Fajarillo ABPA3 (PA3110 Knowledge Manangement and ICT For PA) PDF

1single space of size 11
Republic of the Philippines

Romblon State University
Liwanag, Odiongan, Romblon
3 single space of size 11
College of Arts and Sciences
Module
In
PA 3110
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND
ICT FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Bachelor of Arts in Public Administration

Prepared by:
STEVEN JAKE G. FAJARILLO,
RSU VISION
Romblon State University as a premier institution of higher education in the

MIMAROPA region for a globally competitive Province of Romblon.
RSU MISSION
The university is committed to providing advanced education, higher

technological and professional instruction and training in agriculture and
fishery, forestry, science and technology, education, arts and sciences, and
other relevant fields of study. It shall undertake research and extension
services and provide progressive leadership in its areas of specialization.
CAS GOALS
The College of Arts and Sciences is committed to provide relevant and quality
training for students in AB Political Science, BS Biology, AB English and AB
Public Administration and related fields to satisfy the needs of regional and
national development thrusts and even global arena, and to be of service to
the community through extension program activities.
OBJECTIVES OF AB PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
1. To provide adequate knowledge and understanding of the

fundamentals of good governance.
2. To equip with the skills in management including planning,
implementation, monitoring and human, material and resource
management for government and civil society organization.
3. To indoctrinate high ethical values for public service,
accountability, nationalism, sustainability.
4. To promote strong sense of duty and protect public interest for the
depressed and the marginalized communities.
5. To develop abilities engaging in scientific research, educational
innovation and in decision making towards students.
6. To establish an avenue for social awareness and involvement in
community development through extension programs, effective
leadership, and initiatives.
7. To endow/instill high appreciation for the demands and challenges
in public services in the minds of the students,
8. To uphold commitment to excellence and ethics to respond to the
challenges of and social responsibility.
2
3
College of Arts and Sciences
Module
In
PA 3110
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND
ICT FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Bachelor of Arts in Public Administration

Prepared by:
STEVEN JAKE G. FAJARILLO,
i
This page intentionally left blank
ii
INTRODUCTION
This course is designed to discuss the essential principles of

Knowledge Management (KM) and how KM and CRM technologies work, and
how they impact the ICT infrastructure for public administration. This
course also shows how to use team building and goal-setting exercises to
create excellent KM/CRM projects, and how to align e-business strategy and
technology choices.
In able for the nation’s need of development, knowledge has become
one of the in-demand assets. With the development of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) it has made a great impact in the growth
of knowledge and learning network, thus KM with ICT employs a vital
promotion of integrative management culture by nurturing a knowledge-
supportive culture for Public Administration – including safe environment,
ethical and mutually respectful behavior, minimal politicking, collaboration
and focus on delivering quality work without delay.
iii
RATIONALE
The primary purpose of this module is to present a pedagogical

manner for the usual course in college and universities. to familiarize
students with current and emerging issues in the use of computer and
information technologies in the public sector.
The examples and problems will exercise the student’s critical
thinking to identify the needs of public administration for the impact of
information technology, understand components of the public sector
information environment, and to synthesize and apply knowledge to
discover new opportunities and to manage and eliminate threats of using
advanced computer and information technologies.
TARGET POPULATION
`The Module in PA 3110 Knowledge Management and ICT for PA for Bachelor
in Public Administration was developed by Romblon State University-College
of Arts and Science Faculty to provide the Public Administration students
with the additional instructional manual which serves as exercises to
deepen the public administration concepts being studied.
COURSE OUTLINE: Knowledge Management and ICT for Public

Administration
INTRODUCTION:
This course is designed to introduce students to the ways that
Information and Communications Technology affects governmental
functions, democratic processes, and public programs and how they
implement Knowledge Management in each sector.
COURSE CODE: PA 3110 / CBMEC 312
CREDIT UNITS: 3
PREREQUISITES: None
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
Title Page---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rationale, Target Population, Course Information-------------------------
Table of Contents------------------------------------------------------------------
Pre-test-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit 1- INTRODUCTION TO KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

The Meaning and History of Knowledge Management ------------------------
Role of Knowledge Management for Public Administration ------------------
Components of Knowledge Management ----------------------------------------
1. People-------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Process -----------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Content/IT ------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Strategy ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit 2 – INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY
The Meaning of Information and Communication Technology --------------
Theories of Information and Communication Technology -------------------
 Technological Determinism -----------------------------------------------
 Reinforcement Theory -----------------------------------------------------
 Sociotechnical Theory -----------------------------------------------------
Components and Role of Information and Communication Technology for
PA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Need for Information and Communications Technology ----------------
Unit 3 – PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION

Difference Between Public and Private Sector ---------------------------------
ICT, Societal Knowledge Management and Public Administration ---------
Leads for Knowledge Management In Policy Development and Policy
Implementation ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit 4 – INFORMATION SECURITY AND PRIVACY

Information Sharing and Access -------------------------------------------------
ICTs in E-knowledge Management for Public Policy --------------------------
a. Geographic Information System -----------------------------------------
b. Software Programs ---------------------------------------------------------
Unit 5- APPLICATION AND REAL-WORLD SCENARIO

Application of Public Administration with KM and ICT -----------------------
Challenges in Public Administration --------------------------------------------
Public Administrator Discipline --------------------------------------------------
v
vi
PRETEST
Name: Course/Blk/Yr: Score:

