Aerobic & Anaerobic Process PDF

Eau Chemical (Mfg) Pvt. Ltd.
,
Eauchem Towers, Plot No.90-A, Ambal Nagar Main Road,
Keelkattalai, Chennai – 600 117. Tamil Nadu.
Ph: 22470205 / 22470206 Fax:22472027
Email: ecmpl@vsnl.net / eauchem@vsnl.net
Web: http://www.eauchem.com
AEROBIC PROCESS
Organic Compound + O2 Aerobic CO2 ↑ + H2O + Biomass
Foculative Bacteria
In presence of O2 (Supplied by a mechanical device) digesting the simple organic waste

into CO2 + H2O along with the Biomass production by the bacterial activity is called
aerobic treatment.
Eg. Paper Industries, Dairy, Soft drinks.
Types of Aerobic System
 Convention Aeration System
 Extended Aeration System
 Step Feed
 Oxidation Ditch Process
 Nitrification Process etc.
CONVENTION AERATION SYSTEM
pH 7.5-7.7
F/M Ratio 0.2-0.5.
Sludge Age 9.0 – 15 days
Recirculation of Biomass 25-30%
Settling Test SV30 or V130 200-300 ml
Sludge Volume Index 50-100
Eau Chemical (Mfg) Pvt. Ltd.,
Ph: 22470205 / 22470206 Fax:22472027
EXTENDED AERATION SYSTEM
pH 7.5-7.7
F/M Ratio 0.05-0.1
Sludge Age 1-2 days
Recirculation of Biomass 25%
SV30 (or )V130 200-300ml
SV1 (Technical Term) 50-100
Settling Test Commercial Term
Type of Aerators available in Aerobic Process :
1. Fixed Aerator
2. Surface (or) Moving Aerator
3. Blower (or) Diffused Aerator
4. Aspirators
Basic of Aerobic System
F : Food (Or) BOD
M : Microorganisms (Or) MLSS (Or) MLVSS
MLSS - Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (Bacterial + Unwanted Solids)
MLVSS - Mixed Liquor volatiles suspended solids (Bacteria)
MLVSS should be 80% of the MLSS
HP vs O2
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1 HP Mechanical device (any aerator) will produce 1.2 kgs of oxygen per hour
1 HP = 1.2 kgs of O2 / hr
O2 Vs BOD
2kgs of oxygen requires to digest 1 kg of BOD
2 kgs of O2
O2 vs BOD
2kgs of oxygen requires to digest 1kg of BOD
2kgs of O2 Digest 1kg BOD
Calculation of kgs of BOD load / day applied to the system. Aerobic
= Qty of the effluent per day x BOD in gm / m3

1000
= kgs / day
Food – Microorganism Ratio
This is the most important parameter in the aerobic treatment programme which will be
very useful judge about final quality water in this.
F - Food on BOD
M - Microorganism (or) MLSS (or) MLVSS
In case this parameter will not be maintained in proper way than there is upset in the final
treated quality like increasing TSS, Turbidity, when F/M ratio is lowest on BOD, COD
may increase due to the higher F/M ratio.
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For eg.
Qty of the effluent treated / day = 11km3
Raw influent BOD = 600ppm
Aeration tank capacity = 11km3
MLSS = 2000-2500ppm
MLVSS = 1500-1800 ppm

Food in kgs = Qty treated x BOD
1000
= 11000 x 600
1000
= 6600 kgs / day
M = MLSS x Aeration tank volume

1000
= 2000 x 11000
1000
= 22000kgs
F = 6600 = 0.3
M 22000
For the removal of excess MLSS from the system by the following ways to be carried.
 Circulation of biomass from secondary clarifier back to the aeration tank to be

stopped first.
 Start wasting of sludge from secondary clarifier to sludge drying bed or thickness
 If in case of addition of bioculture in the system to be stopped compulsorily.

