THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES

St. Augustine
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering
MENG 1012 SCIENCE OF MATERIALS, 2019-2020
Name of Experiment: Creep Measurement
Date Conducted: 14/02/2020
Date Submitted: 21/02/2020
Name: Gabrielle D’Andrade
ID#: 816018508
Lab Group: L
ABSTRACT

This experiment is aimed to investigate the creep characteristics of a material and to analyse
the implications of the creep characteristics with respect to the selection of material for
engineering applications. Creep is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform
permanently due to constant stress being applied to it. It is favoured by varying temperatures
and applied stresses. Polypropylene strips were tested under a constant applied stress and
varying temperatures; two were used at an ambient temperature, two at a colder temperature
and two at a hotter temperature. An SM1006 creep measurement machine was used to record
the extension of each sample. The values obtained reflected that the polypropylene samples
that had the greater extension also experienced a higher creep stress, and also that higher
temperatures resulted in greater extensions.

INTRODUCTION

Creep occurs in three stages; the primary, secondary and tertiary stage. The strain rate is
relatively high in the primary stage but gradually decreases as time increases due to the
hardening of the material, until it becomes almost constant as the secondary stage starts.
Creep proceeds at a constant rate as a balance is achieved between the work hardening and
the thermal softening process. The strain rate then rapidly increases as the tertiary stage
begins. This is due to ‘necking’ of the specimen and the increased stress. Failure of the
material will occur beyond this point. This process can be graphically represented on an
Extension vs Time graph.

Temperature and stress have a direct effect on creep rate. An increase in stress or temperature
results in an increased creep rate. Higher temperatures will enhance bond movement within
the material which would imply a larger extension per unit time. Similarly, a greater applied
stress means that the specimen would be put under a greater force which results in quicker
stretching of the bonds of the material. This also results in a greater extension per unit time.

An equation relating secondary creep rate “ε” to stress “σ” and absolute temperature T has
−E
the form ε = A σ n e RT where A and n are constants, ε is the creep rate, E is the activation

energy for creep in the metal and R is the universal gas constant (8.31 J / molK). Another
equation that applies to some common engineering plastics is ε =ε 0+ β σ m t k but many
polymers this initial strain is very small and can be ignored, which gives ε =β σ m t k where ε is
the tensile creep strain after a time t, σ is the applied creep stress, ε0 is the instantaneous or
initial strain produced on loading, and β, m, k are constants for a given polymer.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

METHOD

Polypropylene samples were labelled from 1 to 6 and were each measured with a Vernier
calliper to determine the width and thickness. The first sample was secured in the creep
measurement apparatus and a 0.6kg weight was added. The data was recorded for 10 minutes
before the first sample was removed and sample 2 was secured in the apparatus, and the
0.6kg weight was replaced with a 0.5kg weight. This process was repeated for the rest of
samples, with a cold pack being added to the insulator and then followed by a hot pack being
added.

RESULTS

Table 1: Widths and thicknesses of Samples 1 to 6

Sample Width/mm Thickness/mm

1 4.79 4.71 4.83 0.98 0.98 0.99
2 4.68 4.65 4.70 1.00 1.01 1.00
3 4.52 4.54 4.57 0.91 0.89 0.89
4 4.57 4.57 4.62 0.89 0.90 0.89
5 4.64 4.65 4.66 0.87 0.89 0.89
6 4.69 4.67 4.62 0.90 0.87 0.89

Table 2: Values of Extension and the Times recorded for Sample 1 at Ambient Temperature
with 0.6kg Weight
Tim Specimen ln Time ln
e Extension Extension

