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BFC 32202 Engineers - Society Chapter 5 (Student Copy) PDF
BFC 32202 Engineers - Society Chapter 5 (Student Copy) PDF
RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT IN
ENGINEERING
CHAPTER FIVE
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Development
• Systematic investigative process
employed to increase or revise • Systematic use of knowledge
current knowledge by directed towards the
discovering new facts. production of materials,
devices, systems or methods.
Research
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BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY
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• R&D activities in organisations are different from each other, with two primary
models of an R&D department that is either:
• staffed by engineers and tasked with directly developing new products, or
• staffed with industrial scientists and tasked with applied research in scientific or
technological fields, which may facilitate future product development.
• R&D activities are conducted by specialised units or centers belonging to a company,
or can be out-sourced to a contract research organisation, university, or state
agency.
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BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY
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BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY
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Obtain
intellectual Reduce
Successful R&D Successful R&D
property (i.e. your tax bill or
activity can activity can also
patents, claim payable
attract strengthen
copyrights, cash credits as
potential your company’s
trademarks), a proportion of
investors to brand and
which could their R&D
your business. reputation.
benefit you expenditure
financially.
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BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY
Types of Research
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R&D in Engineering
• The aim of R&D in an organisation is
to improve the current technologies
or to develop innovations that
strengthen the organisation’s
position in the marketplace.
• One can find R&D divisions within
many forward-looking, innovative
engineering and technology
organisations.
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BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY
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• They may also be assigned to a specific task, such as ascertaining the structural
requirements, or be responsible for managing an entire project.
• They may take on consulting roles and suggest improvements or provide
recommendations during the R&D process.
• Other duties may include writing summaries of structural tests, presenting
product performances to project managers and preparing process manuals and
guidelines.
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BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY
Modular Buildings
• Modular buildings (also called volumetric
buildings or prefabricated buildings) are buildings
made up of components manufactured on
assembly lines in factories then assembled on site
in a variety of arrangements.
• Buildings can be constructed using modular parts
such as walls, frames, ceilings, and windows, or a
number of complete prefabricated modular
building units such as bedrooms, bathrooms and
kitchens, or entire apartment units.
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Building-Integrated Photovoltaics
• Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are
photovoltaic materials that are used to replace
conventional building materials in parts of the
building envelope such as the roof, windows or
facades.
• Photovoltaics is a technology that generates
electricity from sunlight through the use of solar
cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow
of electrons by the photovoltaic effect.
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BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY
3. CIGS-based (Copper Indium Gallium Selenide) thin film cells on flexible modules
laminated to the building envelope element or mounted directly onto the building
envelope substrate.
4. Double glass solar panels with solar cells inside.
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BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY
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Self-Healing Concrete
• Self-healing concrete biologically
produces limestone to heal cracks in
concrete structures.
• Specially selected types of the bacteria,
along with calcium lactate, nitrogen and
phosphorus, are added to the concrete
mix.
• These self-healing agents can lie dormant
within the concrete for up to 200 years.
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BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY
• When a concrete structure is damaged and water starts to seep through the cracks
that appear in the concrete, the spores of the bacteria germinate on contact with the
water and nutrients.
• Having been activated, the bacteria start to feed on the calcium lactate. As the
bacteria feeds, oxygen is consumed and the soluble calcium lactate is converted to
insoluble limestone. The limestone solidifies on the cracked surface, thereby sealing it
up.
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Kinetic Footfall
• Kinetic footfall (or active footfall) converts
kinetic energy produced by pedestrians into
electricity.
• It is best used along footpaths with high
pedestrian activity, such as city sidewalks,
transport stations and malls.
• Electricity is generated from pedestrian
footfall using an electromagnetic induction
process and flywheel energy storage.
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BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY
• High performance steel that has higher corrosion-resistance and weld ability has
been produced by incorporating copper nanoparticles at the steel grain boundaries.
• Elsewhere, nanotechnology has also been applied in coatings for multiple purposes,
such as:
• protective or anti-corrosion coatings for components
• self-cleaning, thermal control, energy saving, anti-reflection coatings for glass and
windows
• easy-to-clean, antibacterial coatings for work surfaces
• more durable paints and anti-graffiti coating for buildings and structures
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