498 Basic Electrical Engineering motor picks up speed, the changeover switch disconnects the winding terminals and then reconneatsy, delta across the supply terminals. Each phase now gets the normal voltage. jn ‘This method reduces the current drawn by the motor to one-third the normal value. However, the st torque too is reduced to one-third. This method is cheap but is limited to applications where highs torque is not necessary, e.g., machine tools, pumps, etc. Auto-Transformer Starter We use a three-phase auto-transformer to supply a reduced voltage i rat the starting (Fig. 15.14). Two or three voltage-steps (in the auto-transformer) are used dy motor the starting process. The auto-transformer is completely cut out once the motor picks up speed to its, value. a. ADDITIONAL SOLVED EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 15.9 e ‘A three-phase, 6-pole induction motor runs at 960 rpm on full load. It is supplied from a 4-pole alternator runnin 1500 rpm. Calculate the full-load slip of the motor. Solution The frequency of generated emf by the alternator is NP _ 15004 oe = 50 Hz 120 120 Therefore, the synchronous speed of the motor is ue Lop 2050 _ 1999 rpm Slip, s = = 1000-960 _ ogg -4% 1000 EXAMPLE 15.10 a A three-phase, 4-pole induction motor supplies a useful torque of 160 Nm at 5 % slip. The stator losses are 1000 W' the friction and windage losses are 500 W. Calculate (a) the rotor input, (6) the motor input, and (c) the efficiency Solution (a) The synchronous speed, N, = 20f = ae = 1500 pm (1 =5)Ng = (1 = 0.05) x 1500 = 1425 rpm. QntyN _ 2x 160 x 1425 60 60 Thus, the power developed by the rotor is given as Py = Pot Pyy = 23.876 + 500 = 24 376 W Py Pi 2 2376 _ «25.659 w = 25.659 kW (=s) (@=0.05) P, + Ps = 25 659 + 1000 = 26 659 W Po 23876 Pin 26659 Motor speed, N The output power, Py = 3.876 W Therefore, the rotor input powe (0) The input power, Pin = (c) The efficiency, = 0,8956 = 89.56 Yoa Soe imag Induction Motors 499 EXAMPLE 15.11 ‘An induction motor has an efficiency of 0.9 wi fhen load is 50 KW. AL thi cach equals the iron loss. The mechanical loss At this load, 1 he stator copper and rotor copper lows Ses are one-third ofthe no-load loas. Calculate the slip, 10 Solution The power input, Py» 5% = $5.56 kw Neglecting the rotor iron loss, the total losses, Py ~ Pq ~ Py = $5.56 --50= 5.56 kW The no-load loss consists of the stator iron loss (Pi) and mechanical losses (P, i +n) (Knee the stator and rotor copper lo are negligible). These two losses are independent of the load. S PERE LET O NNT ae, Given, the mechanical loss, Py, = setoad toss z Pryx fh ‘We know that 2 Total loss = Stator copper loss + Stator iron loss + Rotor copper loss + Mechanical lows P, or f PPA P+ PQ oe 5.56 = 3P,+ 4 = PH=159kW Now, the power developed by the rotor is given as Pa= Pot P= 50+ = = 50.795 kW The rotor input power is given as Power developed by the rotor + Rotor copper loss Pg + Pa = 50.795 + 1.59 = 52.385 kW Therefore, EXAMPLE 15.12 The induced emf between the slip-ring terminals of an induction motor at standstill is 100 V. The rotor windings are star-connected and have a resistance of 0.4 Q per phase. Calculate the rotor current when the slip-ring terminals are shor-circuited and the rotor is rotating at a slip of 4 %. Solution For star-connected rotor windings, the induced emf per phase when the rotor is at standstill is given as VY _ 100 Epa = I y non The rotor reactance X» = sXpq is negligible for small values of s, and hence can be ignored. The rotor current, therefore, is given as Be = sm 004 «100/43. he od Vii+sxh EXAMPLE 15.13 e =S.ITA lip-ring induct runs )-Hz