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 CBSE Class 11 Biology
NCERT Exemplar Solutions
Chapter 21
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Exercise

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Chemicals which are released at the synaptic junction are called

(a) Hormones

(b) Neurotransmitters

(c) Cerebrospinal fluid

(d) Lymph

Ans. (b) Neurotransmitters

2. Potential difference across resting membrane is negatively charged. This is due to

differential distribution of the following ions

(a) Na+ and K+ ions

(b) CO3++ and Cl- ions

(c) Ca++ and Mg++ ions

(d) Ca4+ and Cl- ions

Ans. (a) Na+ and K+ ions

3. Resting membrane potential is maintained by

(a) Hormones

(b) Neurotransmitters

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(c) Ion pumps

(d) None of the above

Ans. (c) Ion pumps

4. The function of our visceral organs is controlled by

(a) Sympathetic and somatic neural system

(b) Sympathetic and para sympathetic neural system

(c) Central and somatic nervous system

(d) None of the above

Ans. (b) Sympathetic and para sympathetic neural system

Explanation: These are parts of autonomous neural system.

5. Which of the following is not involved in Knee-jerk reflex?

(a) Muscle spindle

(b) Motor neuron

(c) Brain

(d) Inter neurons

Ans. (c) Brain

Explanation: Knee-jerk reaction is controlled at the level of nerve cord.

6. An area in the brain which is associated with strong emotions is

(a) Cerebral cortex

(b) Cerebellum

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(c) Limbic system

(d) Medulla

Ans. (c) Limbic system

7. Mark the vitamin present in Rhodopsin

(a) Vit A

(b) Vit B

(c) Vit C

(d) Vit D

Ans. (a) Vit A

8. Human eyeball consists of three layers and it encloses

(a) Lens, iris, optic nerve

(b) Lens, aqueous humor and vitreous humor

(c) Cornea, lens, iris

(d) Cornea, lens, optic nerve

Ans. (b) Lens, aqueous humor and vitreous humor

9. Wax gland present in the ear canal is called

(a) Sweat gland

(b) Prostate gland

(c) Cowper's gland

(d) Sebaceous gland/ ceruminous gland

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Ans. (d) Cowper's gland

10. The part of internal ear responsible for hearing is

(a) Cochlea

(b) Semicircular canal

(c) Utriculus

(d) Sacculus

Ans. (a) Cochlea

11. The organ of corti is a structure present in

(a) External ear

(b) Middle ear

(c) Semi-circular canal

(d) Cochlea

Ans. (d) Cochlea

Explanation: Organ of corti are present on the sensory ridge of basilar membrane of
cochlea. Hair cells which act as auditory receptors are present in organ of corti.

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 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Rearrange the following in the correct order of involvement in electrical impulse

movement- Synaptic knob, dendrites, cell body, Axon terminal, Axon

Ans. Dendrites Cell body Axon Axon terminal Synaptic knob

2. Comment upon the role of ear in maintaining the balance of the body and posture.

Ans. Internal ear has vestibular apparatus. It is composed of semi-circular canals and otolith.
The semi-circular canals are in three different planes. Relative orientation of these canals
send signals to the brain and maintain balance and posture of the body.

3. Which cells of the retina enable us to see coloured objects around us?

Ans. Cone cells

4. Arrange the following in the order of reception and transmission of sound wave from
the ear drum: Cochlear nerve, external auditory canal, ear drum, stapes, incus,
malleus, cochlea.

Ans. External auditory canal Ear drum Malleus Incus Stapes Cochlea
Chochlear nerve

5. During resting potential, the axonal membrane is polarised, indicate the movement
of +ve and –ve ions leading to polarization diagrammatically.

Ans.

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6. Name the structures involved in the protection of the brain.

Ans. Following structures are involved in the protection of the brain:

Skull and Cerebrospinal Fluid

7. Our reaction like aggressive behavior, use of abusive words, restlessness etc. are
regulated by brain, name the parts involved.

Ans. The limbic system; along with hypothalamus; is involved in controlling extreme
emotions.

8. What do grey and white matter in the brain represent?

Ans. There is high concentration of neuron cell bodies in cerebral cortex. This gives the
cortex a greyish appearance and hence the name grey matter. The cerebral medulla has high
concentration of axons. Hence, medulla is lighter in colour and is called white matter. The
sequence of grey and white matters is reversed in the nerve cord; with white matter at the
periphery and grey matter in the centre.

9. Where is the hunger centre located in human brain?

Ans. Hypothalamus

10. Which sensory organ is involved in vertigo (sensation of oneself or objects spinning
around)?

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Ans. Ears are involved in sense of vertigo. The semi-circular canals in the internal ear are
responsible for this.

