~ Teresa Lams Valees TLV", = Time Welghed Average “TWA, + Occupatona Industral Dea, maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well- being of all workers in al ‘occupations. eee Itis defined as the promotion : ‘Scope of Occupational Health + revemionand uementofocepsonanecsns © = + craton heaters woes iting J+ eeoscn of aay eet eancen 2 te pevemion gh nl trocons soba - + Renitonetoa who hee een rt om et wa reason es an promton ot hh inte wore ropson “Elements “ of Occupational Health + The Wosker py ¢ A | geet innerance, contin on aad primitive, automated + The Process materials used, physical properties + The work eavigenient Occupational Hygiene + The science and art devoted to antcipat recognition, evaluation and control of eavironmenial factors or sreses arising in or fom the workplaces which may eause sickness, impaired health and well-being or significant discomfort and intficieney among workers IntroOH.doc7-Jan-C Relationship with other subj + Medical ee anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacclog} physiology and internal medicine (Close relationship with public health + Non - medical psychology, chemistry, physics, biology and engincexing Organizations Involved In Occupational Health In. a + Ministry of Manpower + Ministry of the Environment + Ministry of Health + National University of ‘Singapore + Polytechnics Private Sector ée. Ministry of Manpowe Other Ministries’ + Ministry OF Maaipewer" Pee 2 “= Occupational Health and Safety + Ministry of the Environment - Drviion piel ad Qe Deen, + Ocepatn es Departs cto Un + Ocupaten! skh Deptt + Minis of eth + Merten ner Compson i ees eaneieate cet Dower ta aan Pree Bett + repay a th eee ‘anne cenee = Lato Raton Dept : i Other Organisations + National University of Singapore. = Community, eccupational and fel ‘medicine department + Trade Unions + Employers? organisations + Non-governmental organisations = Occupationat and Environmental Health Society ingepore Industrial Safety Oicers Organisation = National Safety Copel ete recon — MM (SS Motstie view. — DEDL ~ dediqnaled tact Dacor: IntroOH.doe: | What is Toxicology?.: The study of the adverse effects of chertiicalsjon living organisms Scope of Coverage - + Toxicology % + Inhalation, ingestion, skin conti * Absorption, distribution, excretion + Kinetics of metabolism + Toxicity indicators + Dose - response relationship + Toxicity by target organs To assess the adverse effects related to different doses in order to find the “acceptably safe” level Concept of Toxicity Testings + Traditional- using animals to esth oF LC50 (ili > + Using “cell ines” culture to-do LDSO + Why simall rodents (rats, mice, guinea igs)? Good health and 2 years lifetime. + Animal data to humans -size; Spreadin; Ammg in a 250g rat is a male What is Toxicity?. + soe erin = Pa tal arent + There isa gradient of effects- dose-response Hazard Hazard indicates the =i or Probability that a chemical will ‘cause an vere elfect or igjury 3 pk under the conditions in whietritis used or produced. IntroOH. doeS 8 continued... Hazard = Hazard depends on: * toxicity, flammability, reactivity. + properties e.g, volatility... * conditions of use T-Jan-l Risk ites an adverse effect arising from a given exposure to a substance Risk has 3 components: probability, event, severity e.g. how, where,.. ‘peel aetors Influencing Toxicity + Agent 5 Coaaet Dosé'Response Relationshi . ~ pays sue aration : ae Tesfona “alo seme Dose = concentration x time + Environment Response = health effect rox of exzy eset eee Linear voon-linesr > _ fon hacen cater gens ‘Threshold vs non-threshold » Won e i a, 46 se, gente acta, nid occuyrdhian. Sekiya = wertioned heath, Dose Response Curve _ Lethal Dose LD sy ‘The dose that kills 50% of t animals. Itis expressed in mg / kg of animal weight Itis a measure of acute oral toxicity IntroOH.doc7-Jan. ‘The exposure concentration substance lethal to half of the test animals tis expressed in ppm How to determine LO50? Contiawe..Lethal Dose Ly a vo ethyl aleobol 10,000" sodium chloride 4,000 ferrous sulfate 1,500 Dor 100 parathion 2 dioxin (TCDD) 0.001 Which agent has/has no threshold? Permissible Levels ~~ ee + Trrestota Limit Vl" a BO = Reger conan en wich SES | age inca ey Si Sescty gpd nino see as >. apart + Time weiphicd Average, TWA ~ Rtas concent