Multiple Choices. Choose the letter of the correct answer in accordance
with every statement or question in each item. Fully shade the circle
provided in each item.
Date:
Rules in shading.
No A b c d e Decision Description
1 ● 〇〇〇〇 Acceptable One and Only Choice
2 〇 ● 〇 ● 〇 Unacceptable Double Choices
3 ● 〇〇〇 ● Unacceptable Only Choice With Correction
4 〇〇 ⦿ 〇〇 Unacceptable Dot Inscribe the Circle
5 ◐◕◑◓◔ Unacceptable Any Form of Partial Shading
6 〇〇〇〇〇 Unacceptable No Answer at All
No a b c d e No a b c d e
1. From the choices below are the
1 〇〇〇〇〇 26 〇〇〇〇〇
four public administration of KM
areas, except: 3 〇〇〇〇〇 28 〇〇〇〇〇
a. enhance decision making 4 〇〇〇〇〇 29 〇〇〇〇〇
within public services 5 〇〇〇〇〇 30 〇〇〇〇〇
b. aid the public to participate 6 〇〇〇〇〇 31 〇〇〇〇〇
effectively in public decision 7 〇〇〇〇〇 32 〇〇〇〇〇
making 8 〇〇〇〇〇 33 〇〇〇〇〇
c. building reading 9 〇〇〇〇〇 34 〇〇〇〇〇
comprehension 10 〇〇〇〇〇 35 〇〇〇〇〇
d. develop a knowledge‐
competitive work force 13 〇〇〇〇〇 38 〇〇〇〇〇
e. none of the above 14 〇〇〇〇〇 39 〇〇〇〇〇
2. Choose what best describes 15 〇〇〇〇〇 40 〇〇〇〇〇
Knowledge Management. 16 〇〇〇〇〇 41 〇〇〇〇〇
a. creating, sharing, using, and 17 〇〇〇〇〇 42 〇〇〇〇〇
managing the knowledge 18 〇〇〇〇〇 43 〇〇〇〇〇
b. removing, sharing, using, and 19 〇〇〇〇〇 44 〇〇〇〇〇
managing the knowledge 20 〇〇〇〇〇 45 〇〇〇〇〇
c. creating, sharing, moving, and 21 〇〇〇〇〇 46 〇〇〇〇〇
managing the data
d. manipulating, narrowing, 24 〇〇〇〇〇 49 〇〇〇〇〇
handling, and managing the 25 〇〇〇〇〇 50 〇〇〇〇〇
knowledge
e. B and D
3. In what early year din the
Knowledge Management emerged? a.
Fable
a. Early 60s d. Early 90s
b. Early 70s e. Early 20s
c. Early 80s
vii
4. Should Public Administrator possess a Knowledge Management skill?
a. Yes, because they build society’s intellectual capital (IC)
b. No, because it does not provide the sharing of knowledge
c. No
d. Probably
e. None of the above
5. It is a component of Knowledge Management where you need to get the right
people involved before you get into processes and technology.
a. People d. Strategy
b. Processes e. None of the above
c. Content/IT
6. It is a component of Knowledge Management where a person knows how
everything flows in an organization. They have strategic vision, conceptual
skills, attentiveness in detail, delegation, and creativity.
c. Content/IT
7. It is a component of Knowledge Management where it is any kind of
documented knowledge, from vetted best practices to quick-and-dirty tips
shared amongst colleagues.
c. Content/IT
8. It is a component of Knowledge Management where every Knowledge
Management program needs a clear, documented, and business-relevant
strategy.
c. Content/IT
9. Knowledge Auditing is one of the 8 Pillars of Knowledge Management Strategy,
what does it mean?
a. Drive more effective collaboration and elicit group participation to make
high-value reusable content more discoverable
b. Know where your silos and repositories are and what the knowledge flow
currently looks like
c. Great for transferring niche skills, explaining organizational quirks to
new hires
d. Map staff development with business goals and employee’s own interests
10. Coaching & Mentoring is one of the 8 Pillars of Knowledge Management
Strategy, what does it mean?
a. Know who your hubs and influencers are
b. Map staff development with business goals and employee’s own interests
c. Know where your silos and repositories are and what the knowledge flow
currently looks like
d. Great for transferring niche skills, explaining organizational quirks to
new hires
viii
11. It refers to all the technology used to handle telecommunications, broadcast
media, intelligent building management systems, audiovisual processing
and transmission systems, and network-based control and monitoring
functions.
a. Information and Corporation Technology
b. Intellectual and Credentials Technology
c. Information and Communications Technology
d. International Communication Telephone
e. International and Communications Technology
12. Which one of the Technology below existed a decades ago?
a. Smartphones d. Smart Watch
b. Digital TVs e. Telephones c. Robots
13. There are 3 Theories of Information and Technology, except:
a. Technological Determinism d. Information Theory
b. Reinforcement Theory e. None of the Above
c. Sociotechnical Theory
14. It is one of the components of ICT which is a set of instructions, data or
programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks.
a. Hardware d. Cloud Computing
b. Software e. Digital Transactions
c. Internet Access
15. It is one of the components of ICT which refers to the physical elements that
make up a computer or electronic system and everything else involved that
is physically tangible.
c. Internet Access
16. It is one of the components of ICT which is the process of connecting to the
internet using personal computers, laptops or mobile devices by users or
enterprises.
c. Internet Access
17. It is one of the components of ICT which generally used to describe data
centers available to many users over the Internet.
c. Internet Access
18. It is one of the components of ICT which broadly defined as online or
automated transactions that take place between people and organizations—
without the use of paper.
c. Internet Access
19. Electronic governance is the application of ICT to government processes to
bring:
a. Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive, and Transparent Governance
b. Simple, Measurable, Accountable, Responsive, and Transparent
Governance
c. Steady, Moral, Accountable, Responsive, and Transparent Governance
d. Steady, Measurable, Attainable, Responsive, and Transparent Governance
e. Simple, Measurable, Attainable, Realizing, and Transparent Governance
ix
20. ICT has played an important role in public administration reforms in many
countries, which one best describes its benefit.
a. ICT increases the efficiency of government services
b. ICT changes the way the government performs its functions and helps
reduce operational costs
c. ICT increases government transparency and accountability
d. A & C only
e. A, B & C
21. Which of the following best describes the Public Sector.
a. Public sector agencies typically have more concerns and issues than their
private sector counterparts
b. Public sector are more likely to be influenced by economic markets.
c. Public sector agencies typically have more formalization, such as
excessive rules and procedures that need to be enforced, which is
called “red tape"
d. A & C
e. All of the above
22. Traditional ways of addressing social issues in the contemporary development
of public administration are not working, which one of the following has a
major role to address this issue?
a. Social Development d. Social Invention
b. Social Changes e. Social Innovation
c. Social Introduction
23. What are the three key elements of the environment?
a. innovation, steps, and public sectors d. people, units, and technology
b. innovation, steps, and private sectors e. None of the above
c. people, processes, and technology
24. What are the steps required in public policy development and policy
implementation?
a. Knowledge management
b. Knowledge information
c. Knowledge inputs
d. Information and Communications and Technology
e. Information and Technological Innovation
25. Who said “Societies throughout the world strive to improve their
governments, their public services and the quality of life for their citizens.
Each nation has urgent needs to improve knowledge and other intellectual
capital assets available to government and public operations, to commerce
and industry, and to the general public”?
a. Karl M. Wiig d. Roger Harris
b. Maryam Alavi e. Ramon Barquin
c. Ayana Ghosh & Neelika Arora
26. Who said “Knowledge environment is to get the right knowledge to the right
person at the right time”?
a. Karl M. Wiig d. Roger Harris
b. Maryam Alavi e. Ramon Barquin
c. Ayana Ghosh & Neelika Arora
27. Which one of the following belongs to Policy Development 1?
a. data, information and knowledge about (cumulative) problem situations of
segments or categories of the population, that require action of the
public authority
x
b. insight in the causes of a problematic situation.
c. feel for the most promising “intervention variables” to be derived from the
policy theory.
d. the effectiveness of possible policy instruments has to be assessed
e. ex ante evaluations, and the estimation of probable policy effects
public authority
policy theory.
public authority
policy theory.
public authority
policy theory.
31. It has the central importance for managing public administration affairs.
a. Sharing d. Access
b. Data e. None of the Above
c. Information
32. Which one of the following is an exception from the statement that "processes
for transformation of the information into organizational knowledge".
a. Collection of information d. Casualty
b. Indexing e. Linking information and
c. Filtering putting it into a context
33. It is the term used to describe "the gap between those who can afford it and
those who cannot in Information and Communications Technology".
a. Digital Separation d. Public Information Separation
b. Digital Shift e. None of the above
c. Digital Divide
34. What can Public Administration do to play their part in ICT?
a. by utilizing new information technologies to improv its own performance
b. by providing guidance to the society
c. by showing a certain degree of innovative spirit in combining technologies
and creating new ones
d. A & C only
xi
e. All of the above
35. What is the viable agenda for the future to serve the citizen with e-Knowledge
tools in public administration?
a. Geographic Information Systems d. A & C only
b. Hardware Kits e. None of the above
c. Software programs
36. This program is used to guide the officials through the bureaucratic maze of
the case handling and to give their managers an overview of the caseload of
each employee.
a. Workforce System Program d. Development System Program
b. Workout System Program e. Digital System Program
c. Workflow System Program
37. It make combines geodata about physical environments.
a. Geographic Information Systems d. Global Positioning System
b. Hardware Kits e. None of the above
c. Software programs
38. Who may use the Geographic Information Systems to improve the adequacy
of the policies concerned.
a. Citizens and their Organization d. Adults and their Organization
b. Students and their Organization e. None of the above
c. Children and their Organization
39. What should every authority obliged to do when they use personal data?
a. give notice of the use to the personal data safe
b. pay for the amount of information they need to use
c. delete the personal data
d. modify the personal data
40. Three from the following choices are seen as possible stakeholders in the
agenda items and as users of those ICTs, except:
a. Public servants d. Citizens
b. Public sector e. None of the above
c. Public managers
41. Is it true for the correctness or legality of the acts and activities of public
authorities requires a constitutive legal basis for the existence, the
jurisdiction and the policy making of those authorities?
a. Yes b. No
authorities requires a regulatory basis for their administrative decisions,
their law maintenance and their inspection activities?
a. Yes b. No
authorities requires a discretionary basis for their ex ante and ex post
evaluations, their monitoring and their control?
a. Yes b. No
44. Public Administration must deal with many issues, except:
a. political d. residential
b. social e. None of the above
c. economic face
45. It means to focus on the way of thinking or certain behaviors.
a. Attitude d. Discipline
b. Empathy e. Behavior c. Sympathy
xii
46.It means to focus in specific way of creation of knowledge and organization of
learning.
a. Attitude d. Discipline
b. Empathy e. Behavior
c. Sympathy
47. In developing countries what factor/s makes public administration to suffer?
a. narrow orientation in understanding
b. bureaucratic failure
c. weak political commitment
d. corruption
e. All of the above
48. It is the constitution which provides that “public office is a public trust.
Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the
people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and
efficiency, act with patriotism and justice and lead modest lives”.
a. 1978 Constitution d. 1999 Constitution
b. 1998 Constitution e. 2000 Constitution
c. 1987 Constitution
49. Is it important for Public Administration to be knowledgeable about KM and
ICT, and disciplined at the same time?
a. Yes c. Maybe
b. No
50. Should every public authority has to take care all segments of the
organization that are fully aware of those legal requirements, their content,
and the possibilities and limitations they entail?
a. Yes c. Maybe
b. No
xiii
xiv
Unit 1
Introduction to Knowledge Management
Learning Outcomes
After undergoing this unit, you should be able to:
1. Define Knowledge Management

