , + (s,),]
Width of apron (b) : 54m n = 0.013
11 " = .!f.:!l::1
s.-r,
Oe¢1 at 3 (y,) = 3m
length of~ (BCj. 6(~ = 6(3-0.43i =15.42m
1.8l1gth of apron= AB+BC = 11.54+15.42 =·26.96m
va t2.61:
e. = y, + ;.~..
~
.. 0.37 + - =8.462m
2%9.81

Ec =y3 +."l
2g
• 3 +~
2r9.8t
•3124m
.

Energy lost between A and C • 8.462.J.124 =5.338m

Solve<! Example 16·8
A B c
Rnd the pre jum/J and post jump heights of the hydmulic jump formed st the toe of ihe S(IIIIWay.
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Oisc:ltarge pet unit width (q) =0/b=252154 = 4.67 ml/s/m Neglec/ energy los$ rue
to flow o\'llr spillway. Height of the Ctest sbol'll DIS bed level = 3.
Oe¢t at 1 (y 1) = ofV, =4 67112.6 =0.37m dlsdlarpe = 80 m'ls, wlclth o/ canal = 10m, head O'lef the etesl level = 2.47m. Explain the
lotmation condition of repeled and Sl1bmefged jump for the sbo\'llflow condilion.
"
m; = ..nttOJt
.... -- ...!!.._ .... =661 Solution:
As Fra>1, the ftow at 1 is supen:rilcal.
Discharge (0) =80 ml/s
Velocity at3 (V,) =tW>• 4.6713 = 1.56mls
Width or cana1 (bl =10m
F.., = ~ 1.5' - 0 267
.J~Ya ~ /9alxi - . y, =?
As Fr1<1, the now at 31s subctitlcal. As lhe flow changes from supercriUcal to subcritlcal, hydraulic 'h" 7
jump win occur. As the floor is horizontal. H3 pf91ile wilt occur before the jump.
SpeCific energy at uls o( spillway (E,) =
Finding Yl 5.47m (negleCting ve/ocliy head) •
~ '

y2 = y; (- 1 + JI + BFh) = i(-1 + vl +8x0.2871 ) =0.43m U/s speqfic ene~gy =~peclflc energy at 1

Finding length ABby direct step method v~lh y, = 0.37m and Ya=0.43m, So • 0 (IIOrizqntal) E.= E,
y A p R v E s. !", 11:x: AS ' 547-y +rlay + 2.g(byl)2'
o•

0.37 19.98 93.96 0.213 12.6 8.462 0.211

.
• - l

5.47 = y, + ::-::~~~
2g I

...
:b9J1 ( 1~1al'
0.43 23.22 100.44 0.231 10.85 6.433 0.140 0.176 11.54 11.54
5.47 =y, +- .
J.U

The iJmp starts at a distance of 11.54m from the ioot ol-spi!lway.

'•
SoMng, Y• =0.839 m
 v,.= OJ A1 = 801(10x0.839) = 9.5mls
~ - v, - 9.5 - 3 31
r rl - JiYi - v'9.81X0.839 - ·

~' ( -1 + .j1 + BF,:',) = 0~ ( -1 + .Jl + Bx3.3F) = 3.53m

39
y2 =
Let y1 = tailwater depth. If y1 < y2, 11le jump is repelled downstream of the -a-ContraCtS, i.e; a
repelled jump Is formed. If y1 > y-,, 11le jump gets drowned ou~ i.e. a submerged jump is formed.

