Zeta function regularization

In mathematics and theoretical physics, zeta function regularization is a type of regularization or summability
method that assigns finite values to divergent sums or products, and in particular can be used to define
determinants and traces of some self-adjoint operators. The technique is now commonly applied to problems in
physics, but has its origins in attempts to give precise meanings to ill-conditioned sums appearing in number
theory.

Contents
Definition
Example
Relation to other regularizations
Relation to Dirichlet series
Heat kernel regularization
History
See also
References

Definition
There are several different summation methods called zeta function regularization for defining the sum of a
possibly divergent series a1 + a2 + ....

One method is to define its zeta regularized sum to be ζA(−1) if this is defined, where the zeta function is
defined for large Re(s) by

if this sum converges, and by analytic continuation elsewhere.

In the case when an = n, the zeta function is the ordinary Riemann zeta function. This method was used by
Euler to "sum" the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... to ζ(−1) = −1/12.

Hawking (1977) showed that in flat space, in which the eigenvalues of Laplacians are known, the zeta
function corresponding to the partition function can be computed explicitly. Consider a scalar field φ contained
in a large box of volume V in flat spacetime at the temperature T = β−1 . The partition function is defined by a
path integral over all fields φ on the Euclidean space obtained by putting τ = it which are zero on the walls of
the box and which are periodic in τ with period β. In this situation from the partition function he computes
energy, entropy and pressure of the radiation of the field φ. In case of flat spaces the eigenvalues appearing in
the physical quantities are generally known, while in case of curved space they are not known: in this case
asymptotic methods are needed.
Another method defines the possibly divergent infinite product a1 a2 .... to be exp(−ζ′ A(0)). Ray & Singer
(1971) used this to define the determinant of a positive self-adjoint operator A (the Laplacian of a Riemannian
manifold in their application) with eigenvalues a1 , a2 , ...., and in this case the zeta function is formally the trace
of A−s. Minakshisundaram & Pleijel (1949) showed that if A is the Laplacian of a compact Riemannian
manifold then the Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function converges and has an analytic continuation as a
meromorphic function to all complex numbers, and Seeley (1967) extended this to elliptic pseudo-differential
operators A on compact Riemannian manifolds. So for such operators one can define the determinant using
zeta function regularization. See "analytic torsion."

Hawking (1977) suggested using this idea to evaluate path integrals in curved spacetimes. He studied zeta
function regularization in order to calculate the partition functions for thermal graviton and matter's quanta in
curved background such as on the horizon of black holes and on de Sitter background using the relation by the
inverse Mellin transformation to the trace of the kernel of heat equations.

Example
The first example in which zeta function regularization is available appears in the Casimir effect, which is in a
flat space with the bulk contributions of the quantum field in three space dimensions. In this case we must
calculate the value of Riemann zeta function at -3, which diverges explicitly. However, it can be analytically
continued to s=-3 where hopefully there is no pole, thus giving a finite value to the expression. A detailed
example of this regularization at work is given in the article on the detail example of the Casimir effect, where
the resulting sum is very explicitly the Riemann zeta-function (and where the seemingly legerdemain analytic
continuation removes an additive infinity, leaving a physically significant finite number).

An example of zeta-function regularization is the calculation of the vacuum expectation value of the energy of
a particle field in quantum field theory. More generally, the zeta-function approach can be used to regularize
the whole energy-momentum tensor in curved spacetime. [1] [2]

The unregulated value of the energy is given by a summation over the zero-point energy of all of the excitation
modes of the vacuum:

Here, is the zeroth component of the energy-momentum tensor and the sum (which may be an integral) is
understood to extend over all (positive and negative) energy modes ; the absolute value reminding us that
the energy is taken to be positive. This sum, as written, is usually infinite ( is typically linear in n). The sum
may be regularized by writing it as

where s is some parameter, taken to be a complex number. For large, real s greater than 4 (for three-
dimensional space), the sum is manifestly finite, and thus may often be evaluated theoretically.

The zeta-regularization is useful as it can often be used in a way such that the various symmetries of the
physical system are preserved. Zeta-function regularization is used in conformal field theory, renormalization
and in fixing the critical spacetime dimension of string theory.

Relation to other regularizations

We can ask if there are any relations to the dimensional regularization originated by the Feynman diagram. But
now we may say they are equivalent to each other, see[3]. However the main advantage of the zeta
regularization is that it can be used whenever the dimensional regularization fails, for example if there are
matrices or tensors inside the calculations

Relation to Dirichlet series

Zeta-function regularization gives an analytic structure to any sums over an arithmetic function f(n). Such sums
are known as Dirichlet series. The regularized form

converts divergences of the sum into simple poles on the complex s-plane. In numerical calculations, the zeta-
function regularization is inappropriate, as it is extremely slow to converge. For numerical purposes, a more
rapidly converging sum is the exponential regularization, given by

This is sometimes called the Z-transform of f, where z = exp(−t). The analytic structure of the exponential and
zeta-regularizations are related. By expanding the exponential sum as a Laurent series

one finds that the zeta-series has the structure

The structure of the exponential and zeta-regulators are related by means of the Mellin transform. The one may
be converted to the other by making use of the integral representation of the Gamma function:

which lead to the identity

relating the exponential and zeta-regulators, and converting poles in the s-plane to divergent terms in the
Laurent series.