2. Identify the need of Knowledge Management for Public Administration
3. Explain the emerging role of Knowledge Management
4. Conceptualize the foundations of Knowledge Management
THE MEANING AND HISTORY OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
Knowledge management (KM) It is the process by which the knowledge and

information of an organization is created, shared, used, and managed. It refers to
a multidisciplinary approach by making the best use of the knowledge to achieve
organizational objectives. This is important because it boosts the effectiveness of
the decision-making capacity of an organization. By ensuring that all employees
have access to the overall expertise of the organization, a smarter workforce is
created that is more capable of making swift, informed decisions that benefit the
organization; KM aims at sharing perspectives, ideas, experiences and information,
ensuring that they are available in the right place at the right time to enable
informed decision-making and improvements.
Knowledge management also involves systematic approaches for finding,
understanding, and utilizing knowledge to achieve organizational goals. Being a
knowledge-intensive organization, knowledge workers should be trained in the
profession of public administration. Knowledge management governed by public
administration in support of societal goals can bring broad benefits that enable
society to prosper and enhance its viability by making its people and institutions
work smarter and thus enhancing the quality of life for its citizens. Our country,
Philippines, for example, faces critical challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic,
corruption and distance e-learning. These challenges create a clear need for the
organizational agencies in the Philippines to embrace solutions to knowledge
management. With these, a Public Administration needs to be competent with
sufficient capacity and influence that they can provide for a great society, but on
the other hand, an incompetent or dysfunctional Public Administration can lead
society into severe decline.
There is a long history of knowledge management efforts, including on-the-job

discussions, formal apprenticeship, discussion forums, corporate libraries,
professional training, and mentoring programs. In the second half of the 20th
century, with increased use of computers, specific adaptations of technologies such
as knowledge bases, expert systems , information repositories, group decision
support systems, intranets, and computer-supported cooperative work were
introduced to further enhance these efforts.
1
While it can be said that different forms of knowledge management have been
around for a very long time, the explicit notion of knowledge management began
as an offspring of rapid developments in information technology. At the same time,
current efforts to manage knowledge sometimes resemble older methods like
apprenticeships, which have been around for millennia.
In the early 90s of the last century KM emerged as a pure approach to ICT.
Knowledge has been perceived as having content written or digitized. Answers to
knowledge management have been sought in ICT tools like databases, (online)
libraries etc. Currently this approach translates into popular tools like wikis, blogs,
social media, discussion forums etc. In the late nineties, KM's focus shifted to the
personal side of knowledge. This was partly because of the realization that
knowledge would not be included in ICT systems, but rather personal and
subjective: "knowledge is in people." The approach to human resource or
development of human talent is focused on personal capacity development, as
individuals are seen as the main carrier of the knowledge. It includes methods such
as technical, managerial, and personal training, assessment talks, personal goal
formulation.
2
☼ Comprehension Check (3 pts. each) ☼ Date:
1. What do you think would happen if such Knowledge Management is not

implemented in an organization?
2. From a Public Administrator’s perspective, do such Knowledge Management

plays an important role in your career? Why? How?
3
3. What can you say about the Knowledge Management in a society if it dived
into its severe declination?
4. What does “Knowledge is in people” mean?
4
5. From a Public Administrator’s perspective, do such Knowledge Management
plays an important role in your career? Why? How?
☻Teacher’s Feedback:☻
5
6
ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Knowledge management (KM) plays an important role in the administration of the

public sector. Each role serves specific purposes and constituencies and is
implemented differently. Together, they build the intellectual capital (IC) of society
to improve the effectiveness of public and private decision-making and the handling
of situations. Four KM areas of public administration are considered: enhancing
public service decision-making; helping the public effectively participate in public
decision-making; building competitive societal IC capabilities; and developing a
knowledge-competitive workforce. To serve these purposes numerous KM
approaches are adopted. Most of the efforts are directed to specific needs. Only few
persevere in a broad, deliberate manner. Most of the efforts are directed to specific
needs. Only a few persecute broad, purposeful, and systematic KM. It discusses
examples of these approaches and perspectives. The premise for KM is that, in
addition to being informed, effective and intelligent behavior depends, among many
factors, on having proper understanding.
COMPONENTS OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
There are four components knowledge management these are people, process,
content / IT, and strategy. Regardless of your organization's industry, size, or
knowledge needs, you always need people to lead, sponsor, and encourage the
sharing of knowledge. To manage and measure knowledge flows you need to have
defined processes. You need knowledge content and IT tools which, at the right
time, connect the right people to the right content. Finally, you need a clear and
documented strategy to use KM to meet the organization's most important and
pressing needs.
1. People - You've probably heard the phrase, "people, process , and technology."
This paradigm – often referred to as the "golden triangle" – has been used by
organizational leaders since at least the early 1990s to guide initiatives and lead
organizational change. The idea is, your initiative is bound to fail if you over-focus
on one factor. And the order is important: Before you enter processes and
technology, you need to get the right people involved. When you start a KM
programme, you need two types of people:
1. Senior Leaders - Providing sponsorship and insight into the broader

organizational strategy; Senior sponsors should be visible, committed business
leaders with something big to gain from implementing KM; They are often people
who lead business areas with significant, urgent need for knowledge ( e.g., experts
are retiring, new hires can not get up to speed quickly)
2. Cross-Functional Stakeholders - to guide implementation; Look first at
your HR, IT and process improvement colleagues when selecting cross-
functional stakeholders
2. Process - knowledge flows like a city water supply: just turn the tap on when
someone needs it. The KM Team knows how everything flows within an
organization, like a public administration. They've got strategic vision, conceptual
skills, detailed attention, delegation and creativity. But the end user need not
understand how all of that stuff works. To them it's simple and easy to get the
7
knowledge they need. There are seven-step cycles of the standard process of
knowledge flow describing how knowledge flows through organizations, these are:
1. Create new knowledge (this is happening every day, all the time, across
all the organizational areas)
2. Identify knowledge which is essential for strategy and operations
3. Collect knowledge so it can be shared with others

4. Review know-how to assess its relevance, accuracy and applicability
5. Share documented knowledge, informal posts and collaborative activities
6. Access knowledge through pull (e.g., search) and push (e.g., alerts)
mechanisms
7. Use knowledge for quicker problem solving and more informed decision
making.
3. Content/IT - Content is any documented knowledge of any kind, from vetted
best practices to fast-and-dirty tips shared among colleagues. Content can be
reusable stuff like templates and how-to videos immediately, or it can be messy
and unstructured information (e.g. documentation of project). We 're putting
content alongside IT because it allows people to create that stuff, put it
somewhere, and access it and reuse it. If you don't have KM, people will still
create and use content — but they'll put it in places other people can't find, re-
make things others have already created, and (most dangerously) reuse content
that's outdated or wrong.
Effective KM programs have workflows for content creation and vetting, content
organization taxonomies, and technology tools for connecting people to content.
Advanced organizations use content management to facilitate collaboration, to
uncover innovations, and to automatically serve employee content.
4. Strategy - Each KM program needs a clear, documented, and enterprise-

relevant strategy. You can have the best technology tools and a super-smart KM
team, but without strategy, it'll be all for naught. Kenichi Ohmae may have said it
best, “Rowing harder doesn't help if the boat is headed in the wrong direction.”
You need a solid business case, showing a deep understanding of the

critical knowledge needs of your organization. The business case should
sketch out:
a. the value proposition for KM (that is, how KM will solve business
challenges)
b. the tools, approaches, and roles you’ll need to get there
c. a budget
d. the expected impact of KM.
8
☼ Comprehension Check (5 pts.each) ☼ Date:
1. One of Public Administration's KM area is the "enhanced decision making within