Endof energy dissipating structure

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 Numerlcals on hydroelectric machine
Solved Examples 17·1
(II) El!iclency of draft lube (hd)
A conlc8/ draff tube hBving Inlet and ootptJt diameters 1.2 and 1.8 m di~rl>l!r l''·'· • •!,·r .11 ot·rrt•
with a vekxity of 3 m/sec. The total /engfJI of the draft tube Is 7.2 •r ~"' ·, • · • ·, ., -:f .tr.,1 v,' -vi
tube Is inme!sed In w81er. ff atmospheric pre$$Uf8 head Is t0.3 m otwalor \lll'J · ·•· "' • ~ ••• :C 2g
XI()()%
trir:tion In rhe dni4 tube rs equal to 0.2 times ~ heed al outpul ol the tube. ileletrnrtle a)
pteS$IJf& heed Ill /tpA Slid b) Elfkiency ol dt8ll tube. ~
2g
Solution
1 2 c
v,• -V 1
2
2
><100 =
6.7s 2 -J 2
xi00=80.2S%
.rf >rxl.2 z v, 6.7s1
Inlet diameter, d 1 51.2m. A1 a - - 1.131m
4 4
Solved EQmples 17-2 :
nxJ.8 2 2
Oulllut diameter, <1: =180m. so A2 - • = 2.545 m
De/ermine the OV9t'11/l efficiency of Kaplan turbine cklve!op/ng 2850 KW under a head of 5 20m It
Hera. y =1.44 rs provided with a dralltutxJ With Its inlet (diameter 3 m) set 1.8 m above tha tailrace ·level.' A
H, = 7.2· 1.44 = 5.16m Vaccum gauge connected to the draff tube Indicates a reading of 5.20 m of water. Assume ,draft
tuba afflciancy as 75%.
V2 =3m/sac
Efficiency or Kaplan turbine ( 11 ) =?
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From continuity equation, o, • o,

Oulf)Ut power (P) =2850 ~. H :52 m
A1V, =A2V1 Inlet
Vacuum table reading • ·5 2 mof water
7.634
Q
VI =-"'-•6.7Sm lsac Draft Ml8 effiaency (q1 ) = 75%
AI 1.131

2 0 2
Applying Bemoual's equalloo between sedion 1-1 & 2-2
Headlostin<bfttube •0.2x2."' .2xJ -0.092m
2g 2><9.81

!lr ..~~ H.+r=(!ir •r)+ v~•

Aj)plying BemouiK's equation belwoon section 1-1 and 2·2
+hr
P,
-+(H, v. ' • .:..t+-"-+h
+ y)+.:J... P. v' 2g 2g
r 2g r 2g 1 So, Assuming P. .. 0
p, P.
Now..l. • ..!.+y.
r r v,' -v,
( 2g
'J v.'
So.p,
--
r
_P
-,-(V/
·
r
-v,')
2g
· +h -H
' •
P,
r
={V/ ')-H, 2g
V2 => P,
r
-'---~--'-
- 2
YJ_
x-1
- - H•
?g
-
2g
2 2
,. _-3 ) +0.092-S.76=2.nm.
=10.30-( 6.75 v12 -vf_
2 9 81
2
Now, ~ a efficiency ol dral! tJJbe ; , ••
(i) Efticlency d draft tube (h,)
~
29
 Pa
-•-rl~x --H
v,l Diamaler ofturbine D• 84.60;./H
r 2g •
• N
y2 Wlier&. l =0.0197 N, 24 +0.0275
-5.2 • -o.7Sx-1- - 1.80.
2x9.81
:::>V1 •9.43m lsec. • 0.019h(190.36)113 +0.0275 =0.619

-x31 D- 84.60x0.679xJiSo
o~~v, ~-n-x9.43 a66.66m3 /see. 1.407 = I.SOm. If N, is computed by
4 500
Elficiency olllxtJintJ • Power OutpJI •
y QH
2850
9.81x66.66x5.20
_ 83 .80" Settlnc of turt!ine H1
NJPHP
Ns =-y- (by taking PIn HP)
Solved Examples 17·3 2 1
H•
A proposed byrJrorJo<wer dew/opmetlt having net bead of ISO m design~ o/25 m"ls«;, t:Tc • 0.62s( ..!!J_) or o.043i!:!.!..)
going to use Francis tur!Jine. Taking turb/1'19 efffciency 0.81. Calculate specific speed snd tutblne 380.78 \.100 2

diametsr snd seftlng of the tUfbine.

