lntroduction to Mechatronics, Measurement Systems and Control Systems 29

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Limitations/Disadvantages :
1. Output powers are considerably less (than those of hydraulic systems).
:
2. Accuracy of pneumatic actuators is poor at low velocities.
3. Slow response of final control elements, and transmission lag.
4. Operation difficult under freezing conditions.
5. Lubrication of the mating parts is difficult.
Uses :

o The pneumatic systems are employed for majority of the plant and process control
actions in petroleum, petrochemical, chemical, paper, textile and food industries.
;,i:. -: electricity o They are also sometimes used in the aircraft systems and guided missiles.
:,3-::l-.: aCCOfding
u4! *-: .- : --';!rollers" , 1.2,24. Hydraulic Control System
er:i: -::.-,ntrOllerS r Compressed air has seldom been used (except for low-pressure controllers) for the
t!.i.:: :: ; .rperating continuous control of the motion of devices having significant mass under external
"-l'.:: .. :eliability, load forces. For such a case, hydraulic controllers are generally preferred.
o The widespread use of hydraulic circuitry in "machine tool applications", "Aircraft
control systems" and " similar operations" occurs because of such factors as accuracy,
positioeness, flexibility, high power-to-weight ratio, fast starting, stopping, and reaersal
m;r-: s:::-.:i u.hich with smoothness and precision and simplicity of operations.
operating pressure in hydraulic systems lies between 1 and 35 MPa; in
e E';.: : :.-nponents - The
some special applications the operating pressure may go upto 70 MPa.
For the same power requirement, the weight and size of the hydraulic unit
I',rr -- - can be made smaller by increasing the supply pressure. Very large force can be
obtained rnith hydraulic systems.
With hyraulic systems, rapid-acting, accurate positioning of heautl loads is possible.
- A combination of electronic and hydraulic systems is widely used because it
TPB: :
- combines the advantages of both electronic control and hydraulic power.
tlrE; : - =: o Hydraulic controllers employ a liquid control meditmt to proitide an output signal which
.1 i: : is a function of an input error signal.

t.

niF \ 3,7lance Hydraulic

control
valve

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Fig. 1.13. Schematics of an hydraulic control system.

Fig. 1.13 shows the schematics of a hydraulic control system; the major components
!I:]J . -- i\-er than that are :

Error detector; an amplifier; a hydraulic control aakte; an actuator.

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