Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my Business Studies teachers, to the
HOD of commerce department, Subhimal Ghosh
Dastidar well as our principal, Dr Bhakta Sundar
Sharma who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic
"LEADERSHIP", which also helped me in doing a
lot of Research and I came to know about so many
new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.
 Index
Sl. No. Particulars Remarks
1. Introduction
2. Features of Leadership
3. Importance of Leadership
4. Qualities of a Leader
5. Leadership Styles
6. Advantages of leadership
7. Disadvantages of leadership
8. Jeff Bezos
9.
Leadership Style
10. Steven Paul Jobs
11.
Leadership Style
12. Conclusions
13. Bibliography
 Introduction
Leaders help themselves and others to do the right
things. They set direction, build an inspiring vision, and
create something new. Leadership is about mapping out
where you need to go to "win" as a team or an
organization; and it is dynamic, exciting, and inspiring.
Yet, while leaders set the direction, they must also use
management skills to guide their people to the right
destination, in a smooth and efficient way.
In this article, we'll focus on the process of leadership. In
particular, we'll discuss the "transformational leadership"
model, first proposed by James MacGregor Burns and
then developed by Bernard Bass. This model highlights
visionary thinking and bringing about change, instead of
management processes that are designed to maintain and
steadily improve current performance
Features of Leadership
 Influence the behaviour of others: Leadership is an
ability of an individual to influence the behaviour of other
employees in the organization to achieve a common
purpose or goal so that they are willingly co-operating with
each other for the fulfillment of the same.

 Inter-personal process: It is an interpersonal process

between the leader and the followers. The relationship
between the leader and the followers decides how efficiently
and effectively the targets of the organization would be met.

 Attainment of common organizational goals: The

purpose of leadership is to guide the people in an
organization to work towards the attainment of common
organizational goals. The leader brings the people and their
efforts together to achieve common goals.

 Continuous process: Leadership is a

continuous process. A leader has to guide his employees
every time and also monitor them in order to make sure
that their efforts are going in the same direction and that
they are not deviating from their goals.

 Group process: It is a group process that involves two or

more people together interacting with each other. A leader
cannot lead without the followers.

 Dependent on the situation: It is situation bound as it

all depends upon tackling the situations present. Thus, there
is no single best style of leadership.
 Importance of Leadership:
 Initiating Action: Leadership starts from the very
beginning, even before the work actually starts. A leader is a
person who communicates the policies and plans to the
subordinates to start the work.

 Providing Motivation: A leader motivates the

employees by giving them financial and non-financial
incentives and gets the work done efficiently. Motivation is
the driving force in an individual’s life.

 Providing guidance: A leader not only supervises the

employees but also guides them in their work. He instructs
the subordinates on how to perform their work effectively so
that their efforts don’t get wasted.

 Creating confidence: A leader acknowledges the

efforts of the employees, explains to them their role clearly
and guides them to achieve their goals. He also resolves the
complaints and problems of the employees, thereby
building confidence in them regarding the organization.

 Building work environment: A good leader

should maintain personal contacts with the employees and
should hear their problems and solve them. He always
listens to the point of view of the employees and in case of
disagreement persuades them to agree with him by giving
suitable clarifications. In case of conflicts, he handles them
carefully and does not allow it to adversely affect the entity.
A positive and efficient work environment helps in stable
growth of the organization.
 Co-ordination: A leader reconciles the personal
interests of the employees with the organizational goals and
achieves co-ordination in the entity.

 Creating Successors: A leader trains his subordinates

in such a manner that they can succeed him in future easily
in his absence. He creates more leaders.

 Induces change: A leader persuades, clarifies and

inspires employees to accept any change in the organization
without much resistance and discontentment. He makes
sure that employees don’t feel insecure about the changes.
 Qualities of a Leader
 Personality: A pleasing personality always attracts
people. A leader should also friendly and yet authoritative
so that he inspires people to work hard like him.

 Knowledge: A subordinate looks up to his leader for

any suggestion that he needs. A good leader should thus
possess adequate knowledge and competence in order to
influence the subordinates.

 Integrity: A leader needs to possess a high level of

integrity and honesty. He should have a fair outlook and
should base his judgment on the facts and logic. He should
be objective and not biased.

 Initiative: A good leader takes initiative to grab the

opportunities and not wait for them and use them to the
advantage of the organization.

 Communication skills: A leader needs to be a good

communicator so that he can explain his ideas,
policies, and procedures clearly to the people. He not only
needs to be a good speaker but also a good listener,
counsellor, and persuader.

 Motivation skills: A leader needs to be an effective

motivator who understands the needs of the people and
motivates them by satisfying those needs.

