Definitions of Globalization
and tourism is encouraged.
 Processes by which goods, services, capital, and
people, information and ideas flow across
national borders. (Grewal/Levy)
 Process of interdependence and interaction
between people and places around the world.
According to world health organization
 “Globalization is the increased
interconnectedness and interdependence of
people and countries, is generally understood
to include two interrelated elements:
1. The opening of international boards to increasingly
fast flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas
2. The changes in institutions and policies at national
and international levels that facilitate or promote such
flows.
TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Economic – Economic globalization refers to the
widespread international movement of goods, capital,
services, technology and information involving
economic interdependence across national borders.
(1) Goods and services produced in one part of the
world are increasingly available in all parts of the world.
(2) Outsourcing can add to the economic development
of a struggling country, bringing much needed jobs.
2. Social/Cultural- refers to the transmission of ideas,
meanings, and values around the world in such a way as
to extend and intensify social relations. This process is
marked by the common consumption of cultures that
have been diffused by the Internet, popular culture
media, and international travel.
3. Political- refers to the political cooperation between
countries.
Examples:
(1) Recently, Philippines has been rapidly improving
relations and cooperating with China on various issues,
developing a much stronger and stable tie with the
country.
(2) The European Union is an economic and political
union of 28 countries. Emigrating from one country to
another is easier, currencies are more easily exchanged,
4. Technological- Technological developments are
conceived as the main facilitator and driving force of
most of the globalization processes.
CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Improved Communications – The development of
communication technologies such as internet, email
and mobile phones have been vital to the growth of
globalization.
2. Improved Transportation – The development of
refrigerated and container transport has allowed the
easy mass movement of goods throughout the world.
People can now travel around the world through
improved modes of transportation.
3. Free Trade Agreements –A free trade agreement is a
treaty between two or more countries to facilitate trade
and eliminate trade barriers. Free trade agreements
helps create an open and competitive international
marketplace. Multinational companies and rich
capitalist countries have always promoted global free
trade as a way of increasing their own wealth and
influence.
4. Global Banking- Modern communication
technologies allow vast amounts of capital to flow freely
and instantly throughout the world.  
5. The growth of Multinational Companies – The rapid
growth of big Multinational companies such as
Microsoft, McDonald’s and Nike is a cause as well as a
consequence of globalization. Globalization allows
Multinational companies to produce goods and services
and to sell products on a massive scale throughout the
world.
HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Silk Road
The Silk Road was a network of trade routes which
connected the East and West, and was central to the
economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions
between these regions from the 2nd century BCE to the
18th century. 
o Established when the Han Dynasty in China
officially opened trade with the West in 130
B.C., the Silk Road routes remained in use until
 1453 A.D., when the Ottoman Empire boycotted
trade with China and closed them.
o Trade along the so-called Silk Road economic
belt included fruits and vegetables, livestock,
grain, leather and hides, tools, religious objects,
artwork, precious stones and metals and—
perhaps more importantly—language, culture,
religious beliefs, philosophy and science.
o Commodities such as paper and gunpowder,
both invented by the Chinese during the Han
Dynasty, had obvious and lasting impacts on
culture and history in the West. They were also
among the most-traded items between the East
and West.
o Paper was invented in China during the 3rd
century B.C., and its use spread via the Silk
Road.
2. Age of Discovery
o The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was
a period from the early 15th century that
continued into the early 17th century, during
which European ships travelled around the
world to search for new trading routes. They
were in search of trading goods such as gold,
silver and spices.
o Discovery of America / Scientific Revolution /
Colonialism / Mercantilism / Slave Trade
3. First wave of globalization (Industrial Revolution)
leadership of a new hegemon, the United States
of America, and aided by the technologies of
the Second Industrial Revolution, like the car
and the plane, global trade started to rise once
again.
o Technological advances including mobile
phones and especially the internet have
contributed to globalization by connecting
people all over the world.
5. Fourth wave of globalization (Present times)
o In a world increasingly dominated by two global
powers, the US and China, the new frontier of
globalization is the cyber world. The digital
economy, in its infancy during the third wave of
globalization, is now becoming a force to reckon
with through e-commerce, digital services, 3D
printing. It is further enabled by artificial
intelligence, but threatened by cross-border
hacking and cyber-attacks.
o At the same time, a negative globalization is
expanding too, through the global effect of
climate change. Pollution in one part of the
world leads to extreme weather events in
another. And the cutting of forests in the few
“green lungs” the world has left, like the
Amazon rainforest, has a further devastating
effect on not just the world’s biodiversity, but
its capacity to cope with hazardous greenhouse
gas emissions.

o The Industrial revolution began in Britain in the

middle of the 18th century. From there, it spread
to other countries of Europe and the world. The
discovery of the steam engine, electric power,
oil fuel and other sources of energy generated
the power that launched the Industrial
revolution. Other important parts of this
revolution were the mass production of goods,
instead of producing goods by the dozens, as in
previous eras, suppliers could produce them by
the hundreds of thousands.

o Steam engine / Suez Canal / World wars

4. Second and third wave of globalization

o The end of the World War II marked a new

beginning for the global economy. Under the