Cew541-Chapter 1 - Introduction To Hydrology PDF

CEW541
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
NUR AZWA BINTI MUHAMAD BASHAR (Ir. Hjh.)

KOMPLEKS PERDANA 6.12
04-3822801
email: nurazwa.bashar@uitm.edu.my
COURSE OUTCOMES (CO) MAPPED
TO PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (PO)
Course Outcomes
PO1 PO2 PO3
1. Illustrate the concept of hydrological cycle,

precipitation, losses, stream flow
measurement and calculation (C4) 
2. Assess hydrological data using statistical and

hydrologic routing methods for design
problem solving (C6) 
3. Conduct urban stormwater design using

Urban Storm Water Management Manual 
(MSMA, 2012) (C6)
CHAPTER 1
Hydrological Cycle and
Water Budget Equation
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Define and illustrate each components in hydrological

processes. (CO1-PO1)
2. Understand and apply the water budget equation in

solving hydrological problems.(CO1-PO1)
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SUB CHAPTER 1
1.0 : Definition of Hydrology
1.1 : Definition Of Engineering Hydrology
1.2 : Control of Water
1.2.1 Floods in Malaysia
1.2.1.1 News on Floods in Malaysia
1.2.1.2 Recent Flash Floods in Malaysia
1.2.1.3 Flash Floods Measures in Malaysia
1.2.2 Causes of Floods (Natural Phenomenon)
1.2.3 Causes of Floods (Human Activities)
1.3 : Availability of World Water Resources
1.4 : Hydrological Cycle
1.5 : Catchment
1.5.1 Catchment Area
1.5.2 Catchment Characteristic
1.6 : Water Budget Equation
1.0 : Definition of Hydrology
▪Earth science that deals with water in all its

natural forms as it occurs on the earth.
▪Includes occurrence, distribution, movement

and properties of water of the earth.
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1.1 : Definition Of Engineering Hydrology
• Engineering hydrology is a civil
engineering discipline, utilizes
hydrologic data such as precipitation,
streamflow and evaporation in the
planning, design and operation of
engineering projects for the control
and use of water.
• Analysis techniques in this field focus

on determining the magnitude and
frequency of hydrologic events such as
storms, flood flows, droughts and low
flows.
6 10/13/2020
1.2 : Control of Water
Too MUCH WATER FLOODING PROBLEM
Too LITTLE WATER SCARCITY
10/13/2020
1.2.1.1 News on Floods in Malaysia
8 10/13/2020
Sources: The Star
1.2.1.2 Recent Flash Floods in Malaysia
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Sources: The Star
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Sources: The Star
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Sources: The Star

1
2
3
12
Sources: The Star https://youtu.be/Js8d1Mc5Xpo 10/13/2020
a b
a b
2
a b
3i
a b
3ii
a b
4
1.2.2 Causes of Floods (Natural Phenomenon)
▪Extreme High Rainfall Events
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1.2.3 Causes of Floods (Human Activities)
▪Uncontrolled Development
▪Change of land use (Urbanisation)
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1.4 : Hydrological Cycle
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Hydrological Cycle
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Transportation Components of the
Hydrological Cycle
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a. Precipitation
▪ General term used to describe
water which comes to earth in
the form of rain, hail, snow and
dew.
▪ Occur as rain as a ‘driving force’

providing water in the
environment.
▪ Annual amounts of precipitation

are unpredictable and variable,
approximately in the range of
1500-4000 mm in various
locations in Malaysia
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b. Infiltration
▪Passage of water through
air-soil interface.
▪Affected by factors such as

time, soil porosity,
permeability, antecedent
soil moisture conditions and
presence of vegetation.
▪Urbanisation will decreases

infiltration with a resulting
increase in runoff volume
and discharge.
23 10/13/2020
c. Surface Runoff
▪Passage of water through
air-soil interface.
▪Affected by factors such as

time, soil porosity,
permeability, antecedent
soil moisture conditions and
presence of vegetation.
▪Urbanisation will decreases

infiltration with a resulting
increase in runoff volume
and discharge.
24 10/13/2020
d. Evaporation & Transpiration
▪ Evaporation is the process whereby water is transformed
from the liquid or solid state into the gaseous phase by the
transfer of heat energy. Measured as a rate of mm/day or
mm/year.
▪ Transpiration is the mechanism whereby water moves up

through vegetation into atmosphere and subsequently
evaporated. Measured as a rate of mm/day or mm/year.
▪ Evapotranspiration is used to describe the quantity of water

used by plants in transpiration together with the water
evaporated from the adjacent soil or intercepted
precipitation.
▪ Its rate affected by temperature, wind, vapour pressure,

plant characteristics and availability of soil moisture.
25 10/13/2020
e. Interflow
▪Refer as subsurface
stormflow.
▪Process whereby water

moves laterally beneath
the land surface but
above groundwater
table.
▪Considered part of the

surface runoff.
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f. Groundwater Flow
▪Refer as baseflow
whereby water move
laterally beneath the
water table toward and
into a waterway or
water body.
27 10/13/2020
1.5.1 : Catchment Area
▪ Catchment Area
▪ Water Course at a given location
▪ Catchment Area = Drainage area = Drainage

basin = Watershed
▪ Separation with neighboring areas = Divide
▪ Catchment and Water Budget equation is also

known as Hydrological Equation
▪ Describes by quantities of water going

through various of individual paths of the
hydrological cycle described by continuity
equation
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1.5.2 : Catchment Characteristic
• Catchment/Watershed Area
– consist of area of land that draining
water into a stream or a water course
during a rainstorm to the outlet at a
given location.
▪ Catchment Divide – delineate a

catchment from its neighbouring
catchment area.
▪ Catchment Length – distance

measured along main channel from
the watershed outlet to the basin
divide.
▪ Catchment Slope – rate of change

of elevation with respect to
distance along the principal flow
path. 31 10/13/2020
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CEW541

NUR AZWA BINTI MUHAMAD BASHAR (Ir. Hjh.)

1. Illustrate the concept of hydrological cycle,

2. Assess hydrological data using statistical and

3. Conduct urban stormwater design using

1. Define and illustrate each components in hydrological

2. Understand and apply the water budget equation in

▪Earth science that deals with water in all its

▪Includes occurrence, distribution, movement

• Analysis techniques in this field focus

Too LITTLE WATER SCARCITY

Sources: The Star

▪Extreme High Rainfall Events

▪ Occur as rain as a ‘driving force’

▪ Annual amounts of precipitation

▪Affected by factors such as

▪Urbanisation will decreases

▪Affected by factors such as

▪Urbanisation will decreases

▪ Transpiration is the mechanism whereby water moves up

▪ Evapotranspiration is used to describe the quantity of water

▪ Its rate affected by temperature, wind, vapour pressure,

▪Process whereby water

▪Considered part of the

▪ Water Course at a given location

▪ Catchment Area = Drainage area = Drainage

▪ Separation with neighboring areas = Divide

▪ Catchment and Water Budget equation is also

▪ Describes by quantities of water going

▪ Catchment Divide – delineate a

▪ Catchment Length – distance

▪ Catchment Slope – rate of change

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