FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE © 15 Differentiability Let f(z) be a single valued function of the variable z, then ree we fets2-f@ 820 provided that the limit exists and is independent of the path along which 52-0. Q(z +z) Fig. Let P be a fixed point and @ be a neighbouring point. The point @ may approach P along any straight line or curved path. SOLVED PROBLEMS 227 ot the Example 1 Discuss the continuity of f(x,y)= 4 ay’ origin given that f (0, 0) =0. Solution To discuss the continuity of the function f(@), it is necessary that f(z) should approach the same value in all the paths. 2 Le Lt f@yyaLt Le 2225 290 y70 230 y30 x+y 0 =it & zo0 =01.8 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL IFFEREITIAL EQUATIONS | He Bent Hy BR | roe i ‘Along the curve y= me where x and y tend to ter0 simultancousl ata Farm u F2- ue 24 by BS a Be au, 2% yao 2y* not eres ne ar daneiace treat oe a | ‘Example 2 Show thatthe fncton/)= 25H sn entinsos atte cen Grn tat 7G," | amin i | Me Bele en e, aoke | “un, 3 i Ae Lion yb, ie “4 3 dang the cae tr daxtannn Zalder #8 Ls, fase Since the fanction /(@) approaches the same value in any path, the fonction Flt mmnes eS Examplg Show that the funton /0)e32 “a Astin a he in svn ht 71,0)-0 Be BOO, Fan be uefa, ete cave yom tence Titi ith iiy PLAS ier Juddudvusbeug GEERECEL EEE Mi Se pesnete, Ee Tent +o Since the function (2) doos not approach the in al the pada: the fusion Fe) ie nat continue 2 Show tat the fntn Ft) =I dion at (0,0 ren tht 70,0)=0 2. Show that the ‘llowing funciona are discontinuous at the ‘rita given that ofiymro-0 69 10) ESP. ana 70) =0. 2. Dine entity ae ern oe 9) EE oe cory x and y exerting (@, 0) ad 70,078. 4 Dinas the con a he ein o en = RES when tant yar not sre silane and 8,00 5 show that 14, By dom not ent. 1.3, ANALYTIC AND HARMONIC FUNCTIONS ‘A single valued fonction /(@) which is difeentiable at ‘every point of topion fin called ay an analyte funtion of ¢ ox fl fo mnie 4 ie Shae a Analyte fanetions can also be called sagular Anetion or ea function f(s) fue to be analytic at a point ro then af ‘be analytic at ‘Then f7(@) exits every point in R. swe know that 23-067 ‘ merfanenrinen where u and o are fundtions f= and x. “Lct Ax and ye the Sncements in = and y reapectvely ana ice We'Se Me Corresponding increment tn 2 Thea, MA ietiot an Hee aenarviay Now feras)auGeanysayitleeranyeay)‘0 ComPusx VARUDLES & PARTIAL PERE EOUATIONS fey = ue Cesena, lwiesay+asieinwerany earl As Axeiay-+0, we have 4x10 and ay-> 0 Xe 2 it and them, Dt Few, u, i, [wetenrsay-winsl we have stietaguys ggasi} wrong tone asta sibteagseacrmt} ug atesnngaowtan iy neste) poh Eb amivtiven eas tata we ak ’ 4 From () and (®, 3a Jae a735™ Gn) ge npanday= =o ‘Theve two equations are called C-R equations oF ‘Cavehy:Remann equations. Nota : Tho C= equations are only the necessary conditions oan -eie to be diforentinble (on) i the Ennion ib differentiable, then it mast satiny these equations st that pant ions for fx) to be analytte "be enaytie at ‘all the pointe ia a region Fare 2u_ae 327 39°89 aT Proof : Let /@) be a single velued function having 24,24 28 20 at each polnt in the repion R Then the C=R ‘equations are tatited. By Taylor’ theorem fer Be)=ue+ 8x72 8096 e+8R7 489) -[etane(HaseBso»]e—] si[omon (Bese BB )e—] Jvds| Gue, PLLLELEL Ves EEE EEE Y 141444 ‘hi vud 1 id 4x2 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL IFFERENTIAL CQUATIONS | +[Bgeresdgay]+ \ muta sions $e oxee3ees] | ! | (aed mrevsy-rern(3tee9z) (%) (33)Propertis of Analytic Functions + Property 1+ Bath the real part and the Smaginary part of any sate actin sty Lanier ened £8 + 3-0 | Proof + If fa) =u is is ap analytic function, then we Rave 20) and $03 3) ey, ay ro ‘Adding and ( we eet a SEGESESUQLELUY Re k [FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE Property 2: If =u +/v is an analytic function, the curves of Ey) Semnant peat rosea he sures oF fhe family #9) = constants root: 1 fo) =u ean nati incon of then C= oon tab 38-28 aoa JHA Be Ged TE -ay ay" ax ten «90-6509 ad vmn=cu By total diterentstion, (0 and Gi epee dun Bhaes tay ined (5.3) =Cyand v(9)=Ce wii we hae eno Bi dea Baysect + aytie 24-2 ang 2H 28 Since the function ie analytic 34 =3% ana $¥ = The curves uteneCy and vimynCy cute ae 9 am ddd bbb dbad fayeuste pte) | =NGFaeF =e (eonstanty ire) Pawar Ga ete © Disferentiating @) wrt x we get Ge) uugreuend @ yaa aaa ‘Similary differentiating () wert y we aot | ayseeeo = ~lgouge0 By CR equations) sol) @xus aro aProh un0 feugn0 Cute? #0) axe @xuasuheoh eno LP epmigthy sora Integrating wrt. s, we get f(e)= constant Property 4: An analytic fiction whese tealart ie cousent, ut elf be a constant, Proof : Let /() bean analyte function of, Then OR equations Se ented, Go) 82082 anna» 22 2 Go) Fer ay TOM ay” os ea ince w fs constant, 300 and 3% sc andcaroomendE =o ante 4 9132 200 4 4132 -osi0 Since 7"6) are Integrating wit swe get f@)= constant vm An analytic function whote real part fs content, must tool? be 8 conta‘anuyil, dhe /) ie constant Proof : Let fi@)=uio ee) and ite eonjugnte ‘analytic - 18 atinoe the CR fio BADE au, ae to 32038 say anddt= -32 @ {nate (Given) =re-o Integrating wets we get (2) constant 1a CONSTRUCTION OF AN ANALYTIC FUNCTION Coartruction of an Analytic function whose real oF Seaginary part is ven Method 1+ By ttal difretiation dented 2 trie een we can ft 2 ant BE “‘ginte the function (2) is analytic a p 5) o (-}04) and oo