supply. Calculate (a) the number of Aslip-ring ind 1 285 rpm‘on full load when fed from a 50-H Dales) he stipe theslip for fll-lead torque ifthe rotor resistance is doubled, and () the rotor copper losses with Added rotor resistance if the original value of the rotor losses were 250 W.500 Basic Electrical Engineering Solution te numbs . (@) Approximate number of poles, oof 2 120050 ne Nits 20 er of poles is 20 There has to be an even number of poles, such that N, > N. Thus, the actual number of poles 1s (b) With 20 poles, the synchronous speed is given as 20f _ 12050 509 spm P 20 -N _ 300-285 Therefore, the slip, 5 = se = a0 ae (©) Forsmall values of, the reactance sXo is much sinaller than the resistance Ra, and hence we can write Eq 1s as sky sRy_ $ fe ence Re+stkd RF Re Tt means that to keep the torque same, the s/Ry ratio should remain the same. If Ry is doubled, 5 also has to doubled. Thus, new value of s= 2x 0.05 = 0.1 2 (a) Since the full-load current remains the same, on doubling the rotor resistance, the copper loss (1° R) is also double, Hence, the new copper loss Pg = 2 x 250 = 500 W. EXAMPLE 15.14 e The full-load slip of a 500-hp, 50-Hz, three-phase induction motor is 0.02, The rotor winding has a resistance of 0.25 Qiphase. Calculate the slip and the power output, if external resistances of 2 2 each are inserted in each rotor phase. Assume the torque to remain unaltered Solution Given: Ry also remain same. Hence, 0.25.0; s = 0.02, Ry = 2+ 0.25 = 2.250. If the torque remains the same, the ratio s/R, must * 002 Be RE gg 225 = OB Now, if ¥, is the synchronous speed of the motor, the speed of the rotor before inserting the external resistance, N=(1~s)N,= (I~ 0.02)N, = 0.98, and the speed of the rotor afier inserting the external resistance, N'=(1~S'N,= (10.18), = 082N, Since the torque remains the same, the output is directly proportional to the speed. Hence, the new output of the motor is 0820, Pom 28M 500 how Sax * 500 hp = 418.4 hp EXAMPLE 15.15 A three-phase, 4-pole, 50-Hz, 7 46-kW induction motor, wh 1¢ and frequency has a starting : iction niotor, while working at rated voltagi equency has torque of 160 % anda maximum torque of 200 % of the fallload torque Determine (a) the full-lond cy 4 and (8) te eel () the full-load speed, and (b) Solution (a) Given: t= 1.619; ty = 2.0% The ratio Hing, U6tq <0 a © Zr2 Induction Mot¢ 501 ‘Therefore, using Eq. 15.41, we have 25m 2 41% Simtl=25sq = Sq =2,05 Obviously, sm = 2 is not possible. Hence, 08 Sm = 0.5. Now, using Eq. 15.40, To . 2505m Ta _ 2505 or 05 = 2%s0X05 Z (0.5) + 5h ep SA-Sn+O.125=0 => sq=0.8535, 0.1465 Since, for stable motor action, Sa must be less than sj, we have sq = 0.1465. The synchronous speed is _120f _ 120x50 N= Oe = = 1500 rpm. Therefore, full-load speed, Nq = NI ~sq)= 1500 x (6) The speed at maximum torque, Nyy = Ny(1 (1 - 0.1465) = 1280.25 rpm im) = 1500 x (1 = 0.5) = 750 rpm EXAMPLE 15.16 A three-phase, 4-pole, 50-Hz, 18.65-kW induction motor has friction a full-load slip of 4 %, Determine (a) the rotor copper loss, torque. ind windage losses of 2.5 % of the output, and (6) the rotor input, (c) the output torque, and (d) the gross Solution The friction and windage losses, Pyy = The rotor gross output, Py 025 x 18 650 = 466.25 W. 70 + Pay = 18.650 + 466,25 = 19 116.25 W (a) Using Eq. 15.18, the rotor copper loss is 04 ra Pal 755] r ron625( orha} = 196.5 W (0) The rotor input, Py = “8 = 283 - y9o12.5w s 0.04 120 x50 (c) The synchronous speed, Ny = =e = = = 1500 rpm The rotor speed, N =N,(J ~8) = 1500 x (1 ~ 0.04) = 1440 rpm -—fo_ . __ 18650 3 Nm Tasalal torque; Th = De(N160) 2n-x (1440/60) 19116.25 (a) The gross