fr er wang = oy + Shorttrm exposureLevet STEL, . = Manin coset pt Smet aoa * Coiling Vatue IntroOH.doc7-Jan-02 Local vs Systemic... Toxic Effects- * Local effects occur at the site of contact e.g. skin & eye irritation + Systemic effects occur at a site distant from the point of entry of a substance e.g. liver damage Toxic Effects- A lwyfin + Chronic effects develop following |. long term exposure of over G mont eee cute vs, Chronic Acute effects develop followi short term exposure to a substance aaah & fecstas 24 bre ~ernar 7 Toxic Effects- Reversible vs Irreversi + Reversible effects are ter will disappear when exposure t0 that chemical stops eg. dermatitis, headache, nausea + Ineversible effects are permanent and cannot be recovered or repaired e.g. cancer, silicosis, asbestosis All ot ara ieriverciby Route of Entry Lungs (80). of 20) ‘Skin route Fates, Fardagam tachi in un andl bly ‘Biotransformation of Chemicals. \ eo ee ax wy ; Be | eh wens feast — nose — fonds gar | game |! ame pL TY Lee ‘paeroro | sexcenee seco ? appa IntroOH.doc7-Jar Biological Monitoring + Health Effects: — ae * Indications- ~ Several routes of exposures, xylene, benzene Valid ab methods in existence There are reference standards, + Types ~ urine, blood, saliva, hair, nails, skin, fats Characteristics of Occupational Diseases + Usuaty etvonie * Asymptomatic in caly sages + Symptoms may appear at work snd disappear ‘when away from werk + Other workers may alo be ateced also woh alfechap + ovat inorable but preventable Classification of Occupational Diseases Based on Haz msn + Based on retorts anv bios espana dress cpm ung dienes cxcepscnl ver dienes rsina discus of he neous sem cepa dicases ofthe meropoiefysen, ~ septndl dienes oftecaiocl sten IntroOH.doc7-Jan-0 Control IntroOH.doc7-Jan-02 poisoning risk from handling ingots. Fale ctw to OK IntroOH.doc7-Jan-02 Control Types of monitoring + Hazard recognition ‘aw materials, by-products, theSotermedistes inal products Medical Examinations ‘Medical Examinations Eraminxion) Regulations) Methods of Prevention Principles of Prevention - Source + Elimination + Substitution + Process change + Engincering Controt = baton or Enclosure7-lan-02 [Enclosure with local exhaust ventilation system} (Caiing Bales (sound ebsorbers) Principles of Prevention - Source * Elimination + Substation + Process change + Engineering Control ~ Isolation or Enclosure = Veasaion * Ocal Ventinion 1 on Velaon 1 Hoe ete vetation Principles of Prevention IntroOH.doc[ Principles of Prevention 7 encour ratn + Bousekeeping + Personal Protective Equipment Types of PPE respirators hearing protection chemical protective clothing ‘~eye protectors ~safety helmets, boots, bels, hhamesses ow Prevention + job training, + adding variety to the job and rescheduling rst breaks. + Inculcate good work habits reading labels, ~ wearing PPE, 7 ~ ting Training and Health IntroOH.doc‘The Factories Act + Part IV~ Health (General Provisions) + Part VI- Welfare (General Provisions) ++ Part VII- Health, Safety & Welfare (Special Provisions & Regulations) [eal (General Provisions) 12. Cleanliness 13. Overcrowding 14. Ventilation 15. Lighting 16. Drainage of floors 17. Sanitary conveniences Wellaie (General Previsioas) I55. Supply of drinking water |56. Washing facilities and accommodation for clothing 157. Exemption to washing facilities 58. First-aid Part VII Health, Safety & Welfare (Special Provisions & Regulations) 32_Removalof dus or fumes 0 Toxic sbstanges ‘SOA Material satay daa siecs SL Meals in ctain dangerous raes 62_Prowetve cet ccs 663. Frotocton of cys in cetain processes ‘4_Reuaton of noise wibration {65_Protocton vs haanflspbstsncs/procsses 67 Nosiieation industria eseascs Section 67 - Notification of Industrial Diseases + Medical practioner to notify CIF AF worker is suffering rom any disease spocitied in ke ‘Sixth Schedule + Felloreto send wil render fine nol exceeding $500 + Occupier to send written nalee of every case of disease spociied in te Sixth Schedule + Mister may spity ther eiscases IntroOH.docRelated Regulations + Factories (Abrasive Blasting) Regulations + Faceries (Asbestos) Regulations + Faaoties (Medical Examinations) Regulations + Factores Pist-Aid) Regulations + Factries (Noise) Regulations + Factories (PEL of Toxic Substances) Oter IntroOH.doc 7-Jan- 1