the RLS. of (1) isa perfet diferent Integrating () we ext o= J ( ~Hg aes Sw jee coartuce Fe)eut inna SUGUEEERUYLLULL Lat Fe) art ve) et s0F (which in porble ely if 0) se feyeu 095000) veo know hat eS 22d Pteon) sad Ivuddvdd sd ddducccddud > °. c aa aa oa all all on on on on rope Big 2mo Integrating wert rye) (2-2) aoe Sinan, we can prove that whe the imaginary part © ‘a gem, fon) (BGP HEED arse ‘mae Complex Potential Function ‘Rote + Both 9,9) and 6.3) Wh Sou tiven any one ‘ve cin ‘Example 1 Examine whether soniye or Bot Ge ooeytisinyy Oe eany mining oF GD eony ina oo leeo (eo daweehy2temasinhy (ib @opeamnetetnyt aan @ sone wo deetoshetun (2) oo ton ‘To text. whether tha fntin (ele anate It ws examine woeter B22 na 3 (6 Lat Fyne cory tin) usnctecnytisiny sunt eonyient any sued ony: ye eng epee ang: oyeson s00, 1 OR actions ae not eat Sr inet ange wore ra-dee arte 5 rege FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE ye tFeD-- 29) ”" eas a oa am 7 | i» Sl summer sen sinint | pena or cus nan ae TC £0) is differentiable then we know that (7(2) =u +6 1g Za Sani woasticans om =2en0md2y=0 | niente =e tcaysiainn CR equations are stad ely when «= 0,920 nee ‘Thar the even fncion i ierentlabl oly a rg, “oo Reamola 4 Show hat the funtion 76)= | pase Solution | Altar method to tna £0 foi Seas emacs Sia > iow 7 Sa 4 aia > clea > olen * ut, dese: see) Hl 1 een +4800) eet at any point Pe.) 1 Fer =P equations cannot be true any where 1 oe = The function (0)=7 Sa no where diferenable, | Example 6 Show that =loge analytic everywhere except {the origin and fd ie dened, ae Example § Show that the function /@)=¢ in anlyie every devave shown he cae nce ca toa Ssttton . Setetion ive legs Toye nels Gets teatogre® nee ror ey paar und conyivet sing [ ee reas ivieekersi¢hge mu tioetgrs40C gen) sustain “To prove tht the fist i analyte we have to showy coat SECERE apa Bee ae a we Sea E EG ant Son hE t \ See aetmy stay | ieS a a: cs oa: al. © except al; al. al a al” al” sa LE Ok Kl To find Fe) ‘From GR equation Polar Ferm) we have Remark A branch F of a multiple valued fonction f is any tingle valued function euch that in analyte in some region Def the complex plane and F ()=/6) fr ll © D. We note that the requirement of the analytieity of F prevents ua from chooring particular vatve of the sltpie ‘Eine fncion fq) inn random manner in view of the above ‘eGaiion we co that Log = representa a branch ofthe eliple Welued function logs and le clled the principal branch cf ope “Ancther branch of logs can be defined by the equation loge ston ri 8 Co where 09 <0 < 942% and Oy is any feed angle in radians, This Panetion in analytic except at the origin and points Tying on the ray 0= 6 FUNCTIONS OF & COMPLEX VanIABLE 129 Esch point ofthe negative roa asi and the cxgin are geist which th dave fal to ei firth pce aoeh logs. This ray Om i clled the branch cut fe = ‘he branch Cut forthe or the branch of lp given by () the ray 6 Oy be the a age given by (D the ray 0 ty ‘The pint 20 commen tall branch eats of he mul ‘aed function fogs snd ln called Urancs polaes” tole Example 7. Show thatthe function /l)=eear tan analytic ‘enctin, and find Sts denative, Solution Given 7) nome Susloemteriyy ‘eoox contin xen ty sons cothy=isineainhy since sind ymtainhy andcon ly coe Tuneercorhy om nainznhy sun cansen hy aymeonssin hy ce wenn an hy nd tye caine eeehy Since t= anduy= og =>GR equation ar eatiied fo bani Wa tno that Pde tty To naz coshy +i (ous sin hy) By Min’ method, put z= andy =O, wo et ('@)= —aine 194) yf" @)= —sine ‘Bxample 6, Show that the function 2) tin hs isan analyte ‘inctin nnd finds deat, om Salution (Olven /)=sin he130 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, isin) sini geri sin Ge-9) (rin x com y eon ie sin] Lisi A cony~ cos he ala y} susiontinkeeery tees hesiny confasiny ene hreany oyedia heen tye aren vycos ecg Slace une, andy =o Gm equating retail Sto b anlpe We know that (6) (e)nets heey +i ia hesing By Milas mith, put =e, 9=0 Seen esis eyneoehs Example 9 Prove that fe) Ege fanction but 7@) is euch « function. um in he coe: fs not an analytic Solute oeci 1O-e=rE ae “etal erator _Geraaysi(nyera)s: a feeyeurio mi vo glnB wane ten rere: wun lesa ty @se)- toy ran) Bere) . tera nPeatsrarsy zea) =28 +7 vax? rar? ay?sats) (Grae oF atsnates eat ran? patra ezets to? 228-29! dart 268 20h ee wo uettttat net x-ay? 0 ere rear (ero8On-c8 sy? san rrr ars witretezorey)an-2eyeaPeze eee + 4.any +294 @sty +2742, eaters; ately ayant) Rina een e spelt a O(a) Biro) ee Re F peietaey (a0 (9n-@9 ee sah dax+ 9 =a2 +202 | | | a Gaaezar sy gpectvectanateray? 9 ieatenare ri f gets and ty ~ Ue Git equations are not ets 7c is ot analytic. cv)didi al © GuGUE beth bb bb o ol al wo oll oll cll? » a ell a al: ae et Now to prove that 7@) is analytic aS ei ie anal Jet us prove that ge =U ad ty =e ‘From (fi) and Ge} the above rerlt is trv, = 7 is snalytic. Example 10 Show that (@)=2" ie analytic everrehore and Saison Teanvionicd Oh Teun weusin = Corn Os isinn 6) > uaPccnn Osun ainn® adem? -teaunosine “tan ao (oosn 0-1 sin ®) en en entge-08 ang peene? aot oF Example 11 If wy is moses are also analytic, Solution, lytic, show thet vf and (Given uty is analytic = OR equations are satisfied, G0) ty 205 OD andy = 0-9 {Since the derivatives of w and ¥ exist it ie there “oxi. € lt St Se therefore Now to prove via and -v-sin'are alto analytic, we boat prove fat ee © us uj and vy me and Gop, and 0, ty {UD ett and al ase