 Self-confidence and Will Power: A leader needs

to have a high level of self-confidence and immense will-
 power and should not lose it even in the worst situations,
else employees will not believe in him.

 Intelligence: A leader needs to be intelligent enough to

analyze the pros and cons of a situation and take a decision
accordingly. He also needs to have a vision and fore-
sightedness so that he can predict the future impact of the
decisions taken by him.

 Decisiveness: A leader has to be decisive in managing

his work and should be firm on the decisions are taken by
him.

 Social skills: A leader should possess empathy towards

others. He should also be a humanist who also helps the
people with their personal problems. He also needs to
possess a sense of responsibility and accountability because
with great authority comes great responsibility.
 Leadership Styles
 Autocratic leadership style: It refers to a leadership
style where the leader takes all the decisions by himself.

 Democratic leadership style: It refers to a style

where the leader consults its subordinates before taking the
final decision.

 Laissez-faire or Free-rein leadership style: It

refers to a style where the leader gives his subordinates
complete freedom to take the decisions.
 Advantages of leadership :
1. Improves Job Satisfaction
Leadership is very much important for motivating employees
and it increases their satisfaction level. Job satisfaction increases
performances and reduces the extra effort or stress
.Transformational leadership is very much effective tool that
enhances subordinate satisfaction

2. Increases productivity
A good leader increases engagement and participation among
the employees and reduces the extra effort at work place.
Leadership helps employee by offering goals that can be easily
achievable, this will help them to increase the productivity as
the employee will have the clear focus and clear goals. A
proper balance between the management and the leadership
will increase and sustain productivity at the work place. As
Productivity increases, it will lower cost and will increases
profitability at work place.

3. Quick decision making

Leaders knows how to balance and understand their
employees, customers or stake holders, Leaders are great
decision makers and understand their employee thoroughly.
Leaders are quick decision makers and they can easily
understand and evaluate the risk and opportunities and make a
commitment to achieve goals. Effecitve decision making is an
important leadership skill and it has positive impacts on their
employees, organization, customers and stake holders.
4. High motivation of group
Great leaders are very much confident to lead a team and are
more effective at motivation high performance in others.
Confident leaders increases speed by increasing clarity and less
resistance to achive desired goal, ultimately it motivates and
boosts the confidence of team members in a group. Leadership
skills helps to create a strong, motivating environment which
increases performance of team.

5. Increase Performance
Leadership strategies engage, increases, influence and
encourage performance of people to take action around a
common goal. Leaders create opportunites for feedback , when
the leaders are open to take feedback it encourages employee
and and also shows employees that the leaders are aware about
the condition of employee which encourages and improves the
performance by taking necessary action.
 Disadvantages of leadership:
1. Slower decision making
Leaders either takes decision too quickly or sometime sthey
take time to take decision. Leader studies facts and data hence
slow down the decision making process.

2. Workers may feel demotivated

If the team leaders does not keep the employee in a team
postive and satisfied then workers may feel demotivated.
Sometimes leadership tactics and attitue may hurt more than
they are helping.

3. May not appropriate if decision need to make

quickly
In some situations the data and more information is needed to
carry out further decision making process, Leadership may not
play any role or it is not appropriate if decision has to make
quickly. Because it the decision is taken without any supporting
data then it may affect the business.

4. Leadership may not suit all workers

Not every employee in a team or a company loves to follow
leaders, they work better when they are alone. In this case
leadership may suit to this type of worker.

5. Mental and physical stress in organization

During mental and physical stress in an organization leadership
may not help to solve an inssue, opinion from each and every
employee is needed during this type of situation.
 Jeff Bezos
Jeffrey Preston Bezos is an American internet entrepreneur, industrialist, media
proprietor, and investor. He is best known as the founder, CEO, and president of
the multi-national technology company Amazon. The first centi-billionaire on
the Forbes wealth index, Bezos has been the world's richest person since 2017
and was named the "richest man in modern history" after his net worth increased
to $150 billion in July 2018.[3] According to Forbes, Bezos is the first person in.