For Frands q c = 0.032 ( Ns )
N, "' H'"
N./P where,P111KW
• 100
SoMion,
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Nel head (H) =150 m • N 500x,/29,727.87 N _ SOOJ39!14l.S2

• e (JS0)" 4 • 164.42 rpm.= 165 rpm s 5 - 190.36
Qd =25m 3 I sec. '1 = 0.81
-4
150
2
Specific speed (N,) = ?
q. ~0.62{ -165
-) •0 117 2
Turlline dlamete.' (D) =.? 380.78 . t:rc ~o.on ( JOG
190.36) =0.116
Power (P) = '1 y OH Again, t:Tc- H, - H, -H,
H
= 0.81 x9.81x25><150=29,797.87KW - 29•797 ·87 • 39943.52 HP
0746 • -H, • ucH - H, +H11
Where.(H. - H, )= H0 • I Om
2400 2400 H, =(H. - H,)-q.H
N, =-r.;-=-=19S.96rpm
vH ../iSO · =I0- 0.117x I 50= - 7.60m Hence, to avoid cavitatloo,lhe turbine must set 7.6mbelow lWL.
H',. 19S.96x Jso"•
Rolationat SiJeed (N) =N, ,[p ( where p in HP) SoMd Examples 17~
,/39943.52 s
- 14 r.p.m.
A hydropower development/$ to operate at a discharge of 40 m'lsec. Normal tan water elevation Is
Numb6r of poles N.- 120 f 120 x so - 1054 m, notm111 bead watw eleva/ion Is 108J.2m. Maximum water temperutlilEI is 7(fJF at wh/cb
N I 1.67 = 12. Vapor pressure Is 0.25 m. Atmospbefic preSSUIII given eM'atioo Is 9.2()m. Find Slilable bdlom fne
514
elevation of the turbine runner. The turbine hes ovem/1 efficiency of 90%.
Correaed ...w.ronous
~I'""''
""""" N _ 12()(
~. - - •
120xSO
•SOOrpm
Np 12 '

Cctrecied N ,. N./P SOOx Jl9943.52

• H"• - (ISO)''• = 190.36rpm. (where Pil HP)
 Where, ; = 0.0242N• 1/l for Kaplan Turbine
Dischafll8 Q = 40m' Isec
Normal head water level= 1082.30. t!=0.0242x(483.63)
313 • 1.49

Noonal tai walet ~ • 1054 m 84 60 149

H =1028.32-1054 =28.30m
D- · ' · .fi850 • 2.458=2.5m
272.73
Vapour preSSIA H.= 0.25m, H. =9.26m
SoiYed E.umples 17.s
Ovetal efficiencY =90% Select the size of Fn!ncia lurlllne tor a sie when! the ne1 head is 110m lltld cfsch8lpe is 139.928
Ava~able botlom elevation =1 m'lsec haWlg efficiency if 94"- Determine also the eleva/ion of rurlline with reference to the WB!er
As, H =28.30 <30m, Use Kaplan 1\Jrblne surf8ce in tailrace. Assume the tutbine will hiJve to drive a 50 cycle generator.
Size of !Jarnes turbine (D) =?
P = 71rOH
= 0.90x 9.81 x 1Ox2S.30 a 9.994.4JKW Head. H=110 m
Design discharge, 0=139.928 m'lsec
=9.994.43 z 13,397.356HP
0 .746 ,=94%
For Kaplan turbine
Elevation of 11JibiM wl1h respect to tail water surface =?
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- 1475 - 1475 - 484 rpm

Assll11e tile lurbine wiD have to drive 50 cycle Gene<ator, f =50Hz.
N,- H11' (28.30yh
Sellilg oiTurblvl, H.= 1
SynchrorlOU$ speed.
P =71 rOH
\Ollere, pIs "'-t" lnHP =0.94x9.81x139.928x110 .. t41,936.96 KW
- 141,936.96 • l90.26J.J4HP
0.746