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 Cow dung to be stopped.
SV30 (or) VI30 / Settling test
Procedure :
Taking a sample from the aeration basin and fill up in a1 liter measuring cylinder and
keep it as such for ½ hr or upto the time of 3-8 hours.
Here the measurement is ml of sludge settle in a 30mins time out of 100ml sample.
In case of ½ hours there is no sludge settling observed then increase the time of settling
and take down the reading and ml of sludge settle for a reference purpose.
(Note : the increased time of hour and that time noted sludge volume may not be a right
phenomenon SV30 parameter).
Generally the SV30 to be maintained in the range of 200-300ml and maximum upto 400ml
then only there may note be a SS carry over occurring in secondary clarifier system.
Sludge Colume index SV1
SV1 = SV30 x 1000

MLSS x MLVSS
If SV1 is 50 mg / ml is excellent sludge.
If SV1 is 50-100 mg / ml - Good
100-150 mg / ml - Satisfactory
150-above mg / ml - Bulking of Sludge
Recirculation of Biomass
RC % = SV30_________ x 100
1000- SV30
Recirculation of Biomass in m3 / day = RC % x Qty of effluent treated in m3 / day

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DEPTH
In case of surface aerator provide in the Aeration system then the height of the tank to tbe
maintained less than 2.5 mts
In case of Blower then it will be maintained in between 4-5mtrs.
General Foam
White Foam - High BOD (or) Food and maintained microorganism

(or) MLSS level is low.
Brown Foam - Indicate normal food or BOD applied to the correct

Level MLSS (or) microorganisms.
Thick Brown - Indicate high MLSS (or) microorganisms corresponding

Food goes to the microorganisms is very low.
Thick Blackish Brown - Indicate partial microorganism or MLSS in dead

Condition and ultimately abnormal smell observed
across the system.
SLUDGE AGE
S.A = Aeration volume in m3 x MLSS in ppm

[(Qty of effluent treated / day + TSS of the Treated effluent in ppm)]
(Qty of sludge wasted in m3 / day x TSS of wasted sludge in ppm)
S.A = day
Bring back to normal sludge age.
 Wasting of sludge 10% of the feed effluent per day.
 Add cow dung along with Bioculture to convert existing dead cells into new
microorganisms.
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 Add initially hypochloride or hydrogen peroxide to convert the dead cells into a
simple.
 Suspended solids and then add the bioculture to stabilize the system at a faster
way.
Sodium Hypochloride NaOCl
Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2
H2O2 is very strong oxidizing compound when compared to NaOCl low to medium
range of oxidizing compound. If suppose H2O2 dosage is 2kgs for killing a filamentous
bacteria on killing a dead bacteria then on the same case the requirement of NaOCl to
replace the H2O2 will be 3 to 5 times more.
C : N : P Ratio
(Nutrient Level Maintain)
C:N:P is the factor enhance the microbial growth in terms of supplying the nutrient level
Urea will supply N2 and DAP (Diammonium Phosphate) will supply phosphorous. This
should be maintain in 100:5:1.
C - Carbon (Or) BOD

N - Nitrogen
P - Phsophorous
Requirement of urea to Balance the nitrogen.
 Nitrogen will be supplied through urea
 2.14kgs of Urea will supply 1kg of Nitrogen
Requirement of DAP to balance the Phosphorous.
Phosphorous will be supplied by DAP, Super phosphate, Phosphoric Acid, Lab grade,
Dihydrogen phosphate.
3.6 kgs of DAP will produce 1kg of Phosphorous.

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Disadvantages:
No Plants are maintaining the dosage of Urea and Dap to balance the C:N:P ratio as per
the standard method all are doing on their own crude method only for the addition of
Urea and DAP.
Addition of Urea and DAP is a nutrient part not a food to the microbial growth.
This addition of nutrient will act as a food for the unwanted bacteria (filamentanous)
When compared to the active bacterial biomass, due to their condition the unwanted
problem areas in the system like sludge bluking, TSS carry over increasing turbidity on
the treated effluent. Improper natural biofloculation, poor settling foaming problem in the
aeration system simultaneously pH reduction will occurs on the aeration system.
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ANAEROBIC SYSTEM
Types of Rx Involved
Long Chain nd Anaerobic Simple Acids
Non – Methanogenic Bacteria
Simple Acids Anaerobic CH4↑ + CO2↑
Methanogenic Bacteria
Types
 CSTR - Continues (or) Centralized Stirred Type Reactor
 UASB - Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
 Anaerobic lagoons
Importance things (or) parameters to be maintained for an aerobic System
 pH : 7.2 - 7.5 (max – 7.9) (min – 6.8)
 Biomass : For high retention time system 12-18% to be maintained
 For low % medium retention time system 8-10% to be maintained.
 Biomass on the treated (or) Digestor overflow effluent less than

2-4% for all kind of system.
 Colour of Anaerobic Digested effluent (outlet)
For Distillery - Green
Other Industries - Black, Green

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 T.V.A
Total Volatile Acids - as acetic acid CH3COOH
Range - Min. 400-1000ppm

Max.2000-3000 ppm
Total Alkalinity - Range 5 times above the T.V.A (or)