11. While travelling at a higher altitude, a person complains of dizziness and vomiting
sensation. Which part of the inner ear is disturbed during the journey?

Ans. Semi- circular canal

12. Complete the statement by choosing appropriate match among following-

(a) Resting potential (i) chemicals involved in the transmission of impulses at synapses.

(b) Nerve impulse (ii) gap between the pre-synaptic and post synaptic neurons

(c) Synaptic cleft (iii) electrical potential difference across the resting neural membrane

(d)
(iv) an electrical wave like response of a neuron to a stimulation.
Neurotransmitters

Ans. (a) (iii), (b) (iv), (c) (ii), (d) (i)

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 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. The major parts of the human neural system are depicted below. Fill in the empty
boxes with appropriate words.

Ans.

2. What is the difference between electrical transmission and chemical transmission?

Ans.

Electrical transmission Chemical transmission

(i) Impulses are sent in the form of electric

(i) Impulses are sent through chemicals.
potential.

(ii) Signals in the neural system are sent (ii) Signals in the hormonal system are sent
through this. through this.

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(iii) It is fast in action. (iii) It is slow in action.

3. Neural system and computers share certain common features. Comment in five lines.
(Hint: CPU, input-output devices).

Ans. Neural system and computers share certain common features. Following are some
examples:

The brain functions like the CPU (central processing unit).

The sense organs function like input devices; the way keyboard, mouse and scanners
do in computer.
Olfactory and tactile receptors can be compared to keyboard and mouse.
Eyes can be compared to web camera and scanner.
Ears can be compared to mike.
Response to external stimuli is output; the way information is displayed on computer
screen.

4. If someone receives a blow on the back of neck, what would be the effect on the
person's CNS?

Ans. Brain and spinal cord constiture the CNS . A blow on the back can result in serious
injury to the spinal cord and eventually to the nerve cord. Nerve cord is an integral part of
the CNS. Any damage to the CNS can hamper many normal functions in the body. A person
can also be paralysed.

5. What is the function described to Eustachian tube?

Ans. The middle ear (tympanic cavity) is an air filled chamber which is connected to
pharynx by Eustachian tube. It helps in equalizing pressures on either side of the ear drum
and organ of corti is the structural unit of hearing. Thus, it helps in proper reception and
transmission of sound waves to the internal ear.

6. Label the following parts in the given diagram using arrow.

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(a) Aqueous chamber

(b) Cornea

(c) Lens

(d) Retina

(e) Vitreous chamber

(f) Blind spot

Ans.

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 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Explain the process of the transport and release of a neurotransmitter with the help
of a labelled diagram showing a complete neuron, axon terminal and synapse.

Ans. The junction between two neurons is called synapse. A synapse is made by membranes
of pre-synaptic neuron and post-synaptic neuron. A gap; called synaptic cleft; may or may
not be present in between.

In a chemical synapses, the axon terminal called synaptic knob contains a number of
synaptic vesicles, which contain the neurotransmitter.
The Nerve impulse arrives at axon terminal and travels through the axon in the form
of electrical signals.
There are small vesicles filled with chemical transmitters in the axon terminal. When
an electrical impulse comes, the vesicle empties chemotransmitters into the synaptic
cleft. This happens by vesicle's fusion with the plasma membrane.
Once the neurotransmitters are released in the synapse; they are taken up by
specialized channels present on the membrane of post-synaptic neuron.
Entry of neurotransmitters into post-synaptic neuron completes the transmission of

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 neural signals.

2. Name the parts of human forebrain indicating their respective functions.

Ans. The forebrain consists of cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus. Their functions are as
follows:

Part of brain Functions

Cerebrum Motor and sensory functions.

Thalamus Coordination of sensory and motor signaling.

Hypothalamus Body temperature, hunger and thirst.

3. Explain the structure of middle and internal ear with the help of diagram.

Ans. Structure of Middle Ear: The middle ear (tympanic cavity) is composed of the
tympanic membrane and bony ossicles. Tympanic membrane separates middle ear from
external ear and the middle ear is connected to pharynx by eustachian tube.The three bony
ossicles are; malleus, incus and stapes. Tympanic membrane is also called the ear drum. It
catches the sound waves and transfers them to the bony ossicles. The bony ossicles pick the
waves one by one and transmit them to the inner ear.

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Structure of Inner Ear: Inner ear is a fluid filled chamber called labyrinth. It is composed of
two parts, outer bony labyrinth and inner membranous labyrinth. Labyrinth is divided into
two parts viz. cochlea and semi-circular canals. An oval window in the cochlea receives
sound waves from the stapes. Cochlea is the part which is coiled and sends auditory signals
to the brain. Semi-circular canals are involved in maintaining balance and posture of the
body.

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