Specific speed N, -~for francis lurbine soN,=

2
~ = 228.831 • 229rpm
l20f
vH vitO
Numberol pole, Np "'7 N H' 14
Synchronousspeed (N)• 'IP WhereP=PowerinHP
Where, f =generator frequency = 50Hz

=
120 50
" • 21.983 = 22No.
,,
=299• 110 · 187rpm
272.94
190.361.34
Cooected synclwonouS speed N = 1N20 f _ 120 x50 _ m.?Jrpm. 1201 120x50 32Nos
Noo!pole{N,l=N· s 32.08=
p 22 187
120x50
Cooecled(Spedfocspeed) N = N./P = 212.73xJt3J97.356 • 483 _63 rpm Con'edled (N)- 32 - 187.50 lpnl
1
' H' ' (28.30)51'
N.fP
84 60 Conecled N, • H'l• •
Diameter of 1he lurbine D • • ; ../H
N
 N ~ 187.80./190,361.34 = 22 9.64rpm = 230rpm
• (110)514
So, diameter of je~ d = J¥- = r· 06
: X

Diameter ot runner (D) (Diameter of turbine )

4
a 0.288m

. 84.6;-'H
Diameter of tvrtine D- N lakll,dD s Is ~ D= 1Sx0.288m • 4.32m
If N, is computed by ·
432
,..__ ;=0.0197 N,l/3 +0.0275
... ~e. Numberot bucltetofru~ (Z) =15+ .£. 3 15+ -22.S0 • 23Nos
2d
; • 0.0197 x(230)113 +0.0275 • 0.767 Ns = N,j i*' (by u~in8 Pin HP)
2x0.288

Budtetspadng = :r x .32 =O.S9m=S9cm

4
_ 84.6x0.767x Jilii - J .63 = 3.75m
H• 23
D- 187.500
(~r
Design speed or Rotational speed ( or Sj)eed ol runner)
Setting ol turbine For Francis de =0.032
N• 60V

=0.62{3~:7S
rrD
For Francis turbine
"· 187.5./190.261.34 "' 229.58 Where, V= 118ngentai Sj)eed and ; = speed ratio wl1ose value Is betwl!en 0.431110.48
Ns - ·s
Where N. for P In KW 110 4 V• ¢../2gH= 0.46hx9.8lx312.50 • 36.02mlsec
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N./P 187.5.J,.,.t4'"'t""
f)~
36;-;.9,-;-
6 • 19829 2
N, = Hsr• • (110)5'4 ' 229.58 So, N = 60 V K 60x 36.02 = IS9.24rpm.
de =0.032 ( 100) =0.168 ff D ,.x 4.32
1
No of poles N 1201 _ 120xSO = 37.68 • 38
~ =062
vc
-198.29)
-
. { 380.78
~ 0.169 P
&

N 154.24

Seltingoftll!bine, H, ~(H. - H, )- uJf c (IO - O.I69xl10)• - 8.S9m So, Corrected N 120f _ 120x50 - IS81pm
Np 38
Hence 111 aVOid c:a'idalion. ,.,.,1lh8 tll!tJine 8.59m below lhe 1ai1 wa\Qf leW!.
Power (P) •q9.8l QH =0.8Sx9.81xSx312.SO

Solved Examples 17-6 KW _13,028.90 HP-=I1,46S.02HP

P • IJ,028 .90 0.746
Design Pelion w1lflel tllttllne fat' a hydropower plant wflich have 8 net head 3t2.5m and dlschargt;
of 5 ml!sec • Taka the efficiency of the turbine is 85%, head H= 312.5, Design !Mcharge, Q=~ N./P 158"17,465.02 15 _89 ,.. 161pm
ml/sec, CNer8f elfidency," =85 " Corrected Ns • H514 _ )5 •
312 50 1
- (

For Pelton lurbine, ve1o<:ity of ;&t V1 • C, .,j2gH.