public services", what importance this implies?
2. There are four components of Knowledge Management, what would be the

consequence when the Process Component is removed? Explain why.
9
3. Kenichi Ohmae said, “Rowing harder doesn't help if the boat is headed in the
wrong direction.”, what do you think it implies for a Knowledge Management?
4. Knowledge Management has been in a long run, giving further enhancements in

the learning of everyone. Does KM fit its role in the learning of many? Why or why
not?
10
5. People, Process, Content/IT and Strategy are four of the components of KM,
without these, the outcome of learning and the foundation within an organization
will fail to settle. What would be the learning outcome of an organization if these
four are not implemented or used?
11
12
THE 8 PILLARS OF A KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
We have mentioned above the four components of KM, one component is the
Strategy. As mentioned above, there would be a clear and documented strategy to
use KM to meet the organization's most important and pressing needs.
Knowledge managers have a number of tools, methods and tactics at their disposal
to create knowledge-sharing cultures that embrace learning and collaboration, and
make the exhaust — insights, ideas, and explicit knowledge in the form of content
— discoverable and reusable by the audience that will benefit. Think of knowledge
management as an overarching skill with the knowledge manager as coach and
facilitator, nudging teams, and individuals to enhance their KM skills.
1. Knowledge Auditing – Know your repositories and silos, and what the
current flow of knowledge looks like. Who are the experts and where are the
dangerous addictions? Which knowledge domains are critical to the enterprise and
gaps exist? A single organization may have dozens of locations where knowledge is
stored or transferred — search for system-wide duplication, and processes where
knowledge leaks out as no conversation has been captured to solve problems.
2. Document Management (or Content Management) – Early take your

explicit knowledge into the architecture of the information. It is much easier to
manage when content is centralized at one location and maintained routinely.
3. Learning & Development – Map the development of personnel with

business goals and employee own interests to incorporate a learning culture across
your team and improve employee engagement.
4. Knowledge Operations – This is the part that is about knowledge

mobilization. Which methods do you use to ensure that knowledge reaches where
it needs to go? Maybe KCS for those business functions that deal with repetitive
issues like HR, customer support, finance, and legal. Maybe it's a mobile-first
intranet with an efficient search engine for those teams working on-site out in the
field.
5. Social Network Analysis – Know who your hubs and influencers are, so
you can facilitate organizational changes, and identify team members who may be
great mentors or coaches.
6. Co-creation & Facilitation – Uncover tacit knowledge and develop group
ownership to solve problems.
7. Coaching & Mentoring – Excellent for transferring niche skills,

explaining organizational quirks to new hires, and building individual trust and
team performance in a strategic capacity.
8. Community Management – Foster more effective collaboration and

encourage group participation in social and customer support networks for large
enterprises to make high-value, reusable content more discoverable.
13
14
Direction: Explain why a Public Administrator needs such strategy of

Knowledge Management in his/her career. Give your answer from each
pillar given below.
1. Knowledge Auditing
2. Document Management
3. Learning & Development
4. Knowledge Operations
5. Social Network Analysis
15
6. Co-creation & Facilitation
7. Coaching and Mentoring
8. Community Management
16
Unit II
Introduction to Information and Communication Technology
Learning Outcomes
1. Identify what is Information and Communication Technology

2. Identify the needs of Information and Communication Technology
3. Conceptualize the components of Information and Communication Technology
THE MEANING OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Information and communications technology (ICT) refers to all the technology used
to handle telecommunications, broadcast media, intelligent building management
systems, audiovisual processing and transmission systems, and control and
monitoring functions based on the network. Though ICT is often considered an
extended synonym for IT, its scope is broader.
Information and Communications Technology (IT) is the use of computers to store,

retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data or information, often within a business or
other enterprise context. Generally speaking, ICT is an information system, a
communications system or, more specifically, a computer system – including all
hardware, software and peripheral equipment – operated by a limited user group.
The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks,
but includes other technologies for the distribution of information, such as
television and telephones.
THEORIES OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
Here we look at the three common theories of public administration and

information technology. Each theory looks at technology's impact on social and
organizational change.
Technological Determinism - The technological determinism theory is one

important driver of change in information systems. This implies that when a new
technology appears, it will bring about change and be adopted by the public
authorities.
The automobile created suburbia, for example, and the birth control pill produced
sexual revolution. Thus, inventions are sometimes seen as taking on their own life,
causing dramatic social and economic change. For example, technology
determinism can be seen through the organizational implementation of enterprise
resource planning systems; these systems connect business functions such as
human resources and procurement. Regardless of the organizational context, many
vendors and consultants stress the benefits of enterprise resource planning
systems. This is most exemplified in the statistics that vendors often quote,
explaining the cost reduction and the public sector organization's performance
increases as a result of the implementation of enterprise resource planning. This
type of technology "selling" in order to change the organization, is known as the
theory of technology determinism.
17
Reinforcement Theory - Reinforcement theory is another theory of technology and
social change. This theory argues that IT is implemented by administrators if it
supports their view of changes in the organization. This theory comes from the
literature of political science which examines why voters are seeking candidates
they agree with. Citizens therefore choose candidates with a similar position to
them on the issues. The theory applies for public-sector adoption of IT; technology
is adopted if it agrees with the public manager’s view on the organization's future
direction. For example, if the chief information officer, an organization's highest IT
executive, does not believe that a new information system will work within the
organization, he or she will most likely not adopt the system.
Sociotechnical Theory - From the point of this book the third and most important
perspective is the socio-technical perspective. This sociotechnical perspective
argues that organizations are composed of people in the social system who use
tools, techniques, and knowledge to shape the change in organization. The
sociotechnical system states that the technical change is influenced by the external
environment demands that impact the change in an organization's information
systems. The sociotechnical perspective is the public administration's most
commonly used theory to demonstrate the impact of technology on organizational
change. For this book this perspective is unique and important because it implies
that public managers need to know IT from both the technical perspective,
understanding the technology being implemented and the social perspective. The
closing case study at the end of this chapter shows the impact of the change in
baby boomer population and use of IT as seen by the Administration for Social
Security.
18
1. Do Information and Communication Technology proves that it is needed in our

daily lives? Why?
2. Technological Determinism implies that when a new technology appears it

creates changes and will be adopted by public administration. What can you derive
from what it implies?
19
3. Reinforcement Theory argues that administrators implement IT if it supports
their view of the organization change. What can you derive from what it implies?
4. Sociotechnical perspective argues that organizations are made up of people in

the social system that use tools, techniques, and knowledge to shape the
organizational change. What can you derive from what it implies?
20
COMPONENTS AND ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY FOR PA
• Cloud computing – The term is generally used to describe data centers which
are available over the Internet to many users. Large clouds, which today
predominate, often have functions distributed from central servers over multiple
locations. If the connection is relatively close to the user, an edge server may be
designated. Clouds may be limited to a single organization (enterprise clouds), may
be available to many organizations (public cloud), or a combination of both (hybrid
cloud). Amazon AWS is the largest Public Cloud.
• Software - Is a set of computer operating instructions, data, or programs used to
perform specific tasks. In contrast to hardware, which describes the physical
aspects of a computer, software is a generic term for applications, scripts, and
programs running on a device. Software can be considered the variable part of a
computer, and the invariable part of the hardware. Software is often divided into
application software, or user downloaded programs that satisfy a desire or need,
and system software that includes operating systems and any program that
supports software for the application.
• Hardware – In the context of technology, refers to the physical elements that

make up a computer or electronic system and all other physically tangible elements
involved. This includes the monitor, memory, hard drive, and CPU. To make a
computer function, the hardware works hand in hand with firmware and software.
Hardware is just one part of a computer system; there's also firmware that's
embedded in the hardware and controls it directly.
• Digital Transactions - Can be broadly defined as online or automated

transactions between individuals and organizations — without the use of paper.
Digital transactions save time and money, which leads to a better end result.
Customer experiences are also enhanced (think of e-signing convenience versus
having to print a contract, sign it, and then send it back by mail or fax). And digital
transactions enhance tracking capabilities — helping to reduce errors.
• Digital Data - Data representing other forms of data, using specific machine-
language systems that can be interpreted using different technologies. The most
fundamental of these systems is a binary system that simply stores complex audio,
video, or text information in a series of binary characters, traditionally those and
zeros, or the values « on » and « off ».
• Internet Access - is the process of connecting to the internet using personal