history to have a net worth exceeding $200 billion

Born in Albuquerque and raised in Houston and later Miami, Bezos

graduated from Princeton University in 1986 with a degree in electrical
engineering and computer science. He worked on Wall Street in a variety of
related fields from 1986 to early 1994. He founded Amazon in late 1994 on a
cross-country road trip from New York City to Seattle. The company began as
an online bookstore and has since expanded to a wide variety of other e-
commerce products and services, including video and audio streaming, cloud
computing, and AI. It is currently the world's largest online sales company,
the largest Internet company by revenue, and the world's largest provider
of virtual assistants[5] and cloud infrastructure services through its Amazon Web
Services branch.
Bezos founded the aerospace manufacturer and sub-orbital spaceflight services
company Blue Origin in 2000. A Blue Origin test flight successfully first reached
space in 2015, and the company has upcoming plans to begin commercial
suborbital human spaceflight. He also purchased the major American
newspaper The Washington Post in 2013 for $250 million, and manages many
other investments through his Bezos Expeditions venture capital firm.
 Leadership Style
Bezos used what he called a "regret-minimization
framework" while he worked at D. E. Shaw and again
during the early years of Amazon. He described this life
philosophy by stating: "When I'm 80, am I going to
regret leaving Wall Street? No. Will I regret missing the
beginning of the Internet? Yes." During the 1990s and
early 2000s at Amazon, he was characterized as trying to
quantify all aspects of running the company, often listing
employees on spreadsheets and basing executive
decisions on data. To push Amazon forward, Bezos
developed the mantra "Get Big Fast", establishing the
company's need to scale its operations to produce
market dominance. He favored diverting Amazon
profits back into the company in lieu of allocating it
amongst shareholders in the form of dividends.

Bezos uses the term "work–life harmony" instead of the

more standard work–life balance because he believes
balance implies that you can have one and not the
other. He believes that work and home life are
interconnected, informing and calibrating each
other. Journalist Walt Mossberg dubbed the idea that
someone who cannot tolerate criticism or critique
shouldn't do anything new or interesting "The Bezos
Principle". Bezos does not schedule early morning
meetings and enforces a two-pizza rule–a preference for
meetings to be small enough to where two pizzas can
feed everyone in the board room. When interviewing
candidates for jobs at Amazon he has stated he considers
three inquiries: can he admire the person, can the
person raise the common standard, and under what
circumstances could the person become exemplary.
He meets with Amazon investors for a total of only six
hours a year. Instead of using PowerPoints, Bezos
requires high-level employees to present information
with six-page narratives. Starting in 1998, Bezos
publishes an annual letter for Amazon shareholders
wherein he frequently refers to five principles: focus on
customers not competitors, take risks for market
leadership, facilitate staff morale, build a company
culture, and empower people. Bezos maintains the
email address "jeff@amazon.com" as an outlet for
customers to reach out to him and the
company. Although he does not respond to the emails,
he forwards some of them with a question mark in the
subject line to executives who attempt to address the
issues. Bezos has cited Warren Buffett (of Berkshire
Hathaway), Jamie Dimon (of JPMorgan Chase),
and Bob Iger (of Walt Disney) as major influences on
his leadership style.
 Steven Paul Jobs
Was an American business magnate, industrial
designer, investor, and media proprietor. He was the
chairman, chief executive officer (CEO), and co-founder
of Apple Inc., the chairman and majority shareholder
of Pixar, a member of The Walt Disney Company's board of
directors following its acquisition of Pixar, and the founder,
chairman, and CEO of NeXT. Jobs is widely recognized as a
pioneer of the personal computer revolution of the 1970s and
1980s, along with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak.
Jobs was born in San Francisco, California, and put up for
adoption. He was raised in the San Francisco Bay Area. He
attended Reed College in 1972 before dropping out that same
year, and traveled through India in 1974 seeking
enlightenment and studying Zen Buddhism.
Jobs and Wozniak co-founded Apple in 1976 to sell
Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. Together the duo
gained fame and wealth a year later with the Apple II, one of
the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputers.
Jobs saw the commercial potential of the Xerox Alto in 1979,
which was mouse-driven and had a graphical user
interface (GUI).
This led to the development of the unsuccessful Apple Lisa in
1983, followed by the breakthrough Macintosh in 1984, the
first mass-produced computer with a GUI. The Macintosh
introduced the desktop publishing industry in 1985 with the
addition of the Apple LaserWriter, the first laser printer to
feature vector graphics. Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985
after a long power struggle with the company's board and its
then-CEO John Sculley. That same year, Jobs took a few of
Apple's members with him to found NeXT, a computer
platform development company that specialized in computers
for higher-education and business markets. In addition, he
helped to develop the visual effects industry when he funded
the computer graphics division of George
Lucas's Lucasfilm in 1986. The new company was Pixar,
which produced the first 3D computer animated feature
film Toy Story (1995).
Apple acquired Next in 1997, and Jobs became CEO of his
former company within a few months. He was largely
responsible for helping revive Apple, which had been on the
verge of bankruptcy. He worked closely with designer Jony
I’ve to develop a line of products that had larger cultural
ramifications, beginning in 1997 with the "Think different"
advertising campaign and leading to the iMac, iTunes, iTunes
Store, Apple Store, iPod, iPhone, App Store
 Leadership Style
But this success was short-lived, even with the praise for Jobs'
latest design, the Macintosh. IBM was Apple's stiffest
competition, and they began to surpass Apple sales. After a
falling out with Apple's CEO, John Sculley, Jobs resigned in
1985 to follow his own interests. He started a new software and
hardware company, NeXT, Inc., and he invested in a small
animation company, Pixar Animation Studios.

