YGOLOISYHP

DNA
YMOTANA
THE LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM AND
IMMUNITY
BY: SUE S. KALINAWAN, RN MAN

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MODULE OBJECTIVES
DESCRIBE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC

DNA
YMOTANA
SYSTEM.

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN LYMPHATIC TISSUE

AND A LYMPHATIC ORGAN.

DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF

LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

DEFINE THE CONCEPTS OF SPECIFICITY AND

MEMORY AS THEY APPLY TO IMMUNITY.

EXPLAIN THE FOUR WAYS THAT ADAPTIVE

IMMUNITY CAN BE ACQUIRED.

DESCRIBE HOW AGING AFFECTS THE

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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY.

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THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

DNA
YMOTANA
01

Functions

02

Anatomy

03

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Immunity

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FUNCTIONS OF THE

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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

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THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

YMOTANA
MAINTAINS FLUID BALANCE IN
TISSUES, ABSORBS LIPIDS FROM
THE SMALL INTESTINE, AND
DEFENDS AGAINST
MICROORGANISMS AND
FOREIGN SUBSTANCES.

FLUID BALANCE

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LIPID ABSORPTION
DEFENSE

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ANATOMY OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

DNA
YMOTANA
01

Lymph

02

Lymphatic vessels,

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03

Lymphatic tissue

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ANATOMY OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

DNA
YMOTANA
04

Lymphatic nodules

05

Lymph nodes

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06

Tonsils

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ANATOMY OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

DNA
YMOTANA
07

Spleen

08

Thymus

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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
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LYMPHATIC VESSELS

DNA
YMOTANA
Lymphatic vessels have Lymphatic vessels carry lymph away from tissues.
valves that ensure a one-
way flow of lymph.
Lymphatic capillaries lack a basement membrane
and have loosely overlapping epithelial cells. Fluids
Contraction of lymphatic
and other substances easily enter lymphatic
vessel smooth muscle,
capillaries.
contraction of skeletal
muscle, and thoracic
pressure changes move the Lymphatic capillaries join to form lymphatic vessels.

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lymph.

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LYMPHATIC VESSELS
Lymphatic trunks and ducts empty into the blood at

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thoracic veins (junctions of the internal jugular and

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subclavian veins).
Lymph nodes are found along the
lymphatic vessels.
Lymph from the right thorax, the right-upper
limb, and the right side of the head and the
After passing through lymph
neck enters the right thoracic veins.
nodes, lymphatic vessels form
lymphatic trunks and lymphatic
Lymph from the lower limbs, pelvis, and
ducts.
abdomen; the left thorax; the left-upper limb;
and the left side of the head and the neck

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enters the left thoracic veins.

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LYMPHATIC VESSELS

The jugular, subclavian, and
bronchomediastinal trunks
may unite to form the right
lymphatic duct.
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YMOTANA
The thoracic duct is the largest
lymphatic vessel.
The intestinal and lumbar trunks
may converge on the cisterna
chyli, a sac that joins the inferior
end of the thoracic duct.

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LYMPHATIC TISSUE AND ORGANS

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Lymphatic tissue is
Lymphatic tissue can be nonencapsulated

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reticular connective
(diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymphatic
tissue that contains
nodules, tonsils).
lymphocytes and other
cells.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
(MALT) is nonencapsulated lymphatic
Lymphatic tissue can
tissue located in and below the mucous
be surrounded by a
membranes of the digestive, respiratory,
capsule (lymph nodes,
urinary, and reproductive tracts.

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spleen, thymus).

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LYMPHATIC TISSUE AND ORGANS

DNA
YMOTANA
Diffuse lymphatic tissue Lymphatic nodules are small
consists of dispersed
aggregates of lymphatic tissue (e.g.,
lymphocytes and has
Peyer patches in the small
no clear boundaries.
intestine).

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THE TONSILS

DNA
YMOTANA
The tonsils are large groups of lymphatic
nodules in the oral cavity and nasopharynx.

The three groups of tonsils are the

palatine,
pharyngeal, and
lingual tonsils.

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Lymphatic tissue in the lymph node is
organized into the cortex and the medulla.

DNA
YMOTANA
Lymphatic sinuses extend through the
lymphatic tissue.

LYMPH NODES Substances in lymph are removed by

phagocytosis, or they stimulate lymphocytes
(or both).

Lymphocytes leave the lymph nodes and

circulate to other tissues.

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LYMPH NODE
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The spleen is in the left superior side of the
THE SPLEEN abdomen.

DNA
YMOTANA
Foreign substances stimulate lymphocytes
in the white pulp of the spleen (periarterial
lymphatic sheath and lymphatic nodules).

Foreign substances and defective red blood

cells are removed from the blood by
phagocytes in the red pulp of the spleen
(splenic cords and venous sinuses).

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The spleen is a limited reservoir for blood.

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The thymus is a gland in the superior
THE THYMUS

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mediastinum and is divided into a cortex

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and a medulla.

Lymphocytes in the cortex are separated

from the blood by reticular cells.

Lymphocytes produced in the cortex

migrate through the medulla, enter the
blood, and travel to other lymphatic tissues,
where they can proliferate.