torque, ~y= = 126.8 Nm Dm(N/60) 2x x (1440/60) EXAMPLE 15.17 inductic star-connected rotor with a phase A three-phase, 4-pole, 1100-V, 50-Hz, delta-connected induction motor has a traaformation rego ef 328 +1 The rotor resistance and standsll reactance are 0.012 (2 and 0.25 © per phase, - fi eglecting the stator impedance and magnetising current, tespectively. The motor runs at 1440 rpm at full load. Neg i curre determine (a) the rotor current at starting with slip-rings shorted, (b) the rotor power factor at starting with slip-rings shorted, (c) the rotor current while running at full Joad with slip-rings shorted, («) the rotor power factor while running 3 full load with slip-rings shorted, and (c) the external resistance per phase required to limit the starting current to 100 A in the stator supply lines.502 Basic Electrical Engineering 120f _ 12050 _ 1509 rpm Solution The synchronous speed, Ny = 7 1500 - 1440 ¢ 2 1500 10 0.04 The sip at full load, s = Nz 1 ‘The transformation ratio, K = ™ 38 The induced voltage in rotor per phase at standstill, Exo = KEy = 5 5 X 1100 = 289.5 V oor’ + (025)? ~0250 The rotor impedance at standstill, Z39 = R3+ XH = The rotor impedance at full load, 7 tes aia anode ois? = Zy= RF + X20)? = (0.012)? + (004 x 0.25? = 0.0156.0 (@) The rotor current at starting with slip-rings shorted, (8) The rotor power factor at starting with shp-rings shorted, tan! 23) = cos 87.25° = 0.048 (lagging) mca (c)_ The rotor current while running at full load with slip-rings shorted, Ex. SE, 008K2895 ayy 554 a 0.0156 (d) The rotor power factor while running at full load with slip-rings shorted, Ry _ 0012 00156 (©) The stator phase current corresponding to starting line-current of 100 A is 0.769 (lagging) Rotor current per phase, [> ¢ =57.73x38=2194A £; 289.5 Rotor total impedance, Z; = £20 = 2895 _ yy oS it g 20d aoe Thus, the rotor total resistance required is Rotr= (z2-x3, = -(025)? = 1296.9 Therefore, the external rotor resistance required is r= 1296-0012 = 1.284.Q 2 SUMMARY TERMS AND CONCEPTS * An induction motor has a distributed three-phase field winding on the stator and armature on the rotor. * The speed of the rotor of an induction motor always remains slightly less than the synelierou epeeInduction Motors 50; ‘Atno load, s is around 1 % and at full load itis around 3 9%, Thus, an induction motor operates at alinost constant speed. «Since s is very small, the frequency f; is very small. Therefore, the rotor iron losses are negligibly smal, « Induction motor action is, in many respects, similar to that of a transformer, However, duc to the air pap, it has ‘much greater magnetising current, The phasor diagram and the equivalent circuit of a three-phase induction motor are allways drawn per phase basis. ‘An induction motor draws considerably high current at starting, To limit the starting current, star-delta starter or auto-transformer starter is used. ‘The motor has three modes of operations : (/) Motor Action (0 1), and ({ti) Generator Action ($ <0). mMPORTANT FORMULAE + Synchronous speed in rpm, N= vt + Slip, (Ns — NYINs. + Frequency of the rotor current, sEx0 + Rotor current, = 5 RE + (SXa9) + Rotor copper loss, Pa = 5x Pg, where Py is the air-gap power. + Power developed by the rotor, Py = Py— P= Pg—sPq=(1~5)Py. 2ntgN 60, + Pg= T@= Ty(2Rn) = or 4, age 60 2nN + [hp=746 W. + Equivalent (fictitious) electrical load corresponding to the mechanical load, Ry = Ra(1 = sys eye + Torque exerted on the rotor, = T= oe. B+ 2X% 2, + Starting torque, 1, = At * Condition for maximum torque, Ro + Maximum torque, ts tL 2p ma sats? CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING