Name Khursheed Ahmad shah

Roll no (F19-3348)

PAPER Globalization

Instructor Muhammad Abdullah

Program M.Phil (SEMESTER-3rd)

Department Sociology

EXAM Final-Term 2020

No. 1. How would you define the cultural Globalization? In the wake of
Globalization how do you foresee the future of Institutions of Family and
education in Pakistan?

Cultural globalization
 Cultural globalization, phenomenon by which the experience of everyday life, as
influenced by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, reflects a standardization
of cultural expressions around the world.

Globalization and education

Globalization has had a profound effect on education systems worldwide. The
developing world in particular which looks to the education of its youth as the
pathway to prosperity and development has experienced both benefits and
disadvantages in the internationalization of education brought about by modern
globalization. As Attach and Knight define globalization, it involves “the economic,
political, and societal forces pushing 21st century higher education toward
greater international involvement”. They also note that, “globalization may be
unalterable, but internationalization involves many choices” (2007, pp. 290–291).
In the long-term, it might contribute to the expansion of educational
development but demonstrably leads to unwittingly undermining education’s
impact on development of manpower, by-passing and overlooking human rights
in education and the idea of development with security. This is central to the
post-2015 education and development agenda. In this volume educational policy
changes in aid-recipient countries are explored as well as and education choices
and frameworks for better understanding of the agenda-setting processes that
have evolved under globalization. The authors question the motivation of reforms
in post-colonial states arguing that progress (or the lack thereof) in schools
cannot be divorced from the burden of human capital theory’s non-
conceptualization of human rights in education. This means that education aid
from international agencies has in fact hampered the ability of nations to
constructively serve the economic, social and political project of nation building .

What are the effects of globalization in education?

Globalization enhances the ability of learners to access, assess, adopt, and apply
knowledge, to think independently to exercise appropriate judgment and to
collaborate with others to make sense of new situations. - Globalization produces
an increased quantity of scientifically and technically trained persons.
Globalization and family
Public debate over the condition of family as an American institution continues as
we enter the new millennium. A number of trends underlie this debate. Divorce is
common, more Americans are single or living with a partner outside of marriage,
an increasing percent of children are living with only one parent, and a growing
percentage of married couples are foregoing parenthood altogether. The result of
all these changes is that far fewer families consist of a married couple with
children than was the case fifty years ago.

Family life is changing. Two-parent households are on the decline in the United

States as divorce, remarriage and cohabitation are on the rise. And families are
smaller now, both due to the growth of single-parent households and the drop in
fertility

Family is a moving target. Our ideas about what constitutes a “normal” family
have changed a lot since the 1960s, and there’s no reason to believe they’ll stop
changing. How weird could things get? Here are nine different ideas about the
future of the family.

(1) Gender Fluidity in the Family

We are progressively moving towards a post-gendered society—and accordingly,

the role of the family as a means to “uphold” traditional gender roles is gradually
starting to dissipate.

(2) Clone Families

Assuming that human cloning can eventually be made safe and reliable, the

public’s misgivings about this potential reproductive practice will probably fade.
And this could lead to families in which offspring are the clones of a parental
donor, or some other donor such as a grandparent, a friend—or a celebrity.

(3) Robotic and Artificially Intelligent Caregivers

Films like Spike Jonze’s Her demonstrate the potential for intimate relationships
between humans and artificial intelligence. But there’s no reason to believe that
children — from infanthood through
(4) Multiple Family Household

Statistics show that multi-generational families are on the rise, mostly because

housing and other things are getting so expensive. Likewise, two or more family
groups may wind up deciding to live together in a single home, to save money.
(Keep in mind that families and households are two distinct things.

5) Extreme Multi-generational Families

The onset of radical life extension is set to have a profound effect on family
structure and intra-family dynamics. Eventually, humans will start to live well into
their hundreds, and they’ll be as vibrant and healthy as when they were half their
age or even younger. Some “elderly” people may even choose to have offspring
during their later years, which should result in some interesting and novel
scenarios.

(6) Space Colonist Families

By mid-century, we should have a colonial presence on Mars, and possibly the

Moon. These habitats will likely be small and rudimentary, but it’s not
unreasonable to assume that some colonists will want to bring their families
along, or start new ones. Eventually, we’ll start to see the first generation of
humans who have never been to Earth. Eventually, humans will want to embark
on long-term missions to the stars. and die (advances in radical life extension
notwithstanding), leaving their offspring to continue the mission. 

(8) Mind-linked Families

Advances in neuroscience could irrevocably change the family unit as we know it

today. Imagine a family connected via mind-to-mind communication. It would be
like Wachowski’s Sense8 TV series in which the characters are mentally and
emotionally connected, capable of communicating, sensing, and using each
other’s knowledge, skills, and language. Mind-melded families would be greater
than the sum of its parts.

(9) Virtual Families

Imagine a mind-uploaded family, or a family comprised of emulated brains (called
ems) that reside and interact within a powerful supercomputer. These virtual
beings would live as avatars within elaborate simulated environments. But
because the constraints of the analog world won’t apply in cyberspace (whether
these constraints be biological or physical), virtual families may not have the same
needs or motivations for staying together as a single, related unit.