cntinnns, Rana @ and GD lows fm (1) and (2), Since the derivatives of wand existe ‘om (1) and (the derivative of wand v sould be onus, Hence the result (i) fellows Example 12 Show that the allowing funetins are harmonic ‘tnd find corerponding anaigtie function fe) Ao sk ss srrespendingeneiye function Fe) = 0: Aso @unaty-s (weeny ane BAG Ow mtag (ound -sayte2 741 (vo =tan? (z} eo ° (ot) v= sins hy Setstion (© Given w= 82y~94 ‘To prove that u is harmonic we should prove that tty 8 ~* econg ty sins)‘(94 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Merb ial oy ty 82-37% ity ~8y ety 0 = wt harmonic, We know that (2) =tg+i vg since f(s) is analytic ve= — uy =f @=6y-1G2-3y) By Milne's method, pat z=z,7=0 = @)=0-1@27—0) a fa- tse where © is a complex constant, 7 fe=usion teri sersion sutton iP + PY 43isty +32 y+, +iCy, urton-P 492 yropet(Pase2soy Interang wet 576) = ~3i( Jee on ~s48974Cy which fe harmonic canjugnte of t. i) une oony gee cony ity A einy eet CONY i gg = =e cony eves = u Is harmonic We know that (2) =ug4i vg mtu since the function f(2) is analytic. =r con y~i (ein) by Mine's method (ony +i sing siny which ie harmonic conlugat oft Gi Given w= z* ae yet 1nsan) a atest “ea 0-20 eae tay ae aya 20)- 4? 24 26747) 22) bes at eu wabtatey terra aah we SSE Le PDPIIIMI®V®ENHNMHOHNDNNDHAC.,. »ageieh = 2 oo ome 3 4 7 > BEEECEEEL » % * > f auhicapsas? a2dsen! oe Smet tig 2S wt harmonic We know that £"@)= e106 fe er eeu ty nro (Ey) (EF) ere--4 Integrating wrt s, we get f)-1+e wurenstgresicn abitapreicn wes Beeston muse Ser eisiey aon ge FUNCTIONS OF A COUPLEK VARIABLE ) Given uatog siianly ty = 92 bh and 2 yaaa wennttg=0 = = i harmonic Wie know that /"(@)= tig tpFuster’ eC siey oe Gn vot" (£}oey with ath mame ge > ) unt —aey?43t—ay7 41 up 3a7-3y* +62 eetiates oe herent We know tha eee, n02-a/v09 -1(-089-69 0 ey tne meted arenaeees Fae e)- 482 +0 Whee Ct « emples cnn usin erin +3 sCstCy mute t-iP stity-a2 7492-39 Sai, Pate = harmonic conjugate of AP 3B 265940 Ge) (i) Given wtan"t (2 ‘To prove that vis harmonic it f= enough to prove thati Maas if ReeeRReeenyy ed a Bu VESEY wedade put 222,990 hy Mine's method) =renk Integrating want. 2, we sgt f(edmloge +c Now fepausivnlog re) +0, +i Cs log +4604 C446, aueterrsc: (ind untog NP oyF +c; fe called the harmonic coniueste of on —* econ +9 in 9) egne* (cong) —e-* (econy +9 109) eyne "(oa siny ty cony +n 3) cone * (cons) +e econy yan) yg e"* (a cony —y tiny +008 + e089) 2g Voy ef cony oF cony +e F cosy ysiny -2e"Feony myeTFeiny +07 con eFcony = » is harmonte Now 17) =0y+6 05 net (oesiny +y cory +siny) s4e™* ony eoay-y ein) pot xz and y=0 Gy Mine's metied) =renieta-n Integrating wt 2, ot Pernt | annentae = Lanne Twrtzetoe Gime *%scrstep cren]ec steer ine" ore —talayn +4860) met (ny cong suing] Her eeeoey #y sing) ¥(0) +109 suse * (Hy coay tering) +O (i) 0» ~ sine sin by p= ~con sin by tpn sineoe hy vareineein ky yy ~sinzrin hy = 0 is harmonic. Now (/@)=vy 4a i = Cains cos hyn +i (exe ny) Integrating weet 2, we get fe)=conz+e aienurionemerine cr ricd Su siom(coexemhy-tsinzsinhy)+(Cy +10) uncon cos hy+ Cyi 142 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | Bsempte 19, 1¢ weft amine, wove nt | rye Mee SSE year ccuse | ‘Solution t Since =f) ie eons, Gey BRE ana, see we know that $2032 (22 | « | | ° | i Ge" as pre * Tay belly 22-siny} Wae"t [2acorye dy (-aingieg-Phomyeay tng] FUNCTIONS OF & COMPLEX VARIABLE We know that /"(e) mug +i ey Hoy tive le Y “Fae-24) +1[-e-F ef @eas-sye# Intograting vet. 2, we get Fern) ae-eyertee arer-[arsh-0 aeetate wtentet 2-22) 6") 4(-2)(e“)] Ret eae Ta 2e* sutweesgtete ly meet byte * (cosy ~isiny) ee 942i a9] fon — Ling * coay—y? cosy + Bay siny) Example 18 Find the 1@)=@+ay)+ie+a) Solution Since the function /¢) satisfied, constants a,b, 6 if ‘analytic. analytic CR equations are fie) 24-23% gig 28. 26 ia) 34-88 ana 22= 34 Given utio= ray) +i Geto) mucstayie=terey unlined weaiyaC fines yu and y= = Cn1 and be «Por the function f(2) to he analytic a= -8 end o=3 143 LDNODNN KH wwen noelowruct VARABLES & PARTIAL DFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE OS aample 16 /6)-7(.0 90.0 bmn anion ad PoTD nse tes at Fo = = Solution Given P= =P in 8 We know thet /°00)= 350,410) rem feeiPiens0stanso a2. norte nate 1 ep=212 ciacorerd®) Integrating want =, got 21240 where © isa complex content uote ie Hah example 11 1649) aod v9) are harmonic fantons fa 8 ae ae Tes prove Wha 322 Bao Fy ae (Bg-35)« (BE-3E) armen ses Badaoar 148 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Auld flowing over the away e Similarly 3% 43% 60 ‘amine if that ponte and find roam fonction av, 3g, uations aro sat = 3E 0-32 o.cm eqtins ae ani : User Amie ete aes (BE-BE Jo (3 +95) nae , eee eentee@et texan rasmpte 3s I= o+1y eprnnta the comple ptr aS fn electric field and y=334y~y°, find the potential function ¢ i Solution ae wraeta oy? =o 2, ¢ G G € ¢ © © « e : oer gona ay 0 n : S © 3 We know that”) «tet Peer “ gegen HTP (20 G2 = BF yA) te ative a et since t= any pennies Yerner erie =f onaxt-ayhsiem Fi Put x53 0 (By Milnes method) wap (e2P a2? 