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ASSIGNMENT NO: 01

Title: Storage Devices

SUBMITTED BY:
Name : Safeera Azhar
Roll no: 20010856-002
________________

SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Hannan Bin Liaqat

DEPARTMENT:
MSC- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

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Computer storage :.........................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Main storage:....................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Secondary storage................................................................................................................................ 3
1.3 Storage types........................................................................................................................................3
1.4 Categorizing process:...........................................................................................................................4
1.4.1 Categorizing techniques:...............................................................................................................4
1.4.2 Classification of storage devices:..................................................................................................4
1.3.1 Magnetic storage devices.............................................................................................................4
1.3.1.1 Floppy disk.............................................................................................................................5
1.3.1.2.Hard disk :..............................................................................................................................5
1.3.1.2.1 Data storage process....................................................................................................... 6
1.3.1.2.2 Data organization on disk:.............................................................................................. 7
1.3.1.2.2.1 Tracks and sectors:...................................................................................................7
1.3.1.3 Tape drives:............................................................................................................................7
1.3.2 Optical storage.............................................................................................................................. 8
1.3.2.1 CD-ROM...............................................................................................................................8
1.3.2.2 DVD-ROM............................................................................................................................ 8
Flesh memory.............................................................................................................................................9
Data storage :............................................................................................................................................ 9
Smart card.................................................................................................................................................. 9

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Storage devices
Computer storage :

Computer storage is used to store data and programs .it is also known as computer memory.

Two different types of computer memory:

 Main storage /memory


 Secondary storage/memory

1.1 Main storage:


It is directly accessible by processing unit. The control unit have does not direct access to
data that is stored anywhere outside the main memory or storage. It stores temporary data
and limited to size

RAM and cache memory is example of main storage

1.2 Secondary storage:

It is are used to store large volume of data and program permanently.

Reasons of usage:

 Main memory of computer is not permanent. It mean the data and program store in it are
lost when power is turned off but storage devices stores data permanently.

 The main memory of computer has limited capacity. Storage devices are used to store
large amount of data.

1.3 Storage types:

There two most commonly used types are:

 Magnetic disk
 Optical disk
 Magnetic tape

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1.4 Categorizing process:
Storage devices are categorized according t0

 Capacity :the capacity of medium. How much data can be stored in it


 Portability of medium ,can it be moved easily
 Access time to the stored data
 The techniques used for storage of the data , sequential and direct storage
Categorizing techniques:
 Direct Access: to access files ,directly u can access file without step by step process
 Sequential- access :to access files, u have to follow step by step process sequentially
then go to file.

Example : to move point A to z in random access you directly go to point Z but in


sequential access you will go to point A then b then c……. then z means by following
step by step process.

Classification of storage devices:

Fig 01: Magnetic Storage Devices

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Introduction:

In the magnetic storage devices, all


data are stored with using magnetized
medium data is the form of binary
(0 ,1) . These devices perform both
operations read and write. The data is
lost when a strong magnet near to
them. Lets see most common magnet
storages devices. It is like Hard disk

Types of magnetic storage:

Different types of magnetic storage is :

Floppy disk:
Floppy disk was introduced by IBM in early 1970s. it is also known as diskette .it is hardware
storage medium used in personal computer .it consist of thin plastic disk coated with magnetic
material further it is enclosed in a plastic jacket. Floppy disk store small amount of data. Data
access speed of floppy disk is very small as compare to hard disk. The data stored in floppy disk
is read and write by floppy disk drive. Now floppy disk is obsolete

Size: It is available in 3.5 inch &5.25 inch and also 8-inch but most commonly used 3.5

Capacity: its storage capacity is 1.44MB

Hard disk :

Hard disk is a type of magnetic disk. It contain several circular disks known as platter Data is
stored on these circular fixed disks. These disks moves very quickly so we can quickly get data
from it.

A platter in a hard disk is coated with magnetic material. In mostly personal computer it is fixed
inside and not removable. It serves as primary media for storing data and information.

Capacity: it provides 1500GB and more

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Parts of hard disk:

Fig 02: Parts of Hard Disk

Data storage process:

Magnetic disk uses a magnetization process to store data, read and write data. Disk is covered
with a magnetic coating and stores data in the form of tracks, sectors. It contains spinning
magnetic surface (called platter) and electromagnetic arm is used to read from and write to the
disk.

The platter keeps spinning with high speed and the head of the arm moves over it. When a small
current is applied to the head ,tiny particles on the disk surface are magnetized and data is
stored ,a small current could be applied to those tiny spots on the platter when the head needs to
read the data.