Q. No.
2. Give your arguments on Anti-Globalization and Local
Autonomy.

Anti globalization
opposition to the increase in the global power and influence of businesses,
especially multinational corporations.

Overview of Anti-globalization

Three distinct political economic approaches are being articulated by anti-globalization

movements.1 The three modes are archetypes, as few movements practice
1 In 1997 John Cavanagh named three forms of anti-globalization: restrained globalization,
democratized globalization, and localization.

What are the arguments for and against globalization?

Globalization: Arguments for And Against Globalization

 Gains of Globalization for Rich at the Cost of Poor

 Source of Repeated Economic Crises
 Globalization as an Imposed Decision of the Rich
 Unequal Distribution of Benefits
 Strengthened Role of MNCs
 Private Profits at the Cost of Social Security
 Increased Protectionism and Neo-colonialism
What are the main arguments against Globalization?

EROSION OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY

Another common argument is that globalization has eroded state sovereignty.

International trade limits the ability of nation-states to control domestic
economies, whereas international organizations and laws place limits on their
decision-making abilities.

Local Autonomy
Local autonomy is the ability of local governments to have an independent
impact on the well-being of their citizens. We examine the nonlocal government
determinants of well-being in both countries and ask what scope remains
for local governments to have an impact.

Autonomous Movements

For utilitarian purposes we have organized autonomous movements into

movements
focused on local production and movements focused on local politics. The
division is neither a theoretical statement nor an analytic finding. In reality most
of these movements feature common nodes of activity that defy such
categorization.
This section presents data on the movements, whose economic and social
characteristics are analyzed at the end of the paper.
Q. No. 3. Write a detailed essay on the emergence and effectiveness of
E-communities and transnational communities.

Transnational communities
Transnational communities are migrant populations living in a country other than
their country of origin but with ties to the country of origin.
What is an example of transnational migration?

For instance, the children of Mexican immigrants who travel to Mexico and return
better able to understand the meaning of being Mexican in New York are
exercising their membership in a transnational social field.

What is transnational theory?

A field of study focusing on cross-boundary political space, arguing that states are
not the only significant actors. This theory emphasizes the direct linkages across
international boundaries, where at least one actor is non-state; for example, a
non-governmental organization or transnational corporation.

In the introduction to this volume, we suggested five structuring and defining

features of transnational communities. First, they represent, for their members,
one among several community affiliations. Second, members are cosmopolitans
but usually of a “rooted” kind. Third, transnational communities are imagined
communities of a fluid and dynamic nature. Fourth, they exhibit a fair amount of
within-community diversity. Fifth and finally, transnational communities are time-
bound, non-essential and non-permanent collectives. After our journey through a
multiplicity of diverse empirical settings, we should reflect a bit more on those
five defining features – asking ourselves, in particular, how they might play out in
the governance activities of transnational communities.

E communities
E-Communities are one sort of communication platform on the internet, and
support or initiate business processes. They are used to build constant, self-
dynamic.

Q. No. 4. Critically analyses the Economic and Social Globalization

with special emphasis on the Feminist Theoretical approaches to
Globalization.
Economic Globalization

Economic globalization refers to the processes of global economic integration that

emerged in the late 20th century, fueled by neoliberal ideals. Rooted in classical
liberal economic thought, neoliberalism claims that a largely unregulated
capitalist economy embodies the ideal of free individual choice and maximizes
economic efficiency and growth, technological progress, and distributive justice.
Economic globalization is associated with particular global political and economic
institutions, such as the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary
Fund, and the World Bank, and specific neoliberal economic policies.

Feminist Theoretical Approaches to Globalization

‘Feminist theoretical approaches to globalization’ is an umbrella term that refers

to a number of specific theoretical approaches that feminists have used to
articulate the challenges that globalization poses for women, people of color, and
the global poor. These various approaches include those developed by
postcolonial feminists, transnational feminists, and feminists who endorse an
ethics of care. In this section, we identify four key features shared by these
various feminist approaches to globalization and outline some of the distinctive
characteristics of each theoretical orientation.

First, feminist approaches to globalization seek to provide frameworks for

understanding the gender injustices associated with globalization. Rather than
developing all-encompassing ideal theories of global justice, however, feminist
philosophers tend to adopt the non-ideal theoretical perspectives, which focus on
specific, concrete issues.

The second key feature of feminist approaches to globalization is a shared

commitment to core feminist values, including an opposition to the subordination
of women. Some theorists also draw upon feminist interpretations of mainstream
moral and political ideals, such as equality, democracy, and human rights, to
develop critiques of neoliberal policies
The third key feature of feminist approaches to globalization is an emphasis on
feminist methodologies. In particular, these approaches tend to embody three
key methodological commitments. The first is intersectionality, which maintains
that systems of oppression interact to produce injustices, and thus, that gender
injustices cannot be understood solely in terms of sex or gender.
Finally, feminist theorists of globalization are committed to developing self-
reflexive critiques. At the heart of this methodology is a willingness to critically
examine feminist claims, with particular attention to the ways in which feminist
discourses privilege certain points of view. For instance, Schutte insists that
ostensibly universal feminist values and ideas are likely to embody the values of
dominant cultures. This helps to explain why the voices of women from
developing countries are often taken seriously only if they reflect the norms and
values of the West and conform to Western expectations.

THE END