(s) (mm)
0 0 0 0
10 0.67 2.302585 -0.40048
20 0.71 2.995732 -0.34249
30 0.73 3.401197 -0.31471
40 0.76 3.688879 -0.27444
50 0.78 3.912023 -0.24846
60 0.79 4.094345 -0.23572
70 0.8 4.248495 -0.22314
80 0.81 4.382027 -0.21072
90 0.82 4.49981 -0.19845
100 0.83 4.60517 -0.18633
110 0.84 4.70048 -0.17435
120 0.85 4.787492 -0.16252
130 0.87 4.867534 -0.13926
140 0.87 4.941642 -0.13926
150 0.87 5.010635 -0.13926
160 0.88 5.075174 -0.12783
170 0.88 5.135798 -0.12783
180 0.89 5.192957 -0.11653
190 0.9 5.247024 -0.10536
200 0.91 5.298317 -0.09431
210 0.91 5.347108 -0.09431
220 0.92 5.393628 -0.08338
230 0.92 5.438079 -0.08338
240 0.93 5.480639 -0.07257
250 0.93 5.521461 -0.07257
260 0.94 5.560682 -0.06188
270 0.94 5.598422 -0.06188
280 0.94 5.63479 -0.06188
290 0.95 5.669881 -0.05129
300 0.96 5.703782 -0.04082
310 0.96 5.736572 -0.04082
320 0.97 5.768321 -0.03046
330 0.97 5.799093 -0.03046
340 0.97 5.828946 -0.03046
350 0.98 5.857933 -0.0202
360 0.98 5.886104 -0.0202
370 0.99 5.913503 -0.01005
380 0.99 5.940171 -0.01005
390 0.99 5.966147 -0.01005
400 1 5.991465 0
410 1 6.016157 0
420 1.01 6.040255 0.00995
430 1.01 6.063785 0.00995
440 1.01 6.086775 0.00995
450 1.02 6.109248 0.019803
460 1.02 6.131226 0.019803
470 1.03 6.152733 0.029559
480 1.03 6.173786 0.029559
490 1.03 6.194405 0.029559
500 1.03 6.214608 0.029559
510 1.03 6.234411 0.029559
520 1.03 6.253829 0.029559
530 1.04 6.272877 0.039221
540 1.04 6.291569 0.039221
550 1.04 6.309918 0.039221
560 1.05 6.327937 0.04879
570 1.05 6.345636 0.04879
580 1.05 6.363028 0.04879
590 1.05 6.380123 0.04879
600 1.06 6.39693 0.058269

Table 3: Values of Extension and the Times recorded for Sample 2 at Ambient Temperature
with 0.5kg Weight

Time Specimen ln Time ln

Extensio Extension
n
(s) (mm)
0 0 0 0
10 0.6 2.302585 -0.51083
20 0.63 2.995732 -0.46204
30 0.66 3.401197 -0.41552
40 0.68 3.688879 -0.38566
50 0.69 3.912023 -0.37106
60 0.71 4.094345 -0.34249
70 0.72 4.248495 -0.3285
80 0.73 4.382027 -0.31471
90 0.74 4.49981 -0.30111
100 0.75 4.60517 -0.28768
110 0.75 4.70048 -0.28768
120 0.76 4.787492 -0.27444
130 0.77 4.867534 -0.26136
140 0.77 4.941642 -0.26136
150 0.78 5.010635 -0.24846
160 0.78 5.075174 -0.24846
170 0.79 5.135798 -0.23572
180 0.8 5.192957 -0.22314
190 0.8 5.247024 -0.22314
200 0.81 5.298317 -0.21072
210 0.81 5.347108 -0.21072
220 0.81 5.393628 -0.21072
230 0.82 5.438079 -0.19845
240 0.82 5.480639 -0.19845
250 0.83 5.521461 -0.18633
260 0.83 5.560682 -0.18633
270 0.84 5.598422 -0.17435
280 0.84 5.63479 -0.17435
290 0.84 5.669881 -0.17435
300 0.84 5.703782 -0.17435
310 0.85 5.736572 -0.16252
320 0.85 5.768321 -0.16252
330 0.86 5.799093 -0.15082
340 0.86 5.828946 -0.15082
350 0.86 5.857933 -0.15082
360 0.86 5.886104 -0.15082
370 0.87 5.913503 -0.13926
380 0.88 5.940171 -0.12783
390 0.88 5.966147 -0.12783
400 0.88 5.991465 -0.12783
410 0.88 6.016157 -0.12783
420 0.89 6.040255 -0.11653
430 0.89 6.063785 -0.11653
440 0.89 6.086775 -0.11653
450 0.89 6.109248 -0.11653
460 0.9 6.131226 -0.10536
470 0.9 6.152733 -0.10536
480 0.9 6.173786 -0.10536
490 0.9 6.194405 -0.10536
500 0.91 6.214608 -0.09431
Tim Specime ln Time ln
e n Extensio
Extensio n
n
(s)
510 (mm)
0.91 6.234411 -0.09431
0520 0.01
0.91 06.253829 0 -0.09431
10
530 0.64
0.91 2.30258
6.272877 -4.60517
-0.09431
540 0.92 56.291569 -0.08338
20
550 0.67
0.92 2.99573
6.309918 -0.44629
-0.08338
560 0.92 26.327937 -0.08338
570
30 0.92
0.69 6.345636
3.40119 -0.08338
-0.40048
580 0.93 76.363028 -0.07257
590
40 0.93
0.72 6.380123
3.68887 -0.07257
-0.37106
600 0.93 6.39693 -0.07257
9
50 0.73 3.91202 -0.3285
3
60 0.74 4.09434 -0.31471
5
70 0.75 4.24849 -0.30111
5 Table 4: Values of Extension and the Times recorded
80 0.76 4.38202 -0.28768
for Sample 3 at Cold Temperature (20º) with 0.6kg
7
90 0.77 4.49981 -0.27444 Weight
100 0.78 4.60517 -0.26136
110 0.78 4.70048 -0.24846
120 0.79 4.78749 -0.24846
2
130 0.8 4.86753 -0.23572
4
140 0.8 4.94164 -0.22314
2
150 0.81 5.01063 -0.22314
5 Table 5: Values of Extension and the Times recorded
160 0.81 5.07517 -0.21072 for Sample 4 at Cold Temperature (20º) with 0.5kg
4 Weight
170 0.82 5.13579 -0.21072
8
Time Specimen Extension ln Time ln Extension
180 0.83 5.19295 -0.19845
7
(s)
190 (mm)
0.83 5.24702 -0.18633
0 0
4
10
200 0.55
0.84 5.29831 -0.186332.302585 -0.59784
20 0.58 2.995732 -0.54473
7
30 0.6 3.401197 -0.51083
210 0.84 5.34710 -0.17435
40 0.61 3.688879 -0.4943
50 0.62 8 3.912023 -0.47804
220 0.84 5.39362 -0.17435
60 0.62 4.094345 -0.47804
70 0.63 8 4.248495 -0.46204
230 0.84 5.43807 -0.17435
9
240 0.85 5.48063 -0.17435
9
250 0.85 5.52146 -0.16252
80 0.63 4.382027 -0.46204
90 0.64 4.49981 -0.44629
100 0.64 4.60517 -0.44629
110 0.65 4.70048 -0.43078
120 0.65 4.787492 -0.43078
130 0.66 4.867534 -0.41552
140 0.66 4.941642 -0.41552
150 0.67 5.010635 -0.40048
160 0.67 5.075174 -0.40048
170 0.68 5.135798 -0.38566
180 0.68 5.192957 -0.38566
190 0.68 5.247024 -0.38566
200 0.68 5.298317 -0.38566
210 0.68 5.347108 -0.38566
220 0.69 5.393628 -0.37106
230 0.69 5.438079 -0.37106
240 0.69 5.480639 -0.37106
250 0.69 5.521461 -0.37106
260 0.7 5.560682 -0.35667
270 0.7 5.598422 -0.35667
280 0.7 5.63479 -0.35667
290 0.71 5.669881 -0.34249
300 0.71 5.703782 -0.34249
310 0.71 5.736572 -0.34249
320 0.71 5.768321 -0.34249
330 0.71 5.799093 -0.34249
340 0.72 5.828946 -0.3285
350 0.72 5.857933 -0.3285
360 0.72 5.886104 -0.3285
370 0.72 5.913503 -0.3285
380 0.72 5.940171 -0.3285
390 0.73 5.966147 -0.31471
400 0.73 5.991465 -0.31471
410 0.73 6.016157 -0.31471
420 0.73 6.040255 -0.31471
430 0.73 6.063785 -0.31471
440 0.74 6.086775 -0.30111
450 0.74 6.109248 -0.30111
460 0.74 6.131226 -0.30111
470 0.74 6.152733 -0.30111
480 0.74 6.173786 -0.30111
490 0.74 6.194405 -0.30111
500 0.75 6.214608 -0.28768
510 0.75 6.234411 -0.28768
520 0.75 6.253829 -0.28768
530 0.75 6.272877 -0.28768
Time Specimen Extension ln Time ln Extension
(s) (mm)
0 0.01 0 -4.60517
10 0.77 2.302585 -0.26136
20 0.84 2.995732 -0.17435
540 0.75 6.291569 -0.28768
30 0.88 3.401197 -0.12783
550 0.76 6.309918 -0.27444
40 0.92 3.688879 -0.08338
560 0.76 6.327937 -0.27444
50 0.95 3.912023 -0.05129
570 0.76 6.345636 -0.27444
60 0.98 4.094345 -0.0202
580 0.76 6.363028 -0.27444
70 1.01 4.248495 0.00995
590 0.76 6.380123 -0.27444
80 1.03 4.382027 0.029559
600 0.76 6.39693 -0.27444
90 1.05 4.49981 0.04879
100 1.07 4.60517 0.067659
110 1.09 4.70048 0.086178
120 1.11 4.787492 0.10436
130 1.13 4.867534 0.122218
140 1.15 4.941642 0.139762
150 1.16 5.010635 0.14842
160 1.18 5.075174 0.165514
Table 6: Values
170 1.19 5.135798 0.173953 of Extension
180 1.21 5.192957 0.19062
and the Times
190 1.22 5.247024 0.198851
200 1.24 5.298317 0.215111 recorded for
210 1.25 5.347108 0.223144 Sample 5 at Hot
220 1.26 5.393628 0.231112
Temperature
230 1.27 5.438079 0.239017
240 1.28 5.480639 0.24686 (30º) with 0.6kg
250 1.29 5.521461 0.254642 Weight
260 1.3 5.560682 0.262364
270 1.32 5.598422 0.277632
280 1.33 5.63479 0.285179
290 1.34 5.669881 0.29267
300 1.35 5.703782 0.300105
310 1.37 5.736572 0.314811
320 1.38 5.768321 0.322083
330 1.39 5.799093 0.329304
340 1.39 5.828946 0.329304
350 1.41 5.857933 0.34359
360 1.42 5.886104 0.350657
370 1.42 5.913503 0.350657
380 1.43 5.940171 0.357674
390 1.44 5.966147 0.364643
400 1.45 5.991465 0.371564
410 1.46 6.016157 0.378436
420 1.47 6.040255 0.385262
430 1.48 6.063785 0.392042
440 1.48 6.086775 0.392042
450 1.49 6.109248 0.398776
460 1.5 6.131226 0.405465
470 1.51 6.152733 0.41211
480 1.52 6.173786 0.41871
490 1.53 6.194405 0.425268
500 1.54 6.214608 0.431782
510 1.55 6.234411 0.438255
520 1.55 6.253829 0.438255
530 1.56 6.272877 0.444686
Table 7: Values of Extension and the Times recorded for Sample 6 at Hot Temperature (30º)
with 0.5kg Weight

