INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

Date: 18-12-2020

CPM/PERT

Submitted By: RAHAT KARIM

Submitted To: Dr. Asiya Kazmi

Department of Leadership and Management Studies

Faculty of Contemporary Studies
NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
Q. Define the concept of technology transfer? Also explain the methods of technology transfer?
 Technology transfer
Technology Transfer, also called Transfer of Technology and Technology Commercialization, is
the process of transferring skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples
of manufacturing and facilities among governments or universities and other institutions to
ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users
who can then further develop and exploit the technology into new products, processes,
applications, materials or services. It is closely related to knowledge transfer. Some also consider
technology transfer as a process of moving promising research topics into a level of maturity
ready for bulk manufacturing or production. Spread and adoption of inventions and techniques
from one geographic area to another, from one discipline to another, or from one sector of the
economy to another. For example, improvements in medical equipment may be transferred from
industrial countries to developing countries, advances arising from aerospace engineering may be
applied to equipment for persons with disabilities, and innovations in science arising from
government research are made available to private enterprise. Technology brokers are people
who discovered how to bridge the disparate worlds and apply scientific concepts or processes to
new situations or circumstances. A related term, used almost synonymously, is "technology
valorization". While conceptually the practice has been utilized for many years, the present-day
volume of research, combined with high-profile failures at Xerox PARC and elsewhere, has led
to a focus on the process itself.
Technology transfer (TT) refers to the process of conveying results stemming from scientific
and technological research to the market place and to wider society, along with associated skills
and procedures, and is as such an intrinsic part of the technological innovation process.
Technology transfer is a complex process that involves many non-scientific and non-
technological factors, and many different stakeholders. Good or high quality research results are
not enough for successful technology transfer; general awareness and willingness both at the
level of organisations and individuals, as well as skills and capacity related to specific aspects,
such as access to risk finance and intellectual property (IP) management, are also necessary
components.
The fundamental steps of the technology transfer process are depicted in the figure below.
Technology transfer covers the complex value chain linking research to its eventual societal
deployment. This begins with the discovery of novel technologies at research institutions,
followed by the disclosure, evaluation and protection of these technologies. The next steps
include marketing, potential licensing agreements and the development of products based on the
technical inventions. The financial returns of these products can then, for instance, be used for
further research.
  METHODS
Tech transfer professionals are involved in a wide array of activities to support the
commercialization process, including:
 working with attorneys to secure patent and other intellectual property rights,
 assessing the commercial potential of new inventions,
 marketing available technologies to potential licensees and partners,
 educating researchers on commercialization principles and strategies,
 assisting with faculty start-up creation and development,
 securing funding for early-stage research and start-ups
 negotiating partnerships and license agreements,
 organizing business plan and start-up competitions,
 helping to build innovation ecosystems and support structures that promote innovation
and economic development,
 Creating programs that encourage both student and faculty to innovate in labs and maker
spaces and engage in entrepreneurship so they can participate in bringing those
innovations to the marketplace.