Solved Examples 17-7
When! c.= coeffident of veioc;ity (Taldn!l c.= 0.981 A hydroelectril: plant buill lor~ of H:20 mshoold develop pa;ter ~ 2,000 HP. Detemine
lhf numbers o1 turbine units, if turbine having specific spe&d of N, • 800 aro to be used at a nonnal
V1 • 0.98xJ2x9.8x312.SO • 76.74mlsec.
~speed of N • 230tpm.
O= A.V
5
A •g_=-- =0.06Sm1
v 16.74
 Solution,
H=20m.
Normal opernlilg speed (N) =230 rpm. Solved Examples 17·9
specific speed (N.) =600 rpm
For a hydropower project with Installed capecity 20MW, head 500m and specific speed, N, = 25,
Power output (P) =2,000 HP. Design a turlline {diameter of nozz/6, diameter of turbine).
No of turbine =? Diameler of Nozzle (d) =?

NJji Where Pin HP. Diarneler of turbine (D) =?

N, c. HSI4 '
For be<!d, H= 500 m, pelion IUrbine Is used.
2 2
- ( N,H5>1 ) =[600x20" • 1 = 12J73.68HP
Tangenlial velocily, v=; bfll ,.,.,_ ; Is speed ratio (0.431o 0.48)
.. p- --,r- 230
V=0.46Jix9.81x500 a 4S.S6
"-....,.ollurbinereqlired - l.OOOHP • 0.16• 1 - xDN
nuu._ J.2J73.68HP Wekoowtha~ V =--
60
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Solved Examples 17-8 • to Here, N= 60V

Se/ed tulbine type 8f]d design wilh a power OUI/)Ut 10 MW. llead Is 60 mBnd loBd vanalbn up 1rD
minimum of 40%. SoN - 60 K4S.S6 c 870.132
Here. ,o D
p ~ IOMW = IO.OOOKW a i3,404.83HP. NJii
N• = Hs'•
Load variation upto a minimum of 40%
Where, Pin HP
Type of IUrbine =?
870.132
Corrected of IUrbine =? soP =~=26809.65 HPandN .. D
For 60 m head boll\ Kaplan and Francis turbine can be used. But~ ro tne load variation upto a • 0.'746
minimum of 40 %, Kaplan turtine must be selected because of the facility of the movable blades.
The efficiency of the Kaplan turbine remains high over large range of load from 50% under load to
870.132 J28,809.65
So, 25 = D (500)514
50% over load.
1475 1475 0 = 2.4\ m 1 I ted laking
N, ='lij"=-;n~378 rpm
H 60 e diameter of Pelton wheel = 2.41m. the diameter of jells cacu a
Hence, lh
N H~ 378><60S/A
N=-•--c c 545rpm D D 2.4 1 om
- - IO::;. d = - = - •0.241 .
Jji Jl3,464.83 d- 10 10
No of polesNp = 1201 = 120><50 • I 1.01 • t2Nos
N 545

Conected N = 120" 50 SOO rpm

12
 Solved Examples 17-10 . KW shan power. The net available
Hence specific speed is calculated by uslng the relation N = T
N HH<