(or)
Bicarbonate Alkalinity - For higher retention time system

(or) range 13000-16000ppm
M.Alkalinity - For low, medium retention time system

Range 8000-12000ppm
T.V.A / B.A (or) T.A ratio
Range for all system <0.4
For generally high retention time system range 0.04-0.1
For low and medium retention time system range 0.2-0.4
Recirculation of Biomass RC%
For high retention time system 1 : 2-5-4
In this
1) Feed rate effluent to the digestor in m3 / hr
2) 5-4 % of biomass to be mixed with the feed from the (Raw) lamella clarifier
or (Parallel Plate separator) in m3 / hr (Feed in m3 / hr x 2.5-4)
For low retention time system

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1:20-30
In this,
1 - Feed rate effluent to digester in m3 / hr
20-30 - % of biomass to be mixed with the feed (Raw) from bottom of the
digestor in all 4 corners with the help of pumps.
(or)
within the digestor circulation.
Retention Time
= Tank Volume (any) m3

Qty of fluid passing this tank in m3 / day
High Rate retention time 15-25 days upto 30 days
Low retention time 5-12 days
Bio Gas Analysis
Important Gas percentage
For high retention time For low retention time
Methane (H4) 65-70% 55-60%

(Below 60%)
CO2 33.5% 46.5%
Other Gases (H2S)

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Eau Chemical (Mfg) Pvt. Ltd.

In presence of O2 (Supplied by a mechanical device) digesting the simple organic waste

Eg. Paper Industries, Dairy, Soft drinks.

Types of Aerobic System

 Convention Aeration System

 Extended Aeration System

 Oxidation Ditch Process

 Nitrification Process etc.

CONVENTION AERATION SYSTEM

EXTENDED AERATION SYSTEM

Type of Aerators available in Aerobic Process :

2. Surface (or) Moving Aerator

3. Blower (or) Diffused Aerator

Basic of Aerobic System

F : Food (Or) BOD

M : Microorganisms (Or) MLSS (Or) MLVSS

MLSS - Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (Bacterial + Unwanted Solids)

MLVSS - Mixed Liquor volatiles suspended solids (Bacteria)

MLVSS should be 80% of the MLSS

2kgs of oxygen requires to digest 1 kg of BOD

2kgs of oxygen requires to digest 1kg of BOD

2kgs of O2 Digest 1kg BOD

Calculation of kgs of BOD load / day applied to the system. Aerobic

= Qty of the effluent per day x BOD in gm / m3

Food – Microorganism Ratio

M - Microorganism (or) MLSS (or) MLVSS

Qty of the effluent treated / day = 11km3

Raw influent BOD = 600ppm

Aeration tank capacity = 11km3

MLVSS = 1500-1800 ppm

= 6600 kgs / day

M = MLSS x Aeration tank volume

 Circulation of biomass from secondary clarifier back to the aeration tank to be

 If in case of addition of bioculture in the system to be stopped compulsorily.

 Cow dung to be stopped.

SV30 (or) VI30 / Settling test

Sludge Colume index SV1

SV1 = SV30 x 1000

If SV1 is 50 mg / ml is excellent sludge.

If SV1 is 50-100 mg / ml - Good

150-above mg / ml - Bulking of Sludge

Recirculation of Biomass in m3 / day = RC % x Qty of effluent treated in m3 / day

In case of Blower then it will be maintained in between 4-5mtrs.

White Foam - High BOD (or) Food and maintained microorganism

Brown Foam - Indicate normal food or BOD applied to the correct

Thick Brown - Indicate high MLSS (or) microorganisms corresponding

Thick Blackish Brown - Indicate partial microorganism or MLSS in dead

S.A = Aeration volume in m3 x MLSS in ppm

(Qty of sludge wasted in m3 / day x TSS of wasted sludge in ppm)

Bring back to normal sludge age.

 Wasting of sludge 10% of the feed effluent per day.

Sodium Hypochloride NaOCl

Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2

C - Carbon (Or) BOD

Requirement of urea to Balance the nitrogen.

 Nitrogen will be supplied through urea

 2.14kgs of Urea will supply 1kg of Nitrogen

Requirement of DAP to balance the Phosphorous.

3.6 kgs of DAP will produce 1kg of Phosphorous.

Long Chain nd Anaerobic Simple Acids

Non – Methanogenic Bacteria

Simple Acids Anaerobic CH4↑ + CO2↑

 CSTR - Continues (or) Centralized Stirred Type Reactor