computers, laptops or mobile devices by users or enterprises. Internet access is
subject to data signaling rates and users could be connected at different internet
speeds. Internet access allows Internet services / web-based services to be made
available to individuals or organizations. With dial-up internet access the internet
started gaining popularity. Internet access technologies changed within a relatively
short time, providing faster and more reliable options. Broadband technologies
such as cable internet and ADSL are currently the most widely used methods of
accessing the internet. The speed, cost, reliability, and availability of internet
access depends on the region, provider of internet service, and connection type.
21
There are many different ways to get access to the internet including wireless
connection, mobile connection, hotspots, dial-up, broadband, DSL or satellite.
But ICT commonly means more than its component list. It also covers the
application of all those different components.
Information and communication technologies (ICT) are already expanding into

developing countries, transforming them into information societies, but this
usually remains a privilege for only a few, further widening the gap between those
who can afford it and those who can't (the digital divide). The use of ICTs has a
positive impact on development and thus on closing the gap, making it the most
important prerequisite for becoming an equal and equilibrated information society.
ICT can be used to expand, compare, and learn from each other and improve
performance as a result. But technology use should not be the sole aim. It is
emphasized that the organizational use of ICT is not only intended to focus on
efficiency and efficiency, but also to empower citizens by making interactive access
to and use of information available to them. Public administration can improve e-
organizational services by delivering value through essential functionality, good
organization, accessibility of content, easy content and function navigation, and
clear information to build trust among public servants. An electronic governance
is the application of information and communication technology to organizational
processes to bring about the governance of Simple, Moral, Accountable,
Responsive, and Transparent (SMART). Considering the institution of the electronic
organization, one of the public sector initiatives allowing the knowledge society to
strengthen and maintain governance through administrations that are:
 Open and clear, that is, an organization that is accountable to the public
and responsive to democratic engagement and scrutiny
 To the welfare of everyone, that is, to the resident and inclusive
 Efficient, i.e. maximum tax-money profit,
this means that less time will be spent in queues, there will be a drastic reduction
in errors, more time for one-on-one assistance and more rewarding work for public
servants. It is essential to promote e-learning in order to promote e-organization,
because e-learning applications represent a paradigm shift in learning models
which provide the basis for e-organization. In many countries, ICT has played an
important part in reforming public administration. It changes the way the company
performs its functions and helps to reduce operating costs. At the same time, ICT
may make organizational services more efficient. ICT is one of the key tools
promoting good governance by increasing organizational transparency and
accountability; this could ultimately help to reduce opportunities for corruption.
ICT empowers the general public to participate actively in policy formulation and
help ensure that public funds are used transparently. The experience of successful
developed and developing countries suggests that a multi-sectoral and multi-
stakeholder task is to put in place the appropriate infrastructure and broadly
deploy ICT. ICT, in the context of e-governance, has tremendous potential to
enhance administrative efficiency and efficacy, and to transform the flow of
knowledge between organizations and people. For example, the use of ICT will affect
the provision and quality of governance services, access to these services and
people’s involvement in the governance sphere, potentially contributing to
22
empowerment of the citizen. Developing countries may enhance their public
services by putting in place effective ICT policies to help them counter terrorism
and poverty.
THE NEED FOR INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
ICT and e-Organizational
It is in the interest of Central Organization that businesses and individuals are able
to securely and easily carry out online transactions with the organization. In
addition, information and communications technology (ICT) should help facilitate
effective management of operations within the central organization.
ICT objectives
Central organization’s objectives are to:
 Promote digital organizational services for businesses and individuals

A National Commissioner for Digital Organization has been appointed by central
organization to help achieve this key aim.
 Promote effective operational management

This is done by centralizing ICT facilities at the standard organization. Working
with only a few ICT service providers enables the pooling of information and skills.
 Organizational-wide policy on the use of ICT services

Wherever possible, organizational-wide ICT services are used.
Organizational-wide approach to technology
Every department has its own Chief Information Officer (CIO). The CIOs define the
ministry- and organizational-wide approach to technology. They form the Board of
CIOs together.
Organizational ICT projects
To prevent problems occurring with organizational ICT ventures, the ICT

Evaluation Office (BIT) was established. The BIT assesses big ICT initiatives in the
central organization according to technological and functional viability and the
probability of success. If any aspect of a project is worth 5 million euros or more,
the whole project will be measured by the Piece.
23
24

Direction: Identify what would happen if one of the following are removed from the
component of Information and Computer Technology.
1. Cloud Computing
2. Software
3. Hardware
25
4. Digital Transactions
6. Digital Data
7. Internet Access
26
Unit III
Public Management and Implementation
Learning Outcomes
1. Identify the difference of every sectors

2. Identify Knowledge Management and ICT
3. Criticize the impact of sectors in Knowledge Management and ICT
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS

As noted in the literature, there are unique differences between the public and
private sectors, and this explains why studying public administration and IT is
important. First, agencies within the public sector typically have more concerns
and issues than their counterparts in the private sector. Hence, their goals are
usually more complex and ambiguous than corporate ones. Public sector agencies
typically have vague, difficult-to - measure, multiple, and even conflicting goals
they must contend with. Usually this is a product of the lack of profit indicators
and public sector incentives due to political oversight and multiple interests that
need to authorize programs. Second, public sector organizations generally have
more formalization, such as excessive regulations and procedures that need to be
followed, which is called "red tape." Therefore, public agencies are commonly
associated with large quantities of regulations or paperwork that may hinder their
efficiency. A third distinction between the public and private sectors is that more
formalized staffing practices, procurement processes, and other administrative
activities are controlled by central administrative agencies in public agencies.
Public organizations usually provide more direct control of staffing and
procurement decisions. Fourth, most work-related satisfaction studies indicate a
lower rating in the public sector as compared to the private sector, particularly at
management levels. This poses a challenge for Public Sector agencies to recruit and
retain top workers. Public organizations are financed financially by organization,
and private organizations are owned and funded through sales or private
donations. Overlapping organizations represent mixed types of corporations, such
as public utilities and organizational contractors. A significant distinction between
the two sectors is the degree of external control by major institutions, such as
political authorities and the economic markets. Ownership of funding sources
reflects a degree of control and public agencies have a greater degree of institutional
control than their counterparts in the private sector. Economic markets are more
likely to influence private owned and funded organizations. Besides these general
differences, there are four important distinctions in which public organizations
differ from the private sector in terms of public administration. A significant
distinction between the two sectors is the degree of external control by major
institutions, such as political authorities and the economic markets. Ownership of
funding sources reflects a degree of control and public agencies have a greater
degree of institutional control than their counterparts in the private sector.
Economic markets are more likely to influence private owned and funded
organizations. Besides these general differences, there are four important
27
distinctions in which public organizations differ from the private sector in terms of
public administration.
ICT, SOCIETAL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Knowledge has become a critical asset for the development pursuit of nationhood.
During the 1980s and 1990s globalization and advances in information and
communication technology (ICT) facilitated the growth of knowledge or learning
networks. Fostering a knowledge-supportive culture – including a safe
environment, ethical and mutually respectful behavior, minimal policy making,
collaboration, and a shared focus on delivering quality work without delay – is vital
to effective public administration.
Social innovation has a major role to play in public administration's contemporary

growth, since conventional methods of solving social problems are not working
effectively. Several generations of highly trained, committed public officials have
been working their way from welfare state to social care service contracting. An
organization promotes the development of an information society for all will guide
their activities to three key initiatives:
 Evaluating current forms of knowledge to improve its sharing