4an? 4a arent eum Integrating wt 2, we ast jaan 28-8294 ferest+e 7 et Sener soe gyn nel EeeP taco 868 shan] dete Paaity-aa%h 2c 4109 i = -aleanetisds say4t q ons3-329°+C) which Ia the complex potential function. ‘i | bh s 3 o 2RORe2ecLLEwwe q werd uale } “ge courune vanaBLes a paRTAL ener ecuamions | | FIETONS OFA COMPLEX VARABLE 149 a ay (-2stv6m Syezeoninet : ea aye Bese? — =o SOR? ie amen me? and’ ye 2 sae lence ie can be a possible form of the vlodty potenti puny leas am. a => CR equations are satisfied along the curve x~ =: 3 ad aaa es a ee ee ‘Example 21 Determine the analytic function f(@)=u+iv if a unune (ony sing) 4 mi elneetve oa “9 monte one yen 4) Se “ [sede] [-2-pete sifeynia-v “2 ae { yt [ #25] +2 0+0/@)=u-ysi m+n) 2 0, by Mine's mathod we get, La Fenasore) 4 arene Fau-e , Qzusy See we PeaPsi@ fentstec gta nin Sy eert Ce aortvearints: 40,4802 Given u=v=e (ony aia) Gay Pee (eary-siny) Pyne (oony—ainy) Pee (~siny—coay) svete apt We know that F’ (2) =Py+i Qe seme nn iy Ng on aie a regain Se abines teste nmi eee eens Given feyeusivnen yi +2 euceenyh ive Bern =F yao ony tiny) “ie (sing -cony) pat ens and y=0, by Milnes method we get150 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Frayed a-o-tet(-0-0 > neste Fresarne Integrating wnt. , we got F@easnese but FE=a+ns@ Sasof@sasieec . ©. fee + Where £27 Example 22 Determine tw analyte funeen fe)euie s¢ ive tat (5 0 Let feyeu sid if@miu-v @ +e) a+ d/e)=u-ysiwro) Let Feeasas Powe Query =F@=P+i@ coszteine=, ‘Beanz cosh) = Pyn2 (cons con hy) (~sin z+ 0089) moon x ¢sing 62) 2 (sins 12 (onze hy” ~2ain con x-+24in. cos hy +2 cos? x2 con con hy #2einzccor+ Din! x26"? sine “4 (eon —con hoy Given Pau -o= FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 4 (con =~ cos hy? (e"¥) = (con z+ sins ~e7) (= 2 sin hy eon 2 08 hy Put x=2,y=0°(By Milne's method) 24 Qeine ~2 082 ~2eine “4(@s2-1) 2000 x ~c08 Pe =2 cone “Fa-esa Pyar ean 22) a)-0 4—cosae =e We know that F’(@)=P,+i Qe = Py =i P, since Qe: 1 SP} saa cas) Fa asa, Fa-esH eee z wr ont pt count (5) Integrating wert. 2, we got 1st NOTOHNDANAABRaonnus pppeeeeeee Alividiadvud (2 (hats Tea tor we i (So sre) Ga) when 2B peo as @ “i waa epee aes rem me ston Ream Lat feyeusio a sifeyntu-e =a) Adding @ asa tat Fayed for satiniods ie) Brody Given Qa: Qauee SPw=Psig “P Bahay cone yw let yon (+ eo) Beta (ere By 0m) 2s aon =o = tsa ea AFR GH® oF E (cose?) = stones Integrating wrt, We eet1184 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, Fey ~if const ede Feeieste+o sine F@)=A+Df0)5 Ards e)=teate +e ‘Example 24 Find the analytic function /@2)=u + iv given that Bu sone? [ oe+y) cos y+ (229) sin y) Solution Let fey=usio 2 fe)ems2ie ife)nia—v = @ => @-Of2)=Gu+0) +i 0 —u) Lat F@)=@-Df@); Pamuse Qa2-u @=Fw-P+iQ Pe) Pyi Qe Now PoP, sine Qen Given Pau sond™ (Be con2y + (2~29) sin) = Pym P* (Deon By + ein By) +22* ( x+y) cos dy + (x-2y) sin By} PF ( ~4 nin By -2y gin By “+ con By +2 con 2y ~ ty coe By ~2 in By) Pat x12,7=0 by Milne's method, we get 458 FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE Pea (a42e oy aad Peeae®a42s) PP O42ed Since FG) =Py-iPy wo Pr eynenetaeasy—tetaeze -a-neta+2y Integrating wit. 2, we get F@=G-) farayetde -o-[aeta( wrora-o[Farze-»| GaPene-pedtec but) =@-076) = 2-Df@=@-2e*+C Ss eneegs Beample 25 1¢ fajeutio Sega Jiro Paelro analytic, prove that fa)-usio Sle la sggannrrnnannaa Daa oh vs sEGEUREEECEEGE PeLELLEZELL Juududav {58 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS F pel? cconster | 71 | a (®) ote] & [teut20e] are hat [emt anton tte te] na[uueetese vated] Beeyet [deteuun tere] sinaniy 2s oboe [Gedouny tery] Gepacog = by 9) 2 (ZeeB et erns [Meteo uit eg) + bt ted] a2[deutsteut+oro] ince fe) fs analytic, ues, and w= ~, and also tet tyg = 810 er y= 0) 2 (BeBe resmeteas a 40d+eD repent leon EE =[SeB)vorsiroe Ye We know that Eye ltl FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE. sar Example 26 If /(e)=urie is analytic, prove that aS mele l-o. Solution Mefeensw sire lave # at on iocnar tog wee F100 17) | ey Stor Pe vB [deo 02407 atest tte tal ret) 2 ue te ace ee Similarly Fs cauy om, = 3) 2 any +04? ye Fre 1! Bel (eplacing = by 3)"158 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. FUNCTIONS OF & COMPLEX VARIABLE Example 27 If /(@) te analytic, show that Zod) (B+ Zine 109 ate ete (so i Jie treat Lees Lye * $0 Geet ty) sab sob end ood = Bleuy suey Beet vee We know that f(e)= +0 wae Slr le =0 +0} Gy +¥ +268 +03) ~2Gtebvot ud -2uv yey) subdvotels aun uct ; cs <2 [Re] | sete es maa oh [poset Paue2003] Tien tye Op RDM tg ty # OF tae ym 1 sated «2 [putea wuseons] ee oo od 0d 2 trop Pep-oteh! pugernserd. = (BB metro Bidar co5¥ wneoomenterd =o ons =D Gt BF. coy (BeBe rot tae mains Hence proved. HPT lone vege ebed ined DAE wmsoas? Ke kao tn og 17) | vio) i Abi 7 HF t)# 0,106 170) | exits. Simtarty 25 (1/0) Pap Gtso9 2 (thy 400940 + ‘If /G) is analytic, log f(2) in also analytic if f(2)+0 ry safely ESAT Osteo ig ie Hance log | f@)| and amp f(@) are real and imaginary a aes! parce og) hh is sly sp0-n0te FF wuysouy? cy "Hence they tainty the Laplace egoatin. # : are (5-3 )ire) Panera Che tn)** ptm) eu ooh doef]Ly pdibts bom e2ep222e2 Vdddevus edd 460 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS spent os [st aderdeeteberbraw tree] mp etseF [wore +autred] spo-Dnuteeh 2 [ater odred+20O] (sine the fonction is analytic and Bence it is harmonic) [4+] ate E [abet] peor) ost =puieoy F al+ed 2+p-21 eptatev® abe) 4S @) Pap Tiree (BB) ol -re Hence proved Example 28 Find /"() if tans? Stution Given = us ip tane sagen earn) Bein e+ om Sut ioe eto) con = 3 i (2 ~ on (a) e089) Hin Be+ tin h3y sta oa oe + cosh By FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE aot __ (co 2 + oth 23) (2 con Bs) ~ ain 20) (2 sin 28) ] (coe Be + cosh 39)" gw 2t2e00 Be cosh 29 on Be + ch 9)? (28 Be + oth 29) (0) ~ (elnh 