Pixar became wildly successful thanks to Jobs' tenacity and

evolving https://www.businessnewsdaily.com. "Toy Story,"
Pixar's first major success, took four years to make while the
then-unknown company struggled. Jobs pushed its progress
along by encouraging and prodding his team in critical and
often abrasive ways. While some found his management style
caustic, he also developed loyalty from many team members.
"You need a lot more than vision — you need a stubbornness,
tenacity, belief and patience to stay the course," said Edwin
Catmull, co-founder of Pixar. "In Steve’s case, he pushes right
to the edge, to try to make the next big step forward."

Jobs emphasized the importance of teamwork to his

employees. Though he made the final decision on product
designs, he knew that the right people would be a company's
greatest asset. "That’s how I see business," he said. "Great things
in business are never done by one person; they’re done by a
team of people."

At the same time, Jobs knew that he had to be the best leader
possible to his teams. According to Jobs' work mantra and
ethic, innovation is what distinguishes a leader and a follower.
"Be a yardstick of quality," he said. "Some people aren't used to
an environment where excellence is expected." Thanks to Jobs'
expectation of high quality, almost every product he's turned
out has been a huge success among consumers and businesses.

While Pixar succeeded, Next, trying to sell its own operating

system to American consumers, floundered. Apple bought the
company in 1997, and Jobs returned to Apple as CEO.
Working for an annual salary of $1 a year, Jobs revitalized
Apple, and under his leadership, the company developed
numerous innovative devices — the iPod, the iPhone, iTunes
and the iPad. They revolutionized mobile communications,
music and even how numerous industries, including retail and
healthcare, carried out their everyday business operations. He
offered a unique intuition when developing these products.
When asked what consumer and market research went into the
iPad, Jobs replied, "None. It’s not the consumers’ job to know
what they want."

Jobs used his experiences, such as growing up in the San

Francisco area in the '60s and his world travel, to shape the way
he designed the products that made Apple synonymous with
success. He criticized the sheltered lives that characterized
many in the computer industry. "[They] haven't had very
diverse experiences," he said. "So they don't have enough dots
to connect, and they end up with very linear solutions without a
broad perspective on the problem. The broader one's
understanding of the human experience, the better design we
will have."

In 2004, Apple announced that Jobs had a rare but curable

form of pancreatic cancer. It was this brush with death that
helped Jobs focus his energy on developing the Apple products
that rose to such popularity in the 2000s. "Almost everything —
all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or
failure — these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving
only what is truly important," he said. Though he was ill, it was
during this time that Apple launched some of its biggest (and
successful) creations. iTunes became the second biggest music
retailer in America, the MacBook Air revolutionized laptop
computing, and the iPod and iPhone broke sales records, while
changing the way users consumed content and communicated
with each other.

Before his death, Jobs commissioned a $138 million yacht,

named Venus. Designed to be minimalist, much like Jobs'
technological creations, Venus offers structural walls of glass
designed by the chief engineer of the Apple stores. Between
230 and 260 feet (70 and 79 meters) long, Venus boasts teak
decks and seven 27-inch iMacs on board. Though he was
aware he might pass away before the boat was finished, Jobs
continued to design Venus up until the end. "I know that it’s
possible I will die and leave [my wife] Laurene with a half-built
boat," he said. "But I have to keep going on it. If I don’t, it’s an
admission that I’m about to die."

Jobs once said, "I want to put a ding in the universe." After
starting personal computers revolution, launching the
smartphone craze, changing the age of computer animation,
and making technology popular and accessible, he certainly
made more than just a ding.
 Conclusions
The Leadership skills approach takes into account the
knowledge and abilities that the leader has. A leader can learn
certain skills and turn himself into a remarkable one.
Researchers have studied leadership skills and abilities for a
number of years. However, there are two influential models.
The first one is a model proposed by Robert Katz in 1955. The
second approach is proposed by Michael Mumford and
colleagues in the year 2000. These models can be seen as
complimentary to each other, since they offer different views
on leadership from the skills point of view.
This is a first approach to conceptualize and create a structure
of the process of leadership around skills. The model describes
leadership in terms of skills and therefore makes leadership
available to everyone. This model provides an expansive view
of leadership that incorporates wide variety of components (i.e.,
problem-solving skills, social judgment skills) and a structure
consistent with leadership education programs.
 Bibliography

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 I.S.C Business studies part 2 for class
12 GOYAL BROTHERS
PRAKASHAN