 Conducting a more participative approach to knowledge access
 Promoting effective integration of knowledge policies.
The functions of public administration in modern, democratic society are complex;
therefore, ideally (but unrealistically) civil servants should have the best expertise
and collaborate with the most advanced state-of-the-art understanding experts.
The conceptual leadership for knowledge management must be partly residing with
public administration but also shared with all stakeholders. It's stressed that the
three key elements of the environment are people, processes, and technology.
Knowledge management focuses on people and organizational culture to promote
and encourage the exchange and use of knowledge; on processes or methods to
find, develop, capture and distribute knowledge; and on technology to store and
make knowledge available and to enable people to work together without being
together. People are the most important factor, since managing information
depends upon people's willingness to share and reuse information. Societies where
performance culture and higher competitiveness are sustained by continuous
building up, distribution, and use of information and knowledge among others will
remain competitive. "Worldwide societies are striving to improve their
organizations, public services and the quality of life for their citizens. There is an
urgent need for each nation to improve knowledge and other intellectual capital
assets available to organizational and public operations, trade and industry, and
the general public. Innovation and intellectual capital supported by IT lead to wider
societal involvement in knowledge management and integration of knowledge
management into societal needs. This can help to establish the environment for
knowledge. "The environment of knowledge is to get the right information at the
right time for the right person." Social management focuses on meeting societal
needs as a whole, creating beneficial partnerships between organizations and
communities where the role of public administration is crucial. "Societal knowledge
management is the enabler of innovation through the provision of intellectual
capital services" When people have an awareness of strategies, choices, problems
28
and opportunities, democratic government is more efficient. It is especially valuable
if value systems and "world models" are shared with public administration but no
society can expect all its citizens to build deep and shared insights. The entire
citizenry will not be fully educated or of one mind anywhere. There will always be
legitimately different opinions, sparse misunderstandings about knowledge, and
discrepancies about value. Communications must be knowledge-efficient and
preferably closed loop with feedback through dialogue, in order to have the desired
results.
29
30
1. Give the difference between Public and Private sector.
2. Which one of the Public and Private sector are more complex. Why?
31
3. Why should an administration foster a knowledge-supportive culture?
32
LEADS FOR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
Most stages in the development and implementation of public policy require inputs
of knowledge. Knowledge management's task is to ensure that the required
knowledge is available at the time and in the form required to implement successful
and legitimate policies. Different points of contact for knowledge management can
be explicit and possible applications of ICT for policy development and policy
implementation to facilitate the knowledge management indicated. The following
points of contact for Knowledge Management regarding Policy Development and
Policy Implementation are set out in this paper:
Knowledge Management requirements for Policy Development (PD)
PD 1. Information, information and knowledge of (cumulative) problem situations

of segments or population categories which require public authority action.
Datamining in statistical data repositories, analyzing the data generated by
"information" and creating so-called "profiles" of population categories are obvious
methods of detecting these problem situations. Geographic information systems
(GIS) can be good instruments for evaluating and visualizing the situation.
PD 2. Insight into why a problem situation arises. Sophisticated ICT applications

such as those used in social science research (SPSS) may support the development
of a causal "policy theory." GISs may also appear as powerful analytical
instruments for developing policy theories.
PD 3. Feel the most promising "intervention variables" to come from the theory of
policy. Simulation games can help to gain a sense of the likely candidate
intervention variables, and the facility of an ICT-equipped "decision room" can help
test the acceptability of choosing interventions with policy partners.
PD 4. The efficacy of the alternative policy tools, apart from the option of
intervention variables, must be measured. Three kinds of policy instruments are
to be regarded in principle: financial instruments, communicative instruments and
legislative instruments. The application of ICTs could benefit from the efficacy of
all three instruments. Websites are a clear example of how interactive instruments
can be promoted by ICT. Textblocks can facilitate financial instruments for the
legal instruments and spreadsheets.
PD 5. Ex ante evaluations and the estimation of likely policy effects are

supplemented by systematic feedback from previous policies which may be
facilitated by ICT applications such as datamining, spreadsheets and GISs.
PD 6. The development of performance indicators and benchmarking is of great

help to ex post evaluations and the determination of the outputs and outcomes of
policies.
Knowledge management requirements for Policy Implementation (PI)

PI 1. Workflow knowledge, and its various steps. Via electronic process
management systems, public servants and their administrators will keep an eye on
the mission lists, the measures that still lie ahead, and the deadlines to be met.
33
PI 2. Information on the procedures which are prescribed in all kinds of general
and specific legal rules and regulations, and in organizational policy documents.
All E-knowledge Management in Public Administration: An Agenda for the Future
kinds of software (such as advisory systems, expert systems and processing
systems) have been developed to assist the public servant in reaching a correct
decision.
PI 3. Information on the procedures prescribed in all sorts of general and specific
laws and regulations, as well as in organizational policy documents. All e-
knowledge management in public administration: a software-type agenda for the
future (such as advisory systems, expert systems, and processing systems) has
been developed to assist the public servant in making the right decision.
PI 4. External client information provided by external organizations through an

information office that verifies the client's information. I referred in a previous
presentation to the role of the Dutch Routing Institute for (inter)National
Information Streams (RINIS) as regards front end verification.
PI 5. Details on the general circumstances in which a program will function and
benefit a person, such as the job condition, the level of education or the type of
organizational support available. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) may play
a significant role in this regard.
PI 6. Information on the clients' legal situation and their right to permit, support
or subsistence, as required by laws and regulations. Advisory systems, expert
(support) systems, and processing systems are the kinds of decision-support tools
that are used for that.
PI 7. Management information on the workload and other working conditions of

public organization’s employees. In addition to workflow management systems,
various types of human resource management ICT tools are applied for this
purpose, such as registration of absenteeism, labor turnover statistics, exit
interviews etc.
PI 8. Management information concerning the accuracy and mean quality of

employee decisions. Relational databases may be instrumental in giving
management per employee a regular, weekly, or other periodic summary of the
results. In this way, ICT applications are legendary in call centers.
PI 9. Management information on the organizational consequences of the decisions

being taken – e.g., in terms of personnel or finances. The reporting time for
feedback on the consequences of the organizational activities is getting ever
shorter. Spreadsheets are a common tool for getting a systematic overview of those
effects in advance.
PI 10. Management information on the impact of task and activity decisions on the
inter-agency chain of services and provisions. Common approaches such as
sharing databases and solutions such as the above-mentioned RINIS make it
possible to take into account the impacts on other public organisations, down the
value chain of services or provisions. Besides that, Computer Supported
Cooperative Work (CSCW) applications might come into play.
34
1. Is it necessary for public policy development and policy implementation to require

knowledge inputs? Why?
2. What is an example of Facilitation of communicative instruments through ICT?

Explain why.
35
3. Policy Implementation number 1 says to implement a knowledge management, a
person must have information on the workflow and its different steps. Why must a
person needs to have this?
36
Unit IV
Information Sharing and Access
Learning Outcomes
1. Identify information sharing access

2. Conceptualize how ICT work with Knowledge Management
INFORMATION SHARING AND ACCESS
Knowledge is of central importance to handling matters of public administration. If

information is managed successfully, it can be used to improve the operations of
organizational agencies by increasing the productivity of employees, however
mismanagement of that same information can contribute to serious lapses or
exposure points. Only through suitable forms of communication during particular
actions can knowledge sharing take place between people. Some of these actions
are common to both automated and non-automated information systems but only
digital information is relevant to a significant number of processes that can
generate organizational knowledge. The following actions are considered relating to
processes for the transformation of information into organizational knowledge:
 Collection of information
 Indexing
 Filtering
 Linking information and putting it into a context
 Dissemination
 Usage of the created knowledge.
But the concept of sharing and accessing information varies widely across
organizational agencies. Only the more process-oriented agencies are inclined to
integrate information in the sense that they handle such information as can be
shared. The prominent challenges for agencies that handle highly sensitive
information, such as local police departments, are the ability to secure access and
provide information in just-in-time. There is often a tendency for a one-way flow of
information and culture from rich countries to poor ones, but information and
knowledge should flow in both directions. Public administration should play its
part not only by using new IT to boost its own efficiency but also by providing
guidance to society. Thus, developing countries should be able to display a certain
degree of creative spirit in integrating innovations and creating new ones, making
the best use of technology. The entire world is currently facing multiple problems,
such as the COVID-19 Pandemic is one of the countries most affected by this issue
in particular. Among others, it is important for public administrators to tackle
these problems carefully with sounds techniques. Therefore, it is important to be
good knowledge workers for public administrators to be able to handle information
properly.
37
ICTS IN E-KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FOR PUBLIC POLICY
The overriding impression is that the citizen is a disadvantageous user of e-