29) Binh 2) ae aah mugen ay Go enh 27 Put 222,90 in uy and ty by Milnes method, wo got 2+2ee2e 2A +e0022) (+008 2° oa ae "Foote veo We kmow that 7"(2)=uetf nectar) ar arenes Example 29 Show that iy? eangot be real part of an shalytic fonction, ~ Soluti Given u=ay suns ued yada wyeee1.82 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DFFERERTIAL EQUATIONS | FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE = ince tg ty O42 oie vay +o 4 isnot harmonic ‘= cannot be a real part of an analytic function. eample 1 Prove that wae; e=gi2y bh ety the Laplace equation but u-+i0 Sn not analytic Sottton i ea wn avapeatyaa? Gi FP | eae —— sxtynay stat ty2® ¥ satieficn the Leplace equation. Now to prove that wi ina ale we Hv to show tat Ct equate se fines ty Bet = costes aunt o“Vet COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL OFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS oR equations are not eatisted. = Bven if beth w and v aaiatee the Laplace equation, u+io Bat wont ee 707 ceatyctaay how nie eee ee 8 fy = ‘hos Not angle ee cee (79 F) = sinxeoshy+feoessin hy Ans : Anctytc 2 Show that the complex variable function f(e)= | |? ‘Erentable aly at the origin, Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations, show thet f(e)=2* ‘analytic Sn the entire =~ plane Tet the nugy ofthe fncon cons sd ance 2 deriv hat ns) = sn 6 Test the analy ofthe foncion sn Ae and hence terre hat nh) on 46. Examine whether the flowing functions can be rel pats “fan enalyic fonction and detarmine ie conjugate i they ine waco zemnhy ‘how : ~sinesinhy © unekety ‘Ane : Not possible GD ae remy my ting) Ana: EGesing +9 co09) Go) ueninhesiny ‘bow: eon hecony FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE hes 7. Show that the fonction (()=24y 238 ay t5+4y cam be ‘he imaginary part of an analytic function 2-214) Determine the real part and also the complex function. 5. Given the fonction w=2! where @=1 44, show that w and i stify the Cauchy Riemann and Laplace eqns snd ‘hat the tunities of curves w= Cy and'e= Cy ar ethoponal to each other, 8, Prove that if wast sve 522y both u and eatiy Laplace's equation, but thats i snot a repsarfncton 20, Show that the curves P*xaseen 6 Interset orthogonally 1a a two dimensional fw of fd, the velocity potential e298 Bind the stream fantion y, fos. 259 1d P=pooiceno of a and if oe, gins ieee 18, sa et Sea mt 26 £1, Obtain f*() ena function of =, 14. Teh court complex fon analyte nein an analyte fend Say your sue as Ne ‘Show that @=loge ls analytic everywhere inthe cmplen lane exept the origin and that ita derivative ina. 18, au 23. COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Derive ©-R euations in pole frm Find the analytic fonction fe)eu+o whose tmaginery part is ve"™(econy oy ing) such that /(@)=1 af the ogi Ave. fayatzete1 HE [) ip om aly funtion of prove that FF Vi pepe iea Lr 4 3) ire 2irwl Hi fa) inv feguler function of auch that /"(@) #0, prove 2 saat ( 2562) toe 170 |= (2 S)meir we l=o, If u-v=@"—y") + 3ay (9), find f(2)=u+iv interms of ase. fe)= thes Construct an analytic finetion fa@yeuet i emzesine 2? 2eore-7 8 ne. f= 35. Find an analytic fonction whose imaginary part is tog +?) 42-29. Ans. @-2)242ilog2+C. 1. Given u=e~? sin (2—y*), Prove that u is harmonic and hence find its conjugate. Also determine fe) intorme of z. Ans. id +e 167 FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 26. 90, a1. 92, Show that u(e,9) =e?” (cos 2ay-ysin2ay) is 8 Iharmonie function, Find an analytic finetion (2) having 9) a6 Me real pict Ans, s+iet. Find an analytic function f(@)su+io such that utuet easy Sah x 44xt8 and (O=3i~2 er[Aueeo]eoim Ans. 7 Prove that 2" is analytic for all positive integral values of and find 7’), . Prove thet both resi and imaginary part of an analytic function are harmonic |. Find an analytic fonction /(2)=u (r,8)-+iv (0) such that, ¥,0)=r¥ con 20-reos +2 Ane. 1@?=2+2) Determine the analytic fonction, whose imaginary part is unvae- et eeaysy) Ans, -is'+0+9C {Is there an analytic function f(@)=us+iv for which vee ‘Ans. v cannot be the imaginary part of an analytic funtion. If Fle) is analytic, show that f() is a constant, if ( f"(@)=0 everywhere, (i) 7G) also is analytic (i) RF) is @ constant. Gv) Modulus f() is constant, RHO J OOH LH LD f o hk Ll pe hRRARgdduue BEG i sb OU SEEEG ous —aes lle Oo cere a 1.68 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, 1S.. CONFORMAL MAPPINGS Geometrical Representation of functions of a complex variable ‘To draw a curve of complex variable («,9) let us take two ‘axes (ic. one real axis and the other imaginary axis, A number of points (x, 9) are plotted on z~ plane, by taking different value of = (different values of x and 5). The curve C is drawn by jsining the plotted points. The diagram that is obtained is called ‘Argand Let o=f(e)=usiv, ‘To draw a curve of «, we take two axis, namely u— axis and v~ axis. By plotting different points (4,1) on © plane and Joining them, we got a curve C, on «@ plane. We say that C is ‘mapped onto the corresponding curve C, in the @~ plane by the function @=f(2). The function o=f() thus defines a MAPPING or a TRANSFORMATION of the figures of th z-plane into the figures on the w~ plane. This function called a transformation or mapping function. The corresponding points, curves or regions in Uhe two planes are called the images of each other. Conformal Transformation Suppose two curves C; and Cp in the zplane' interest at