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DNA
YMOTANA
OVERVIEW OF
THE LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM

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IMMUNITY

DNA
YMOTANA
Innate Immunity
Immunity is the ability to
resist the harmful effects
of microorganisms and Adaptive Immunity
other foreign substances.

Acquired Adaptive Immunity

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INNATE

DNA
YMOTANA
IMMUNITY
Physical barriers prevent the entry of microbes
(skin and mucous membranes) or remove them
PHYSICAL (tears, saliva, and mucus).
BARRIERS

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 Chemical mediators promote phagocytosis and

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inflammation.
INNATE

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Complement can be activated by either the

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IMMUNITY
alternative or the classical pathway.
Complement lyses cells, increases phagocytosis,
attracts immune system cells, and promotes
CHEMICAL
inflammation.
MEDIATORS
Interferons prevent viral replication. Interferons
are produced by virally infected cells and move
to other cells, which are then
protected.

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CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INNATE IMMUNITY AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

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DNA
YMOTANA
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Chemotactic factors are parts of microorganisms
INNATE

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or chemicals that are released by damaged

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IMMUNITY
tissues. Chemotaxis is the ability of white blood
cells to move to tissues that release chemotactic
WHITE factors.
BLOOD
CELLS Phagocytosis is the ingestion and destruction of
materials.

Neutrophils are small phagocytic white blood

cells.

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Macrophages are large phagocytic white blood
INNATE

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cells.

YMOTANA
IMMUNITY
Macrophages can engulf more than
WHITE neutrophils can.
BLOOD Macrophages in connective tissue protect
CELLS the body at locations where microbes are
likely to enter, and macrophages clean blood
and lymph.

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INNATE Basophils and mast cells release

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chemicals that promote inflammation.

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IMMUNITY

Eosinophils defend against parasitic

WHITE
worms.
BLOOD
CELLS
Natural killer cells lyse tumor cells and
virus-infected cells.

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IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS AND THEIR PRIMARY FUNCTIONS

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DNA
YMOTANA
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The inflammatory response can be initiated in
INNATE

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many ways.

YMOTANA
IMMUNITY
Chemical mediators cause vasodilation
and increase vascular permeability, which
INFLAMMATORY allows the entry of other chemical
RESPONSE mediators.
Chemical mediators attract phagocytes.
The numbers of chemical mediators and
phagocytes increase until the cause of the
inflammation is destroyed. Then the

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tissue undergoes repair.

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INNATE

DNA
YMOTANA
IMMUNITY Local inflammation produces redness,
heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

INFLAMMATORY Symptoms of systemic inflammation

RESPONSE
include an increase in neutrophil
numbers, fever, and shock.

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DNA
YMOTANA
Bacteria cause tissue damage
and the release of chemical
mediators, which initiate
inflammation and phagocytosis,
resulting in the destruction of
the bacteria.

If any bacteria remain, additional

chemical mediators are
activated.

After all the bacteria have been

destroyed, the tissue is repaired

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DNA
YMOTANA
Antigens are large molecules that
stimulate an adaptive immune
response.
ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
B cells are responsible for antibody-
mediated immunity. T cells are
involved with cell-mediated immunity.

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COMPARISON OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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DNA
YMOTANA
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B cells and T cells originate in red
ADAPTIVE bone marrow. T cells are processed

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IMMUNITY
in the thymus, and B cells are

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processed in bone marrow.

ORIGIN AND
DEVELOPMENT Positive selection ensures the
OF survival of lymphocytes that can
LYMPHOCYTES react against antigens, and negative
selection eliminates lymphocytes
that react against self-antigens.

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A clone is a group of identical lymphocytes
ADAPTIVE that can respond to a specific antigen.

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IMMUNITY

YMOTANA
B cells and T cells move to lymphatic tissue
from their processing sites. They continually
circulate from one lymphatic tissue to
ORIGIN AND another.
DEVELOPMENT
OF The primary lymphatic organs (red bone
LYMPHOCYTES marrow and the thymus) are where
lymphocytes mature into functional cells.
Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues are

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where lymphocytes produce an immune
response.

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 The antigenic determinant is the

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specific part of the antigen to which
ADAPTIVE
the lymphocyte responds. The antigen

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IMMUNITY

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receptor (T-cell receptor or B-cell
receptor) on the surface of
ACTIVATION OF lymphocytes combines with the
LYMPHOCYTES antigenic determinant.

MHC class I molecules display antigens

on the surface of nucleated cells,
resulting in the destruction of the cells.

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MHC class II molecules display antigens on
ADAPTIVE the surface of antigen presenting cells,

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IMMUNITY resulting in the activation of immune cells.

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MHC-antigen complex and costimulation are
ACTIVATION OF usually necessary to activate lymphocytes.
LYMPHOCYTES Costimulation involves cytokines and certain
surface molecules.

Antigen-presenting cells stimulate the

proliferation of helper T cells, which stimulate
the proliferation of B cells or cytotoxic T cells.

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ADAPTIVE

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IMMUNITY Tolerance is suppression of the immune

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system’s response to an antigen.