Knowledge Management (e-K.M.), while managers and officials are served ever
better. Management and public officials are well served by a whole range of e-
Knowledge Management tools, but that the citizen is almost completely neglected.
However, a viable future agenda for serving the citizen with e-Knowledge tools in
public administration might be as follows:
I. Geographic Information Systems.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) may serve the citizen as regards policy
growth. GISs make it possible to combine geodata about the physical environments
in which people reside with statistical data about their social condition such as
educational levels, crime, unemployment, health, life expectancy, etc. Such data
are important inputs in the implementation of policies. A pairing of the geodata
and statistical data with the administrative data generated during the
implementation of the policy is of the utmost importance for the citizens' potential
democratic power. Administrative data, generated during policy implementation
within public administrations, provide evidence of what public officials and their
managers are actually doing in society for a group or sector. Comparison of
geodata, statistical and administrative data using GIS makes it crystal-clear
whether the public authority has responded to (accumulation) problems in the GIS
area. "A prerequisite for effective influence by citizens and their groups of interest
is access to the data available within the public service. Freedom of information is
rather limited in most countries. It may be limited to documents founded on a
policy. As policy documents, they will generally be fashioned to the policymaker 's
knowledge interest, access to the (raw) data available in the public domain is much
more important for the citizen – especially in the information society – than the
information in policy papers, which is edited with a certain purpose or point of view
in mind. However, there is a massive opposition to the transparency of the workings
of politics and public bureaucracies. "(Snellen 2002) GISs can be helpful in
demonstrating in what kind of environment they need to be made a success when
implementing policies. People and their organizations can use the GISs to improve
the appropriateness of the policies involved.
II. Software programs.

Workflow system programs are used to guide officials through the bureaucratic
labyrinth of case handling and provide their managers with an overview of each
employee's caseload, the types of decisions each takes, and the progress of the
activities. Allowing the citizen to also have a view of the progress of his / her case
would be worthwhile. Reference may be made to postal services such as UPS which
give their customers insight into the handling process and give them an accurate
indication of their mail location. Throughout the public administration comparable
programs would be feasible. Another program that deserves our attention is the
creation of a safe personal data at the citizen's disposal, in which all the citizen 's
personal data are stored – as far as he / she likes it. If any authority that uses such
personal data is obliged to notify the personal data of their use in a secure manner,
the citizen shall maintain a complete and up-to - date overview of their own privacy.
38
A third move in terms of software programs, which could significantly improve the
citizens' situation in their contacts with the authorities, would be if the advisory
systems and expert systems developed as official decision support tools were made
available to the customers. This will encourage consumers to try to find a
"competitive profile" for a rebate entitlement or some other form of help. Particularly
vulnerable customers need this kind of support. Computer systems are now being
widely used to help the official find the correct (and better immunized) rationale for
the administrative decisions he / she makes. So-called "text building blocks,"
prefabricated reasons for positive or negative administrative management of e-
knowledge in public administration: an vision for the future 75 decisions are
created to assist the official in the decision-making. This will encourage consumers
to try to find a "competitive profile" for a rebate entitlement or some other form of
help. Particularly vulnerable customers need this kind of support. Computer
systems are now being widely used to help the official find the correct (and better
immunized) rationale for the administrative decisions he / she makes. So-called
"text building blocks," prefabricated reasons for positive or negative administrative
management of e-knowledge in public administration: an vision for the future 75
decisions are created to assist the official in the decision-making.
39
40
1. What is Information sharing and access.
2. Differentiate Information sharing and information access.
41
3. Why is it that the management and officials are better served by Knowledge
management compared to citizens, which are completely neglected?
4. There is a viable agenda to serve the citizen for Knowledge Management what is
it? And how it would help the citizens?
42
Unit V
APPLICATION AND REAL-WORLD SCENARIO
Learning Outcomes
1. Apply concepts of idea to Public Administration

2. Identify the emerging challenges in Public Administration
3. Identify the disciplines needed with Knowledge Management and ICT approach
APPLICATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION WITH KM AND ICT
Public managers, public servants and citizens are seen in the agenda items as the
three groups of potential stakeholders, and as users of those ICTs. The correctness
or legality of public authorities' acts and activities requires: a constitutive legal
basis for the existence, jurisdiction and policy making of those authorities; a
regulatory basis for their administrative decisions, maintenance of their laws and
inspection activities; a discretionary basis for ex ante and ex post assessments,
monitoring and contents. -- public authority needs to be careful that all parts of
the organization are fully aware of certain legal requirements, their substance, and
the possibilities and limitations that they mean. This is a first aspect in public
administration Information Management. As regards control activities with regard
to public authorities, a distinction may be made between: democratic control by
the media, interest groups , political parties and representative councils of the
citizens and the citizens themselves, political control by parliaments and other
representative bodies of the people, to test if the legislature's decisions are
implemented; Legal scrutiny by courts, ombudsmen and other judicial bodies
whose function is assigned to judge the correct application of the rule by the
administration; business scrutiny by managers who are responsible for the "faits
et gestes" of the employees and clients of the organization they manage; historical
scrutiny by future generations against the common cultural background of a
nation; That is a second dimension of public administration knowledge
management.
CHALLENGES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Public administration needs to address many issues as the countries political,

social, and economic face changes. Organizational is different in the United States
than in many countries because we are a citizen-centered society that ideally
responds to the people. Our Taxpayers fund our public programs. Since the
administration of public programs requires attention to society's ethics and
culture, it needs to change as organizational policies change. Here are five issues
that affect the management of today's public programs.
Political Environment
The two-party system in America has historically indicated that Republicans want
more state- or local-centered organizational programs and less programs while the
Democratic Party wants more centralized organizational activities. Public system
43
managers need to change policies to respond to party at-power positions. The
recent economic downturn also plays a part in the paradigm change, because
lawmakers are skittish about financing other types of services The trend was
towards downsizing, and with fewer employees, administrators have to figure out
how to do the same work. When raises are capped and freezes are hired as well as
restructuring threaten jobs, morale of work suffers.
Contracting
Administrators have turned to private contractors in response to a desire for more

frugality in the services. In certain cases, the shift was having the opposite effect.
Resources that are part of government tend to be more accountable to their policies
and constraints. Private contractors have continued to "play by other rules,"
resulting in a variety of controversies such as the Blackwater problems in Iraq and,
more recently, abuses in prisons privatization and the Veteran's Administration's
fiasco. Contracting in the latter has led to budget overruns and excessive payments
for things like toilets. Nevertheless, in some instances, the theory that competition
may spur a more efficient use of resources may prove true. The challenge seems to
be deciding which privatization stuff to do.
Technology
The Unpan.org website cites this as a major Public Administration game changer.
Even if public services did not want technology to be implemented, they would have
no choice. In order to interface with them, every other sector has turned to data-
oriented operations and the public service and non-profits as well. The issue is the
security of organization and the personal. To maintain a secure database somebody
needs the expertise to administer the computer programs and that requires
additional and more specialized staff.
Social Equity
This topic raises the challenge of making public institutions representative of the
social and cultural climate in which they exist. In a simplified sense, in minority
communities, public housing agencies must have a proportionate number of
minority members in the administration. This refers not only to race but also to
gender and sexual orientation. However, organizations that are formed in this way
that experience conflicts between members and cultural groups. In each case
organizations must defend minorities while respecting the interests of the majority.
Transparency
Politicians need to have a personal and public opinion, it was said. That is, there
are times when administrators of public programs are acting for the good of the
organization against their own convictions. There are also times when
organizations are not forthcoming about certain actions because programs that are
deemed necessary would not be well received or understood by the organization's
funded public. The transparency trend means administrators have to walk a thin
line between full public disclosure and some clandestine policies. This
transparency also affects other issues such as the problems with contracting and
the inclusion of minorities in appropriate numbers.
44
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATOR DISCIPLINE
Discipline really focuses on the way of thinking or some behavior. Discipline

also focuses on specific ways of knowledge generation and learning organization.
Academic discipline in an academic setting is a way of thinking or a certain
behavior, the creation of knowledge, learning and teaching.
Public administration in developing countries suffers from a variety of