P and the corresponding curves C1’ and C,’ in the @ plan intersect at P’ under the transformation @=f (2). If the angle of intersection of the curves at P is the same fas the angle of intersection of the curves at P’ both In Magnitude and sente, the transformation is sald to be conformal ae. FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 189, ‘The transformation is isogonal if it preserves the ‘magnitude of the angles but not necessarily the angle. Sufficient conditions for «= (2) to represent a conformal mapping Let Cy and Op be two curves in the «plane intersecting at the point 29 and let the tangents at this point make angles ‘4 and oi with the real axis. Let 21 and zz be the pointe on the curves Cyand Cy near to zp at the game distance r from 2, 80 that we have aya agerelt saozonrel® ‘Aa F~+0,0, +. and 8, og Lat the image of the curves Cy, Cp be C1 and Cz in @- plane images of 29.2; and zy be (9p, and dy. Let wy- ager e2-ag=ret Peale 2-8 Tat Dor nee ere Re Mate AEE since fade RE‘COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Reidah el Bs e-09 Hence Lt (2)=-1 reel and Le (oe) = or Lt9,~Lt0, er ey Ge Bynes Similsly it can bo proved that Pa=ay++2. Curve Chas 1 definite tangent at oy making angles Xj and 2+, 60 curve Ca. Angle between tro curves Cand ¢ =i Pan (0+ ~(694 04-2 so the transformation is conformal. [SOLVED PROBLEMS = Example 1 Find the critical pointe for the transformation eGo e-B Solution Given oP = (2-6) -P) Since critical points occur at £2 Aiferentiating (1) wart. 2, wo got Zo 20%2-6-a+6-P 7 = 22-(0+8) Now equating $2 to, we ot 22-(a+B)=0 on) onl) FUNCTIONS OF & COMPLEX VARIABLE 17, went 2 Prom @), —@ de axB 20 0-03 ea) ¢-p)=0 (trom (0) Braap ‘The critical points are £8, and p. Necessary condition for =f) (Statement only) to be conformal 1F the transformation @=/(@) is conformal then f(@) is an analytic fonction of © Note : 1) A point at which /*()=9 is called a CRITICAL POINT of the transformation. 4 2) Critical points occur not only at 42.0, but also eo SOME STANDARD TRANSFORMATION I. TRANSLATION w=2+C, where C is a complex constant, Utivnativsaeib =eta+io+d) Sueztannduny+d Szeu-aandyav-b (On substituting the values of and y in the equation of the curve to be transformed we get the equation of the ine inthe o~ plane. “| ‘Tho point P (e,>) in the 2 — plane is mapped onto the point Pq+a,3+b) in the w- plane, Similarly other’ pemterny z-plano are mapped onto &~ plane. ‘Thus if co fuperposed on the =~ plane, the through # vector C. figure of @- plane is shifted eeBEUL J suo 1.72 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, In other words the transformation i mere translation of the axe x D, c Z a B Z-plane ‘The two regions have the same shape and size and also same orientation. Example 2 Consider the transformation o=2+@439 Solution Let o=utivez+@ran, Sutin erinrarsn SusinnG+a+ig+9) wounet2ivey+3 +: The point P (z,9) in the 2~ plane is mapped onto the point Pir+2,y+2) in the @~ plane. If the @~ plane ie Superpored on the 2 plane, the figure of — plane is shifted, through a vector C. In other words the transformation ts mere translation of the axe. ‘Example 3 Find the image of circle |= transformation @=242+40 Solution Let mutivers2e4i murionerinr art, eusivewa2itiyee = by the a uneszivey ed FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE. 1 Given the circle |x | =1, atastel uF @-4Far since reu-2,y=0-4 5, The circle 2457-1 in z— plane is in z~ plane is mapped into (4-2? +(-4=1:in @- plane which is also a cl entre ab, @ and red NY MM ale a cre, with IL, MAGNIFICATION AND ROTATION o=Cz, where 3,10 all are complex numbers, Let Cmael"znre!¥,o=Re'® (in polar form) © =Cz becomes ReiPag elo (ie) Reor and ‘Thus we see that the transformationto= Ce corresponds to ‘rotation topotier with magnification. ‘Example 4 Consider the transformation = 9, corresponding to the region Rof s~ plane bounded by x=0,y<0srya2 Solution Given @=82 Ge) urivns ern suede and ves ee0su=0, ff Hy=0-0=0 Now ut vnace+y) 8 sincoxty=2 Hence the region R* of @ plane is bounded by ‘Ovand wre=e, "The two regions are shown in the1.74 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, ¥ xo uo} +0 @- plane ple § Consider the transformation onze" and etermine the region in the ©- plane corresponding to th Sriangular region bounded ‘by #=0,y=0and x4y=1 in Solution Given onze ae viow tein (conf tain) ++ (Hed) afe-nethesn mentite when su E90) and oe 9 +. Flom () and @) w= —vorvm a when yOu Bandon te 6) Prom (8) and (4) us verveu FONGTIONS OF & COMPLEX VARIABLE when sty=ten se Now the region in both 2-plane and plane is shown betow ztyet xed Paes es = plane Fig. ‘Tho triangular ropion R in —plane is transformed into the region R’ of plane bounded by v=u,o=—u and v= From the figure @=2e'f performs a rotation of R through an angle of 45". Example 6 Find the imago of the triangle with vertices at flshi-tin the 2—plane, under the transformation. @ onses4-2e @ wnseea-2 ausivese++e-29 =Ox+4+1@~2) Ah pid tee nha nnnnhaa..(a) Wend Gey eety= 048 3 re0;ye1 sutiondee onasi ) ents dewsyersi seeayer Su tin=@+4)+iG-2) sents © enti ed eset sreaye surivet-5i Sz = 244i) stants) ero-2040 }e-aeteeo 2 4.78 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS J Foro} [Feed] 8, .20-1][Soteoe] FUNETONS OF & CONPLEK VARIABLE @ went a) snoye seste (Foe u(Ssissa) (Fe). (Ee) © wears Gey seared weve (E21 Ju (E edness) wattn( dPene)u (Toes) teri. : Ge eatgys-2 naete(dFrae-a)ss( dew) XL INVERSION AND REFLECTION odae oro Iteere!