Heat kernel regularization

The sum
is sometimes called a heat kernel or a heat-kernel regularized sum; this name stems from the idea that the
can sometimes be understood as eigenvalues of the heat kernel. In mathematics, such a sum is known as a
generalized Dirichlet series; its use for averaging is known as an Abelian mean. It is closely related to the
Laplace–Stieltjes transform, in that

where is a step function, with steps of at . A number of theorems for the convergence of
such a series exist. For example, by the Hardy-Littlewood Tauberian theorem, if [4]

then the series for converges in the half-plane and is uniformly convergent on every compact
subset of the half-plane . In almost all applications to physics, one has

History
Much of the early work establishing the convergence and equivalence of series regularized with the heat kernel
and zeta function regularization methods was done by G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood in 1916[5] and is
based on the application of the Cahen–Mellin integral. The effort was made in order to obtain values for
various ill-defined, conditionally convergent sums appearing in number theory.

In terms of application as the regulator in physical problems, before Hawking (1977), J. Stuart Dowker and
Raymond Critchley in 1976 proposed a zeta-function regularization method for quantum physical problems.[6]
Emilio Elizalde and others have also proposed a method based on the zeta regularization for the integrals
, here is a regulator and the divergent integral depends on the numbers in the

limit see renormalization. Also unlike other regularizations such as dimensional regularization and
analytic regularization, zeta regularization has no counterterms and gives only finite results.

See also
Generating function
Perron's formula
Renormalization
1+1+1+1+⋯
1+2+3+4+⋯
Analytic torsion
Ramanujan summation
Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function
Zeta function (operator)

References
^ Tom M. Apostol, "Modular Functions and Dirichlet Series in Number Theory", "Springer-
Verlag New York. (See Chapter 8.)"
 ^ A. Bytsenko, G. Cognola, E. Elizalde, V. Moretti and S. Zerbini, "Analytic Aspects of Quantum
Fields", World Scientific Publishing, 2003, ISBN 981-238-364-6
^ G.H. Hardy and J.E. Littlewood, "Contributions to the Theory of the Riemann Zeta-Function
and the Theory of the Distribution of Primes", Acta Mathematica, 41(1916) pp. 119–196. (See,
for example, theorem 2.12)
Hawking, S. W. (1977), "Zeta function regularization of path integrals in curved spacetime",
Communications in Mathematical Physics, 55 (2): 133–148, Bibcode:1977CMaPh..55..133H (ht
tps://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977CMaPh..55..133H), doi:10.1007/BF01626516 (https://doi.o
rg/10.1007%2FBF01626516), ISSN 0010-3616 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-3616),
MR 0524257 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0524257)
^ V. Moretti, "Direct z-function approach and renormalization of one-loop stress tensor in curved
spacetimes, Phys. Rev.D 56, 7797 (1997).
Minakshisundaram, S.; Pleijel, Å. (1949), "Some properties of the eigenfunctions of the
Laplace-operator on Riemannian manifolds" (http://math.ca/10.4153/CJM-1949-021-5),
Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 1 (3): 242–256, doi:10.4153/CJM-1949-021-5 (https://doi.or
g/10.4153%2FCJM-1949-021-5), ISSN 0008-414X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-414X),
MR 0031145 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0031145)
Ray, D. B.; Singer, I. M. (1971), "R-torsion and the Laplacian on Riemannian manifolds",
Advances in Mathematics, 7 (2): 145–210, doi:10.1016/0001-8708(71)90045-4 (https://doi.org/1
0.1016%2F0001-8708%2871%2990045-4), MR 0295381 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getit
em?mr=0295381)
"Zeta-function method for regularization" (https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=
Zeta-function_method_for_regularization), Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001
[1994]
Seeley, R. T. (1967), "Complex powers of an elliptic operator", in Calderón, Alberto P. (ed.),
Singular Integrals (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Chicago, Ill., 1966), Proceedings of Symposia in
Pure Mathematics, 10, Providence, R.I.: Amer. Math. Soc., pp. 288–307, ISBN 978-0-8218-
1410-9, MR 0237943 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0237943)
^ J.S. Dowker and R. Critchley, Effective Lagrangian and energy-momentum tensor in de Sitter
space, Phys. Rev.D 13, 3224 (1976).

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