shortcomings, such as a limited understanding orientation, organizational
incompetence, poor political engagement, corruption, lack of accountability and
transparency, etc. The effect of these failures in public administration has failed to
reach the aspirations of developed nation populations. This is why in social science
public administration as an academic discipline did not take the lead. In the other
hand, public administration has been the dominant force for both culture and
organization, in developing countries. It takes a prominent and influential place in
the administration of developed countries by setting processes, organizations, and
individuals with legislation and rules administered by the legislature, the executive
, and the judiciary. It also includes involvement of the internal and external
agencies with the application for many rules and laws. It also interacts with policies
to ensure good administrations in terms of accountability, transparency, etc. for
value orientation of people. Developing countries must adopt a strong political
ideology, check and balance in every sector, an appropriate institutional
framework, sound rule of law, a dynamic system of civil service, proper
accountability, and transparency.
Since public administration of developed countries largely depends on the

staff of organizational institutions, so moral ground has higher importance for
ensuring professionalism, competence, and effective management. The importance
of public administration is increasing with time for ensuring sustainable
organizational system irrespective of the country 's context. The current trend of
public administration largely depends on a clear appreciation of the social, political
, economic, and cultural environment surrounding it. Still, it's easier to say but
hard to do. The literature of public administration shows that one of the recurring
themes has made it broad-based and free it from western-developed culture basis.
Public administration in developing countries has not been able to bring

about desirable changes that should be as an academic discipline. But it did bring
desirable changes in administration in some developed countries. Public
administration, as a social science, covers all fields such as political science,
sociology, social works, economics, history, psychology, law, and some issues
related to business administration, environmental science, and catastrophe
management. Developing country public administration is affected by many
shortcomings that impede the country from sustainable development. In
developing countries, on the other hand, public administration has been the
dominant force both for culture and for organization. It takes a prominent and
powerful role in the administration of developed countries by establishing
procedures, institutions, and people with legislation and regulations regulated by
the legislature, executive, and judiciary. It also requires participation of the internal
and external authorities with the application for other rules and regulations. It also
deals with policies that ensure good administration in terms of value orientation,
45
accountability, openness, etc. for citizens. The development of public
administration as an academic discipline in developing countries requires strong
political ideology, checks and balances in every sector, an appropriate institutional
framework, sound rule of law, dynamic civil service system, proper accountability
and transparency. Moral factors are of greater importance for ensuring
professionalism, competence, and effective management of developed countries'
public administration since it is largely dependent on the staff of the organizational
institutions.
Developed countries have taken an initiative to reinvent organization, a

movement that has gained considerable strength at all organizational levels. This
move underscores the following points:
 Redefinition of citizen-organizational ties

 Business, innovation, and imagination
 Inspiring public workers to do their best
 Eliminating excessive legislation
 Outcomes obtained with less capital
 Successfully and efficiently represent clients of the company
46

Direction: Below are the five issues that impacts the administration of public
programs today. Identify the needs to counterpart these issues.
1. Political Environment
2. Contracting
3. Technology
4. Social Equity
47
5. Transparency
48
Scoring Rubrics
CRITERIA / SCALE -3- -2- -1- -0-
Exceeds Expectations Meets Expectations Needs Improvement Inadequate
Structure
Paper is logically Paper has a clear There is some level of There is no apparent
Organization organized organizational organization through organization in the
structure with some digressions, ambiguities, paper.
Flow of thought Easily followed
digressions, irrelevances are too many
Difficult to follow
Transitions Effective, smooth, and ambiguities or
Difficult to follow
logical transitions irrelevances No or poor transitions
Format
Ineffective transitions
Professional format Easily followed No format
Rambling format
Basic transitions
Structured format
Grammar/mechanics
Manipulates complex Uses complex sentences Uses compound sentences Uses simple sentences
sentence structure sentences for effect/impact
Few punctuation Too many punctuation
punctuation/mechanics No punctuation or or mechanical and/or mechanical
mechanical errors errors errors
Language
Vocabulary is Vocabulary is varied, Vocabulary is used Vocabulary is
Vocabulary; use sophisticated and correct specific and properly though unsophisticated, not
of vocabulary as are sentences which appropriate sentences may be simple used properly in very
49
vary in structure and simple sentences.
Tone Frequently uses Infrequently uses
length
subject-specific subject-specific Uses subject-specific
Uses and manipulates vocabulary correctly vocabulary correctly vocabulary too
subject-specific sparingly
Writer’s tone emerges Writer’s tone exhibits
vocabulary for effect
and is generally some level of audience
Writer’s tone is clear, appropriate to the sensitivity
consistent and appropriate audience
for the intended audience
Content/information
The central idea is well Central idea and clarity The central idea is Central idea and clarity
Clarity of purpose developed and clarity of of purpose are generally expressed though it may of purpose are absent
purpose is exhibited evident throughout the be vague or too broad; or incompletely
Critical and
throughout the paper essay Some sense of purpose is expressed and
original thought
maintained throughout maintained
The abundance of evidence Evidence of critical,
Use of examples the essay
of critical, careful thought careful thought and Little or no evidence of
and analysis and/or insight analysis and/or Some evidence of critical, critical, careful thought
insight careful thought and or analysis and/or
Evidence and examples
analysis and/or insight insight
are vivid and specific, There are good, relevant
while the focus remains supporting examples There are some examples There are too few, no
tight and evidence and evidence, though examples and evidence
general or they are mostly
irrelevant

Fajarillo ABPA3 (PA3110 Knowledge Manangement and ICT For PA) PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fajarillo ABPA3 (PA3110 Knowledge Manangement and ICT For PA) PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1single space of size 11

Republic of the Philippines

3 single space of size 11

College of Arts and Sciences

5 single space of size 18

6 single space of size 18

Bachelor of Arts in Public Administration

4 single space of size 14

Romblon State University as a premier institution of higher education in the

The university is committed to providing advanced education, higher

OBJECTIVES OF AB PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

1. To provide adequate knowledge and understanding of the

5 single space of size 18

6 single space of size 18

Bachelor of Arts in Public Administration

4 single space of size 14

This course is designed to discuss the essential principles of

The primary purpose of this module is to present a pedagogical

COURSE OUTLINE: Knowledge Management and ICT for Public

Unit 1- INTRODUCTION TO KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

Unit 2 – INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

Unit 3 – PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION

Unit 4 – INFORMATION SECURITY AND PRIVACY

Unit 5- APPLICATION AND REAL-WORLD SCENARIO

Name: Course/Blk/Yr: Score:

Introduction to Knowledge Management

After undergoing this unit, you should be able to:

1. Define Knowledge Management

THE MEANING AND HISTORY OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

Knowledge management (KM) It is the process by which the knowledge and

There is a long history of knowledge management efforts, including on-the-job

Name: Course/Blk/Yr: Score:

1. What do you think would happen if such Knowledge Management is not

2. From a Public Administrator’s perspective, do such Knowledge Management

4. What does “Knowledge is in people” mean?

Knowledge management (KM) plays an important role in the administration of the

1. Senior Leaders - Providing sponsorship and insight into the broader

2. Identify knowledge which is essential for strategy and operations

3. Collect knowledge so it can be shared with others

5. Share documented knowledge, informal posts and collaborative activities

4. Strategy - Each KM program needs a clear, documented, and enterprise-

You need a solid business case, showing a deep understanding of the

b. the tools, approaches, and roles you’ll need to get there

Name: Course/Blk/Yr: Score:

1. One of Public Administration's KM area is the "enhanced decision making within

2. There are four components of Knowledge Management, what would be the

4. Knowledge Management has been in a long run, giving further enhancements in

2. Document Management (or Content Management) – Early take your

3. Learning & Development – Map the development of personnel with

4. Knowledge Operations – This is the part that is about knowledge

7. Coaching & Mentoring – Excellent for transferring niche skills,

8. Community Management – Foster more effective collaboration and

Name: Course/Blk/Yr: Score:

Direction: Explain why a Public Administrator needs such strategy of

3. Learning & Development

5. Social Network Analysis

7. Coaching and Mentoring

After undergoing this unit, you should be able to:

1. Identify what is Information and Communication Technology

THE MEANING OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Information and Communications Technology (IT) is the use of computers to store,

THEORIES OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Here we look at the three common theories of public administration and