® and o=Re? ti1:78 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PAFITAL DIFFERENTIAL EGUATIONS. a) ardte ty ° woneLandgn ‘Thug the point P(7,0) in the 2~plane is mapped onta the [Hence the transformation is an inversion of x and followed by reflection into the real axis. nesteicaly On} oem weet, pia ct dar) Let the circle x*+y?+2gx+2+C=0 (1) be in i -— mptage cpt agit (ata af get Jeowe wor aa * (ate) } ‘This is the equation of circle in plane. This shows that 2 drele in 2~plane tranaforme to another ccle in @~ plane LS aman Teh tn ines 2-94 |= mar On mein FUNCTIONS OF & COMPLEX VARIABLE we aeegtgandys. The given curve fs |2—2/ | =2 or Letiy-2i] 02 sletig-nl=2 sero-ae4 tay tan dyed eitey-20 90) Which is @cirdle in the 2~ plane with centre at (0,2) and radiue 2. (On substituting and y in equation (1), we get tte Pe ee ee” sutetesvuterdyao sutecharayeo since ut yu%w1a1+40=0, « straight line whic . since atste at hich Le th Beample 8 Find the image of |=+1|=1 under the mapping Solution ortorusion ct z me usw 5a FF LOPOnOOOMOane. r “paanner1.00 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL, EQUATIONS: Given festlen eo lerpey ler ee wteytan etaytezsco attyte ne =tusi-0 2 BY example 0 vader the transformation we, detrmine the ] ‘region in @~ plane of the infinite strip bounded by Hsy s: Solution “3 15 From the transformation = 2. wwe have en tg and yet. 2 a tye} tien se} ee etunonut seertad eye} then = we Peutezued evteeettet ie yok then ewonea? and it yed then aca le chew at th nts oe sy hn FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE sar => plane is transformed into : the region betwoen the two circles evs zed and ute (o+2)%= 1 with centre (0,~2) and radius 2 and centre (0,-1) and radius 1 reapectively in the o plan ee oolre + Fig. ciple 10 Show da he tresirmation b= rane giclee and straight lines in the + plane int ces o trait lines in the @—plane. Which circles in the = and simierly [Now consider the equation 7 aig htberatdad ay1.82 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL, EQUATIONS 1f a0, @) representa a circle and if a0, it represents a straight line Under the transformation «=, (1) becomes bee G0) dated +buZateeo nf) If d#0, (2) represents a circle in the @~ plane and if 4=0, (2) representa line. Let us discuss the various eases in ‘Seta i) Let @#0,d#0. Then (2) is a circle in the 2—plane not ‘paseing thsough the origin #0, (2) ie also a cele in tho B= plane not passing through the point @=0. Hence the trantrmaton w= map cde ot pasalng though i the origin in the 2-plane into a eile not passing through the origin in the «plane i Let a#0,d0. Then (1) is a citele in cpl Peed theads Beta 2.8 She ast a Ei plot yalty though he on wo. Hance Ga; Scene cere aeetas eet, © Peacemee nee ag ike IS art ee dee ede a iro rane ti Leta 0jd0, Thon (D fa lne inthe plane not icgtheagh Sn ign jie se ho lane ees es cee in tn —plane Ler iaiag Cw Be odes cece ces SL is eae a0 40) Leta O,dw0. Then @) i 8 Hw Songh the ori i Se ISVs Bh 2 tne omg ae one tbe ant, hin iain per tough = 0 a mae Ss In tours te erg oo {ee cnet ing coe of idl, We cn ty tnt te sev eencrmatn oh segs writ circles, into circles. It is called a circular transformation. FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE IV. THE TRANSFORMATION o=¢* Let onf()euriond ne”? : =e (cosy isin) Honce uae cory vee" siny G0) Zstany a) and Bavted* 5@) Lines parallel to the x- axis have the equation yeconstant, "So their images in the @- plane aro ‘tan (constant) = constant = (689) (ie) vm hu. ‘Thete are & pencil of lines through the origin. Lines paralicl to the y-axis have the equation =~ constant = C (say) x= y=o oz plane ‘Thelr images are u+u%me®, which are a system of circles concentric with the origin. 4a potoder, the ine y= crreponds to o= 0. The lina x=0 tants image the cle u?+ v1. The line y= corresponds to the tae Satan E eon Oe em mnnoPrnnneneannef! ste d Gd te a ous Ppa “J 9 a al oe x. al? _« al . @L? te Ml al? al? {8 COMPLEX VARINOLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Gowen, 7 “The line x= 1 correspond to th cncle x? +o® ac, Hance the rectangular region bounded by the Unce #=0,<=1,y=0,y = ‘map ento the sector of & rng aa shown inthe figure bounded iy ‘he Unes 0=0,0=u and the cls w+ v=], whee Not ‘Mapping of simple figures Tian 1 The straight ne =e (cine, Roe [Unit eee, R= 2 |Uoper hat plane, paste = 0) Region between 9'=0,9'=% Region between y=0,9=n |Lower haf plane, Lat cinu sina in iy) Su riv mein cosy + cons sin iy 2 ein zoe hy +f conxein hy Bauating real and imaginary parts, we get scons sin hy @ —H From (1), we get eins = a From (2), we get con 35s 2, staat 2 int encom a + FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE tas wea hy tinny 7 Ity=e (Straight Unea parallel to x-axis) Wesinnte Equation (4) is an’ellipee which fa in @~ plane Hence th straight ines y=6, fm the #~ plane are mapped {nto the confocal elipacs fa the 6 plane, Case 2 Let us eliminate y From () eon hy a From @) ain hy «2 Now coe Ayman tye Eo 9) Ure (trait nes parallel to 9~ axis) where A? ain & and B= coe?