INHIBITION OF
Tolerance is produced by the deletion of
LYMPHOCYTES
self-reactive cells, by the prevention of
lymphocyte activation, and by the
activation of regulatory T cells.

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ADAPTIVE Antibodies are proteins.

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IMMUNITY The variable region of an

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antibody combines with the
ANTIBODY- antigen. The constant region
MEDIATED activates complement or binds to
IMMUNITY cells.

Five classes of antibodies exist:

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD.

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Antibodies affect the antigen in many ways.
ADAPTIVE Antibodies bind to the antigen and

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IMMUNITY interfere with antigen activity or bind the

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antigens together.
Antibodies act as opsonins (substances
ANTIBODY-
that increase phagocytosis) by binding to
MEDIATED
the antigen and to macrophages.
IMMUNITY
Antibodies can activate complement
through the classical pathway.
Antibodies attach to mast cells or
basophils and cause the release of
inflammatory chemicals when the

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antibody combines with the antigen.

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ADAPTIVE

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IMMUNITY The primary response results from the first

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exposure to an antigen. B cells form plasma
cells, which produce antibodies, and
ANTIBODY- memory B cells.
MEDIATED
IMMUNITY The secondary response results from
exposure to an antigen after a primary
response, and memory B cells quickly form
plasma cells and additional memory B cells.

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CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

DNA
YMOTANA
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Cells infected with intracellular
ADAPTIVE microorganisms process antigens that

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IMMUNITY combine with MHC class I molecules.

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Cytotoxic T cells are stimulated to divide,
CELL-MEDIATED producing more cytotoxic T cells and
IMMUNITY
memory T cells, when MHC class
I/antigen complexes are presented to T-
cell receptors. Cytokines released from
helper T cells also stimulate cytotoxic T
cells.

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ADAPTIVE

DNA
IMMUNITY

YMOTANA
Cytotoxic T cells lyse virus-infected cells,
tumor cells, and tissue transplants.
CELL-MEDIATED
IMMUNITY Cytotoxic T cells produce cytokines,
which promote phagocytosis and
inflammation.

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ACQUIRED ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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PASSIVE NATURAL

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ACTIVE NATURAL IMMUNITY RESULTS FROM
IMMUNITY RESULTS THE TRANSFER OF
FROM NATURAL ANTIBODIES FROM A
EXPOSURE TO AN MOTHER TO HER FETUS OR
ANTIGEN. BABY.

ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL

IMMUNITY RESULTS IMMUNITY RESULTS FROM
FROM DELIBERATE THE TRANSFER OF
EXPOSURE TO AN ANTIBODIES (OR CELLS)
ANTIGEN. FROM AN IMMUNE ANIMAL

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TO A NONIMMUNE ANIMAL.

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WAYS TO ACQUIRE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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YMOTANA
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OVERVIEW OF IMMUNE INTERACTIONS

INNATE IMMUNITY. General response that

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YMOTANA
does not improve with subsequent exposure.

INNATE IMMUNITY, ANTIBODY- ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. Antibodies

MEDIATED IMMUNITY, AND act against antigens in solution or on the
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY CAN surfaces of extracellular microorganisms.
FUNCTION TOGETHER TO
ELIMINATE AN ANTIGEN.
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. Cytotoxic T cells
act against antigens bound to MHC molecules

***Immunotherapy treats diseases by on the surface of cells; they are effective

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stimulating or inhibiting the immune system. against intracellular microorganisms, tumors,
and transplanted cells.

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EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE LYMPHATIC

YGOLOISYHP
SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

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Aging has little effect on the

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lymphatic system’s ability to
remove fluid from tissues, Primary and secondary antibody
absorb lipids from the digestive responses decrease with age.
tract, or remove defective red
blood cells from the blood. The ability to resist intracellular
pathogens decreases with age.
Decreased helper T-cell
proliferation results in decreased
antibody-mediated and cell-
mediated immune responses to

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antigens.

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DISEASES AND DISORDERS: LYMPHATIC

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DNA
YMOTANA
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DISEASES AND DISORDERS: IMMUNITY

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DNA
YMOTANA
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SUPPLEMENTAL LINKS

DNA
YMOTANA
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/I7ORWMGTQ5I
IMMUNITY_PART 1: HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/GIJK3DWCWCW
IMMUNITY_PART 2: HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/2DFN4IBZ3RI
IMMUNITY_PART 3: HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/RD2CF5HVALM

OVERVIEW OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:

HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/J16X57FDHMU

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DNA
RECAP OF

YMOTANA
TODAY'S MODULE

RECAP 01 RECAP 02

Functions Lymphatic System

RECAP 03 RECAP 04

Immunity Effects of Aging

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DNA
YMOTANA
GOOD JOB, YOU
REACH THE END OF
OF THIS MODULE!
IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS OR
CLARIFICATION WITH OUR TOPIC, KINDLY
REACH OUT TO ME AT:

Email: sue.kalinawan@g.batstate-u.edu.ph
FB/Messenger: BSUe Kalinawan

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IMAGE CREDIT: SEELEY'S ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 11TH EDITION

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