listing 1

B_class *p; // pointer to object of type B_class

B_class B_ob; // object of type B_class
D_class D_ob; // object of type D_class

listing 2
p = &B_ob; // p points to object of type B_class
p = &D_ob; /* p points to object of type D_class,
which is an object derived from B_class. */

listing 3
// Using base pointers on derived class objects.
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring> // for older compilers, use <string.h>
using namespace std;

class B_class {
char author[80];
public:
void put_author(char *s) { strcpy(author, s); }
void show_author() { cout << author << "\n"; }
} ;

class D_class : public B_class {

char title[80];
public:
void put_title(char *num) {
strcpy(title, num);
}
void show_title() {
cout << "Title: ";
cout << title << "\n";
}
};

int main()
{
B_class *p;
B_class B_ob;

D_class *dp;
D_class D_ob;

p = &B_ob; // address of base

// Access B_class via pointer.

p->put_author("Tom Clancy");

// Access D_class via base pointer.

p = &D_ob;
p->put_author("William Shakespeare");

// Show that each author went into proper object.

B_ob.show_author();
D_ob.show_author();
cout << "\n";

/* Since put_title() and show_title() are not part

of the base class, they are not accessible via
 the base pointer p and must be accessed either
directly, or, as shown here, through a pointer to the
derived type.
*/
dp = &D_ob;
dp->put_title("The Tempest");
p->show_author(); // either p or dp can be used here.
dp->show_title( );

return 0;
}

listing 4
((D_class *)p)->show_title();

listing 5
// A short example that uses virtual functions.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class base {
public:
virtual void who() { // specify a virtual
cout << "Base\n";
}
};

class first_d : public base {

public:
void who() { // redefine who() relative to first_d
cout << "First derivation\n";
}
};

class second_d : public base {

public:
void who() { // redefine who() relative to second_d
cout << "Second derivation\n";
}
};

int main()
{
base base_obj;
base *p;
first_d first_obj;
second_d second_obj;

p = &base_obj;
p->who(); // access base's who

p = &first_obj;
p->who(); // access first_d's who

p = &second_obj;
p->who(); // access second_d's who

return 0;
}
listing 6
first_obj.who();

listing 7
// Derive from first_d, not base.
class second_d : public first_d {
public:
void who() { // define who() relative to second_d
cout << "Second derivation\n";
}
};

listing 8
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class base {
public:
virtual void who() {
cout << "Base\n";
}
};

class first_d : public base {

public:
void who() {
cout << "First derivation\n";
}
};

class second_d : public base {

// who() not defined
};

int main()
{
base base_obj;
base *p;
first_d first_obj;
second_d second_obj;

p = &base_obj;
p->who(); // access base's who()

p = &first_obj;
p->who(); // access first_d's who()

p = &second_obj;
p->who(); /* access base's who() because
second_d does not redefine it */

return 0;
}

listing 9
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class base {
public:
virtual void who() {
cout << "Base\n";
}
};

class first_d : public base {

public:
void who() {
cout << "First derivation\n";
}
};

// second_d now inherited first_d -- not base.

class second_d : public first_d {
// who() not defined
};

int main()
{
base base_obj;
base *p;
first_d first_obj;
second_d second_obj;

p = &base_obj;
p->who(); // access base's who()

p = &first_obj;
p->who(); // access first_d's who()

p = &second_obj;
p->who(); /* access first_d's who() because
second_d does not redefine it */

return 0;
}

listing 10
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class figure {
protected:
double x, y;
public:
void set_dim(double i, double j) {
x = i;
y = j;
}
virtual void show_area() {
cout << "No area computation defined ";
cout << "for this class.\n";
}
} ;

class triangle : public figure {

public:
 void show_area() {
cout << "Triangle with height ";
cout << x << " and base " << y;
cout << " has an area of ";
cout << x * 0.5 * y << ".\n";
}
};

class rectangle : public figure {

public:
void show_area() {
cout << "Rectangle with dimensions ";
cout << x << "x" << y;
cout << " has an area of ";
cout << x * y << ".\n";
}
};

int main()
{
figure *p; // create a pointer to base type

triangle t; // create objects of derived types

rectangle s;

p = &t;
p->set_dim(10.0, 5.0);
p->show_area();

p = &s;
p->set_dim(10.0, 5.0);
p->show_area();

return 0;
}

listing 11
class circle : public figure {
public:
void show_area() {
cout << "Circle with radius ";
cout << x;
cout << " has an area of ";
cout << 3.14 * x * x;
}
};

listing 12
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class figure {
protected:
double x, y;
public:
void set_dim(double i, double j=0) {
x = i;
y = j;
}
 virtual void show_area() {
cout << "No area computation defined ";
cout << "for this class.\n";
}
} ;

class triangle : public figure {

public:
void show_area() {
cout << "Triangle with height ";
cout << x << " and base " << y;
cout << " has an area of ";
cout << x * 0.5 * y << ".\n";
}
};

class rectangle : public figure {

public:
void show_area() {
cout << "Rectangle with dimensions ";
cout << x << "x" << y;
cout << " has an area of ";
cout << x * y << ".\n";
}
};

class circle : public figure {

public:
void show_area() {
cout << "Circle with radius ";
cout << x;
cout << " has an area of ";
cout << 3.14 * x * x << ".\n";
}
} ;

int main()
{
figure *p; // create a pointer to base type

triangle t; // create objects of derived types

rectangle s;
circle c;

p = &t;
p->set_dim(10.0, 5.0);
p->show_area();

p = &s;
p->set_dim(10.0, 5.0);
p->show_area();

p = &c;
p->set_dim(9.0);
p->show_area();

return 0;
}
listing 13
class figure {
double x, y;
public:
void set_dim(double i, double j=0) {
x = i;
y = j;
}
virtual void show_area() = 0; // pure
};

listing 14
/*
This program will not compile because the class
circle does not override show_area().
*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class figure {
protected:
double x, y;
public:
void set_dim(double i, double j) {
x = i;
y = j;
}
virtual void show_area() = 0; // pure
} ;

class triangle : public figure {

public:
void show_area() {
cout << "Triangle with height ";
cout << x << " and base " << y;
cout << " has an area of ";
cout << x * 0.5 * y << ".\n";
}
};

class rectangle : public figure {

public:
void show_area() {
cout << "Rectangle with dimensions ";
cout << x << "x" << y;
cout << " has an area of ";
cout << x * y << ".\n";
}
};

class circle : public figure {

// no definition of show_area() will cause an error
};

int main()
{
figure *p; // create a pointer to base type

triangle t; // create objects of derived types

 rectangle s;

circle c; // Illegal -- can't create!

p = &t;
p->set_dim(10.0, 5.0);
p->show_area();

p = &s;
p->set_dim(10.0, 5.0);
p->show_area();

return 0;
}