listing 1

int i, j, k;

char ch, chr;

float f, balance;

double d;

listing 2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void func();

int main()
{
int x; // local to main()

x = 10;
func();
cout << "\n";
cout << x; // displays 10

return 0;
}

void func()
{
int x; // local to func()

x = -199;
cout << x; // displays -199
}

listing 3
int func1(int first, int last, char ch)
{
.
.
.
}

listing 4
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void func1();
void func2();

int count; // this is a global variable

int main()
{
int i; // this is a local variable

for(i=0; i<10; i++) {

count = i * 2;
func1();
 }

return 0;
}

void func1()
{
cout << "count: " << count; // access global count
cout << '\n'; // output a newline
func2();
}

void func2()
{
int count; // this is a local variable

for(count=0; count<3; count++) cout << '.';

}

listing 5
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

/* This program shows the difference between

signed and unsigned integers.
*/
int main()
{
short int i; // a signed short integer
short unsigned int j; // an unsigned short integer

j = 60000;
i = j;
cout << i << " " << j;

return 0;
}

listing 6
unsigned x;
unsigned int y;

listing 7
// This program prints the alphabet in reverse order.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
char letter;

for(letter = 'Z'; letter >= 'A'; letter--)

cout << letter;

return 0;
}

listing 8
ch = 'Z';

listing 9
wchar_t wc;
wc = L'A';

listing 10
hex = 0xFF; // 255 in decimal
oct = 011; // 9 in decimal

listing 11
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
cout << "\n\\\b";

return 0;
}

listing 12
char ch = 'a';
int first = 0;
float balance = 123.23F;

listing 13
// An example that uses variable initialization.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void total(int x);

int main()
{
cout << "Computing summation of 5.\n";
total(5);

cout << "\nComputing summation of 6.\n";

total(6);

return 0;
}

void total(int x)
{
int sum=0; // initialize sum
int i, count;

for(i=1; i<=x; i++) {

sum = sum + i;
for(count=0; count<10; count++) cout << '.';
cout << "The current sum is " << sum << '\n';
}
}

listing 14
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int x, y;

x = 10;
y = 3;
cout << x/y; // will display 3
cout << "\n";
cout << x%y; /* will display 1, the remainder of
the integer division */
cout << "\n";

x = 1;
y = 2;
cout << x/y << " " << x%y; // will display 0 1

return 0;
}

listing 15
x = x+1;

listing 16
++x;

listing 17
x = x-1;

listing 18
--x;

listing 19
x = x+1;

listing 20
++x; // prefix form

listing 21
x++; // postfix form

listing 22
x = 10;
y = ++x;

listing 23
x = 10;
y = x++;

listing 24
bool xor(bool a, bool b)
{
return (a || b) && !(a && b);
}

listing 25
// This program demonstrates the xor() function.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

bool xor(bool a, bool b);

int main()
{
bool p, q;

cout << "Enter P (0 or 1): ";

cin >> p;
cout << "Enter Q (0 or 1): ";
cin >> q;

cout << "P AND Q: " << (p && q) << '\n';

cout << "P OR Q: " << (p || q) << '\n';
cout << "P XOR Q: " << xor(p, q) << '\n';

return 0;
}

bool xor(bool a, bool b)

{
return (a || b) && !(a && b);
}

listing 26
var>15 || !(10<count) && 3<=item

listing 28
(float) x / 2

listing 29
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() // print i and i/2 with fractions

{
int i;

for(i=1; i<=100; ++i )

cout << i << "/ 2 is: " << (float) i / 2 << '\n';

return 0;
}

listing 30
x=10/y*(127/x);

x = 10 / y * (127/x);

listing 31
x = y/3-34*temp+127;

x = (y/3) - (34*temp) + 127;