Tim Specime ln Time ln

e n Extensio
Extensio n
n
(s) (mm)
0 0
10 0.66 2.30258 -0.41552
5
20 0.71 2.99573 -0.34249
2
30 0.75 3.40119 -0.28768
7
40 0.78 3.68887 -0.24846
9
50 0.8 3.91202 -0.22314
3
60 0.83 4.09434 -0.18633
5
70 0.85 4.24849 -0.16252
5
80 0.86 4.38202 -0.15082
7
90 0.88 4.49981 -0.12783
100 0.9 4.60517 -0.10536
110 0.92 4.70048 -0.08338
120 0.93 4.78749 -0.07257
2
130 0.94 4.86753 -0.06188
4
140 0.95 4.94164 -0.05129
2
150 0.97 5.01063 -0.03046
5
160 0.98 5.07517 -0.0202
4
170 0.99 5.13579 -0.01005
8
180 1 5.19295 0
7
190 1.01 5.24702 0.00995
4
200 1.02 5.29831 0.019803
7
210 1.02 5.34710 0.019803
8
220 1.03 5.39362 0.029559
8
230 1.04 5.43807 0.039221
9
240 1.05 5.48063 0.04879
9
250 1.06 5.52146 0.058269
1
260 1.07 5.56068 0.067659
2
270 1.08 5.59842 0.076961
2
280 1.08 5.63479 0.076961
290 1.09 5.66988 0.086178
 1
300 1.1 5.70378 0.09531
2
310 1.11 5.73657 0.10436
2
320 1.11 5.76832 0.10436
1
330 1.12 5.79909 0.113329
3
340 1.13 5.82894 0.122218
6
350 1.14 5.85793 0.131028
3
360 1.14 5.88610 0.131028
4
370 1.15 5.91350 0.139762
3
380 1.15 5.94017 0.139762
1
390 1.15 5.96614 0.139762
7
400 1.16 5.99146 0.14842
5
410 1.16 6.01615 0.14842
7
420 1.17 6.04025 0.157004
5
430 1.17 6.06378 0.157004
5
440 1.18 6.08677 0.165514
5
450 1.18 6.10924 0.165514
8
460 1.19 6.13122 0.173953
6
470 1.19 6.15273 0.173953
3
480 1.2 6.17378 0.182322
6
490 1.2 6.19440 0.182322
5
500 1.21 6.21460 0.19062
8
510 1.21 6.23441 0.19062
1
520 1.22 6.25382 0.198851
9
530 1.22 6.27287 0.198851
7
540 1.23 6.29156 0.207014
9
550 1.23 6.30991 0.207014
8
560 1.23 6.32793 0.207014
7
570 1.24 6.34563 0.215111
6
580 1.25 6.36302 0.223144
8
590 1.25 6.38012 0.223144
3
600 1.25 6.39693 0.223144