7 357 5
A Kaplarlt!J(bjne Mner Is to be desrgne~ t~ de~ ·nov:
ratio Is 0.6S, end overall efficiency is Where, Pis JlOMr and ~Pis taken in HP, the specific speed is obtained in MKS unils and ff Pis
head Is 5.5m. Assume that the speed ra!i0_.~!:., of the tiKlrfer. Find the diameter of the runner,
09
taken in kilowaiiS, tile ll*iflc speed is obtained in S.l Units
60%. The <iameler of bOSS Is 11'J" of the ,_,~er
is speed 8l1d is specific speed. Solved E.umpiH 17-11
Shall PtM'8f p =7J,57 .S KW In a Hydlopowe~ pin. the Kaplan llMiliJe has the follow6lg dat&
Head H= 5.50m Q Operating head= 22.5 m
Qveral1 eftidency = 60% ii) OJJtptA power at this head= 126 MW
ikJ Disdtaf98 at this head= 615m'l s
Speed Ralio = ; c J~~ " 2.09 iv) Speed= 66.2 rpm
,_....,~~
v) Runner tip~o-Up diameter, D =9.3 m
so 01
~;~2gH. • 2.09·hx9.81XS .SO =21.71mlsec vi) Hvb Diameter D, =4.3 m
viQ Number of Blades =6
'i
Flow Ratio, -jftH •0'68 Calcu/8/e the speed roUo, the now raoo
and the overall efficiency and the maximum suction drah
head. Assume H,.H, = 10 m. (Hint: Take criJiall cavitaUon flldor for Kaplan turbine
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v11 "' o.68Jl x9.81 x s.so =7.064 mlsec

~)x(~) ] fordetenniningsetting
1
cratiai G 1.{ 0.28+( Of the sudioll head of the lurtine.
I
!liamel8f of Boss D0 • 3Do
Solution:
Now Shaft PtM'Sf. P • 'ITOJI
l'lperaling head (H) = 22.5 m
P = 'ITOJI Po'Her (P) = 126 MW =126•1(J8Watt =168,900.8 Hp
?;3S?.?KW • 0.60><9.81 x0 xS.S
Design Dischaf98(0) =615m'/1
a= 227.27m'lsec
Speed (N) • 68.2 I1JI11
Again using the relalion of Discharge lhrough the runner. 0 = V, 1 x : (o02 - Dt, 2) Runner tlf>'lo·tiP dlameter. 0 =9.3 m

227.27 = 7.064x: (oo -(~

2
n Hub Diameter 0.. =4.3 m
Number of Blades • 6
For tlow ra~o.

~~'- D/ rV,.· 615m Is - 4 ~9

0.=6.768m I~ \. , - ~' .31 - 4.31 \r.v., = 615
I 4
So D0 a-D0 • 2.262m
3 or, 11~rxV,. ·615 ::.V., =ll.5tml s
~rD0N
v,•--
60
.
FlcMratiO(K..) -
- v : 11.51 =0.547
J2~H J z x 9.Si x 22.5
N c 60u1 • 60x 21.71 . 6 l.OStpm
,. D0 1r x6.788 IT DN JT" 9.3 x 68.2 ~33:209 mls
Tangential velocity (v) = To = 60
 .v
Speed mtio (;)=-
v H,=-3.59 m
Hence for no cavitation to OCC\Jr the turbine must be set 3.59 m below the tail water head •
....ere v = n DN and V = ~2gH
w.. • 60 Thus, ~peed ratio= t.58, now ratio= 0.547, overall efficiellC)' =91.55% and suctioo draft head =
- 3.59m •
. - 33.209 = 158
I.e. (9) - 21.01 .

We have,
rQH
Power (P) ~ 75"•
!OOOx615x22.S
Of, 168,900.8 = - 75 "·

Of, " · =91 ,545'rt

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Here 11- relefs _, 11• x q,

wllere, , and 11 , represents generator and 1\rrtline efficiencY respectively·
18

Now, cr- ~J.{0.28+(6~}(fo'o)']

where, specific speed N, is ca.lcutated by using P ill HP

N, • N.fP • 68.2,JJ6l8,900.8 • 571 _96 ~pm

nY. · 229.
i.e. critical cavitation fa<:tor

· cr~""" =1.1[0.2.8+( 6 ~}f~~;6 )'] = 1.1x0.56=0.62

.....
As per criteria, cr ~ cr"''""" for no cavitation to OCC\Jr and tile relation establlshed as,
H. - H. - H,
cr- - H
Here giver~, (H, -H,) = 10m
Net head H = 22.5 m
.Le•• 'L~-
06 - - tO- -
H,
22.5