Fig 03: Data Storage Process

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Data organization on disk:
Before the data stored on disk ,it`s surface is magnetically mapped. This is known as formatting
this process we done so that the computer can get direct access to data. That is why magnetic
devices known as Random access memory.

There are two types of formatting low level and high level formatting

Low level formatting :

During the process of low level formatting A drive marks the sectors and tracks on the disks.
Usually this process is done by manufacturer. In this process the starting and ending point of
each sectors are written on the surface of disk or platters. This process prepare the drive to hold
data.

High level formatting :

In this process the information about files storage is written on disk known as files location –
table. This process also prepare the drive to hold data.

Tracks and sectors:


Data stored on surface of disk in the form of track and sector. When you format magnetic disk
the drive creates several concentric circles. These circles further divided into sectors. Most
diskettes have 80 tracks on each side of the disk. A hard disk may have several hundred tracks on
each of platter. …the tracks are numbered from the outermost circle to the innermost.

Typically a track is divided into 8 sectors. A sector contains a fixed number of bytes mostly store
512 bytes of data. The position of track and sector are marked by formatting.

Tape drives:
Tape drives is used to read and write data from magnetic. Magnetic tape is an oldest storage to
store data large amount of data permanently. It read and write data sequentially. Magnetic tape
stores data on a plastic tape. To access that data this tape is placed on tape drive that read write
data and rewind the tape its like audio cassettes , recorders , but in tape drives data is stored in
the form of 0,1 . it is helpful of storing those files. Which are used after some time like you can

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use it to store hardware contains backup in business these devices are used because these devices
are reliable and storage capacity is very high.

Storage capacity: it can store 200 Gb data

Optical storage
Introduction

In optical storage devices, through the use of laser light we read and write data on it . data is
stored in the form of platters of dots the advantages of these devices is that not much
expensive ;light in weight easy to care from one place to others.

Types:

 CD-rom
 DVD–rom

1 CD-ROM
It stands for compact disk read only memory . it means that data stored in it is only read able, we
cannot change the data store in it we transfer data from one place to another. Through this it
stores different type of data like sound, color, graphics, and videos these devices helpful for
distributing new applications and software and games

Capacity: it can store round about 700mbs and size is approximately 5 inches diameter

Data storage process:

Cd rom drives to read and write data on cd. CD drives contains sensors a laser light occurs from
sensors and strike on flat surface area of CD the light reflects back to photo electric cell it means
that it prints 1 but if strikes on pit then it will not reflected back it means that 0 is printed .

DVD-ROM

DVD rom stands for digital video disk reads only memory . it has capacity to store large amount
of data that is impossible to store data in CDs . it stores data on both sides by using tack and
high quality compression technologies rather CDs storage data on its one side these devices store

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ultra quality of video many of today news pc features a built in digital video disk read only
memory (DVD-ROM) rather Then a standard CD rom drive

Storage of data

The devices laser beam can read data from the first layer and then look through it to read data
from the second layer . Data is stored in it same as data storage in CD but the only difference of
light ‘s / laser’s wavelength of that we use to read and write data .

Difference between cd and DVD rom:

Difference according to speed , capacity point of view

Flesh memory:

Flesh memory is a storage medium that we use to connect with computer and other portable
electronic devices . it is like a computer hardware .It is a special type of memory that combines
the feature of RAM and ROM . when we take it in sense of RAM we say that it means user can
perform both read and write operations on it but when we take it in sense of ROM we can say
that it is non volatile and when power is turned off data remains in it there is no need of any
battery or other external resources to save data on it .

Data storage :

It contains two transistors the floating gate and the control gate separated by an oxide layer when
the floating gate is linked to control gate it means cell have value of 1 if we want to change the
value of cell to zero .A voltage is applied to the control gate that display zero storing the
electrons in the floating gate are helpful for storage of data on long term basis.

Usage :

Capacity: flash drives are available in size such as 256MBs,512Mbs, 1GB, 5GB,16GB and are
easy way to transfer and store information

Smart card:

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Smart cards are also some special devices that stores a large amount of data the data stored in
smart card is read by smart card reader. It contain chips in which data is stored. Some smart
cards are also known as intelligent smart cards.

Usage:

These devices are some are not used widely. But these devices are used for different purpose.
Like in hotels smart card are used instead of key. It allows customers to access rom as well as
charger other expenses ….. the usage of these devices in increasing for future.

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