RESULTS

See appendix for graphs.

CALCULATIONS

Calculation of specimen temperature:

The temperatures of the samples that were exposed to a setting above or below ambient
temperature are found by using the equation:

T = Ta + 0.4(Tt – Ta)

where: Ta is ambient temperature.

Tt is temperature measured by the thermometer

Ta = 22.1ºC

Sample Calculation using sample 3 which was in a cold setting:

Tt = 20ºC

T = 22.1 + 0.4(20.0-22.1)

=21.26ºC

Calculation of creep stress:

The 0.5kg and 0.6kg masses provide the forces F1 and F2 respectively.

Total Mass (m) = Applied mass + Effective mass of + mass of Weight Hanger + mass of
arm at “p” Support Pin

FT = m x g x 8

F1 = (0.5 + 0.16 + 0.16 + 0.04) x 8 x 9.81 = 67.5N

F2 = (0.6 + 0.16 + 0.16 + 0.04) x 8 x 9.81 = 75.3N

Force acting on sample

Creep stress , σ=
Areaof Sample

Sample Calculation using Sample 1:

67.5
σ1=
( 4.78∗0.98 ) ¿
¿

σ 1 =14.4 N /mm2

Sample Force/ N Width of Thickness of Area/ mm2 Creep Stress/

Sample/ mm Sample/ mm Nmm-2
1 67.5 4.78 0.98 4.68 14.4
2 75.3 4.68 1.00 4.68 16.09
3 67.5 4.54 0.90 4.09 16.50
4 75.3 4.59 0.89 4.09 18.40
5 67.5 4.65 0.88 4.09 16.50
6 75.3 4.66 0.89 4.15 18.14
Table : Values of Calculated Creep Stress of all Samples

Calculation of constants k, m and β:

ε =β σ m t k

Taking ln: lnε = ln [ β σ m t k ¿

lnε = lnβ + m lnσ m + k lnt

lnε = k lnt + ( lnβ + m lnσ ❑)

y = mx + c

Sample calculation using sample 1 and 2 at ambient temperature:

Gradient, k = 0.1202

y-intercept, lnβ + m lnσ = -0.7249

 -m(ln14.4) +(-0.7249) = lnβ ……..1

Now, -0.808 = lnβ + m ln(16.09)

 Lnβ = -0.808 –mln(16.09) ……….2

Substituting eqn 1 into 2:

 -0.808 –mln(16.09) = -m(ln14.4) +(-0.7249)

 -0.808- m2.78 = -m2.67 – 0.7249
 -m0.11 = -0.083
 m = 0.75

Now, substituting m= 0.75

 Lnβ = -0.808 –(0.75)ln(16.09)

 Lnβ = -2.89
 β = e-2.89
  β = 0.056

Temperature
Sample Gradient (k) y intercept, C m β
of Sample

1 0.1202 -0.7249 0.75 0.056

Ambient
2 0.1132 -0.808

3 0.1052 -0.7288 6.9x104

Cold -0.72
4 0.0818 -0.8075

5 0.1987 -0.8209 -0.2595 0.9113

Hot
6 0.1698 -0.8728

DISCUSSION

Out of the six samples tested, five showed to experience secondary creep while sample 5
experienced tertiary creep. This is seen as the graphs for the samples excluding sample 5
were relatively constant, and the graph for sample 5 had a slight increase. As the creep rate is
determined by the gradient of the graphs, it can be seen that sample 5 has the highest creep
rate/ gradient, followed by sample 6 (both of which were subject to a heated environment).
This confirms that samples exposed to higher temperatures tend to have a larger creep rate.
Similarly, samples in the colder environment had the lowest creep rate/ gradient.

This experiment is necessary in the industry as it can be applied to the engineering testing of
plastics, to investigate their creep characteristics under various environmental conditions.
This will aid in the construction of numerous physical specimen as we would have a further
understanding of their behaviour.
Some sources of error include not releasing the arm as soon as the timer was started, wind or
other external factors causing the weights to shake which might have altered the readings and
the insulator not being secured tightly. Also, there was an uncertainty of +or- 0.01mm present
in the Vernier calliper.

Precautions include checking the Vernier calliper for zero errors prior to use, and that two
samples were used for each temperature to ensure greater accuracy.

Some recommendations include applying the mass for a longer period of time and placing the
hot/cold pack with the samples in the insulator a few minutes before starting to read values,
to allow thermal equilibrium to be achieved.

It can be concluded that as temperature increases, the creep rate increases, as creep stress
increases, polypropylene experiences very small extensions when a creep stress is applied,
and that plastics are more suitable for use at lower temperatures.

APPENDIX

1.2
f(x) = 0 x + 0.73
1

0.8
Extension/mm

0.6
Specimen Extension (mm)
Linear (Specimen Extension
0.4 (mm))

0.2

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time/s

Figure 1 : Graph of Extension vs Time for Sample 1

 0.1
f(x) = 0.01 x − 0.26
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-0.1
ln Extension

-0.2
ln Extension
Linear (ln Extension)
-0.3

-0.4

-0.5
ln time

Figure 2: Graph of ln Extension vs ln Time for Sample 1

1
0.9 f(x) = 0 x + 0.65

0.8
0.7
Extension/mm

0.6
0.5
Specimen Extension (mm)
0.4
Linear (Specimen Extension
0.3 (mm))
0.2
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time/s

Figure 3 : Graph of Extension vs Time for Sample 2

 0
0 f(x)10= 0.01
20x − 0.37
30 40 50 60 70
-0.1

-0.2
ln extension

-0.3
ln Extension
Linear (ln Extension)
-0.4

-0.5

-0.6
ln time

Figure 4 : Graph of ln Extension vs ln Time for Sample 2

1.2

1
f(x) = 0 x + 0.68
0.8
extension/ mm

0.6
Specimen Extension (mm)
Linear (Specimen Extension
0.4 (mm))

0.2

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
time/ s

Figure 5 : Graph of Extension vs Time for Sample 3

 0
0 f(x)10= 0.01
20x − 0.61
30 40 50 60 70
-0.5
-1
-1.5
ln Extension

-2
-2.5
ln Extension
-3 Linear (ln Extension )
-3.5
-4
-4.5
-5
ln Time

Figure 6 : Graph of ln Extension vs ln Time for Sample 3

0.8
f(x) = 0 x + 0.58
0.7
0.6
extension/mm

0.5
0.4
Specimen Extension (mm)
0.3 Linear (Specimen Extension
(mm))
0.2
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
time/s

Figure 7 : Graph of Extension vs Time for Sample 4

 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-0.1

-0.2
ln extension

f(x) = 0 x − 0.49
-0.3

-0.4 ln Extension
Linear (ln Extension)
-0.5

-0.6

-0.7
ln time

Figure 8 : Graph of ln Extension vs ln Time for Sample 4

1.8
1.6 f(x) = 0 x + 0.88
1.4
1.2
extension/mm

1
0.8 Specimen Extension (mm)
Linear (Specimen Extension
0.6 (mm))
0.4
0.2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
time/s

Figure 9 : Graph of Extension vs Time for Sample 5

 1
f(x) = 0.02 x − 0.36
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-1
ln extension

-2
ln Extension
Linear (ln Extension)
-3

-4

-5
ln time

Figure 10 : Graph of ln Extension vs ln Time for Sample 5

1.4
f(x) = 0 x + 0.76
1.2

1
extension/mm

0.8

0.6 Specimen Extension (mm)

Linear (Specimen Extension
0.4 (mm))

0.2

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
time/s

Figure 11 : Graph of Extension vs Time for Sample 6

 0.3
f(x) = 0.01 x − 0.21
0.2

0.1

0
ln extension

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-0.1
ln Extension
-0.2 Linear (ln Extension)

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5
ln time

Figure 12 : Graph of ln Extension vs ln Time for Sample 6