® Bqwation (6) ie & Hypertoa in the @~ plane. Hance the straight ines xe in the x plane are mapped toto confocal hyperbola in the plane:1.88 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Cate 5 Let x20 in Ge uno The stright line #=0 fe mapped into the straight tino 0a theo plane : Case 4 Let y=0 in (2) s¥=0 ‘= The stright line y=0 i mapped into the straight line 0 im the a= plane. Example, 1 Show shit mie tansfomaton sein, rea Peete Wane" Solution Given 2 =hein aari-hein wri siyeh Inn weosho + cos usin ho} yokes usinke ome oonis ince tatu scone — a O° Feaie Paints If e=€ (Given) Lines parallel to u~ axis) ay ye et O° Femi e” rine which is the equation of confocal ellipses. Hence the Lines Parallel o'u~ ani are mapped cata the confocal allipect unenos VARIABLE, wa Example 42 Show that o=sinz transforms the semt-infnite (0 0c425,y20 onto the first quadrant of the © plane W ~w2exed, Solution ‘Given a= sins sutwenin soy oj tom ain x cos hy + cos ln hy Suseins e06 hy jvm e08 ean hy © Given O22 =4/2,720 when #=0 and y>0, we gat uO and v20. 0 onto the upper o~ plane when x=8 and y20, we get u20 and v=0, 69 Given SFexe%y20 We know that u «in cos hy vaca sin hy Ite Bandy 20, we get um ~ Leon hy 0 wheny 20 0) 420 and v=onse i bee os > we BPS ~ 2e22ece, ieoB and y20, we get weein Econ hy 20 wheny 20 Ge) w20 and v0 ‘Vi. THE TRANSFORMATION e= cor jst iow e+ bn coe on yin a hy ss unconzeos hy 9()j¥= ~sinesin ky +) Case 1 Let wa eliminate = senso Now cos? six Ga Payee FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE. v9 xa k 0:88 asia?) i ‘the eauition of ence the stright line y= (ines tex ‘mapped tnto‘cnfoeal lipees, eee Cave 2 Lat ws eliminate y (0) cont and Case 8 If <0 in (2) wo gut o=0 = The stright ine 2=0 be ‘mappa nto the seraight Hine vin the © plane. Case 4 1200/2 in.) we got wo (ia) The straight tine x=4/2 is mapped ints the wright Nine 20 fn tae plan1.00 COMPLEE VARIASLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS VIL. BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION A Transformation af the form o=t224 ts eaed « Bilinear tranefrmation, also kaown as Mobius traneformation, famed after Mabion who wae the Sirs to atudy about this. ‘hn alee be called ae Linen fractional treneormation. formation ean bo expressed awa a vig ‘is tranformation ie cna oly when $20 sedate 4g erat ba, ad-Be00 Mod ten0, eve pot Sn the 2 plane fs « cite spondence between all pointe of the?" plane and (euplane provided we include the potats at infinity in the fopanes Invariant points of Bilinear transformation 1s map ite nt Gin, om) tan on S222 sires ented Gane rd-aenbuo FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE ‘The roota of this equetion are defined as te invariant (OF) ‘tend pnts of the Bilinear transformation. foe 1, CL=EDEI= ig jnowm a the erse-atio of the four Note Gi=sp Ga=20 @ MO 2. Gros ratio of four pints tx invariant (unchanged) in ‘tines tranformatien Proof Lat the poate 4.29.29 and 24 ofthe #~ plane map onto the points ©, Op oy snd ty of ©~ plane respectively under the ‘itinear transformation «= 258, then to prove that (ojo) (yap _ 1-29 p=20) Gero) 0) Gea #) EAD We now that = 22123 510,284 te @ bilinear transformation ened Now em-er-| ied | [ened led = bey) Gardens O . (ed— be) ey~20) iain 80 Eryeav ent Sd) 0) (om = ag a OPO a8 mao OD AOD OO Treen sD ear Oe ATD simaarly : (od ~ te} ey-29 eu-2)) (22-80 (4-9 - Beers erate TD to Dg 129 (05~ 0) 1~39 p—2 Now @ 7 (o=wp ei-O) “= 2) EAD sunt, ttle of ur pola He Invariant under @4 f 4 foor “We a << moe G BEL 2 hoi PLLe i cate he “Ut COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL OIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [Note $The Bilinear transformation which transform the points Tittnas of 2 plane respectively Hato the points yyy of co plane (o=0p(o~e) _e-2) 62-29 ep e-o)” des) Proof We know that the bilinear transformation is given by since 0,1 ae the images of #1 2,85 Fepecively, wnttith 4 ante, assed (od = b)24=29) 0 Now eas Grad jae =boea=29, @ Mendieta ed=boe=29) 8) ea erdente) (ad — bey teg=2 w ae (od baieg=2) 8 Geared G29 -2y od ~te? woe) Biden dened * BHO Gs-O" _ ay=2dGs—D ed = be Brdenrdenr den nap es "aad (o-ep op =~ Gao) oO)” =D ELD stving the shove eqton even the pnt tpt a ‘ey.on0 we ge the bilinear trnaformaten «= 55. FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 193 Example 15 Find the biueer transformation which mape the paints #=0,-h-1 into @= 43,0 Oy=h.o7= 1,050 ‘The bilinear traisformation is got by using the relation (9-0) (p= t)_e-2) ane) (1-09 @= 0) =D e=2) ae=pa=2 TO=e)"Orat=t=H wrest. 20-5 Wie" ass = (o-0(-)d+e=e20- CD e@rer-(-ta)maz 1-1-2 mtantos-2-2o- 3h = -tostorates Socteinetee potnte Tp~ 12 onto 0,2,=1 respectively. ne Sotation, (Given syn .t9 ~iysy=2 and 01% 009-209 ac Tin Mon Wh reed tO wing he (one) a)_@=2) 6-19, @-a@-o Ge) 2) ee Naim, (ine G+0a==) 29040 e-Nas! Ferd "e=naen one) Tero" e=3, sede Da2@+0—-04196 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL OFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, S06 -2412-29=2(@2-9F8—9 ortwe-210-202-21242160 a rertois-2ie=216-1) So(-rste-2p=2i@-0) FE SPAG; 1 tho required transformation. Example 16 Find the bilinear transformation which mapa the points 0, Into the points =, i,1 respectively. Into what furve the y= ania Is tranelormed to thie transformation? Sotution sng the relation $202 = 90) (69) 29) ‘ing the relation (oye) (= 0) =H) Ga-2) We gt the bnear traseormaton ere y= tg=0%y-f tnd + The required transformation Sa (e2né-W, GDO=i Siew Coe eran een Sa050" 3 0822 OreD ano -2 a+na-5" 2 Sr 9(-90-9=0-9 6+) SD el-er+!-)-@ri-e2-0), meriorsistens-it@z+aled SOUsizerspe 1ntesest ana \ a-ne~ ashes woken ee io which tranaform [Example 16 Find the Bilinear transformation which t fhe poate su, dnt the points w= 0,s,~ Feepectvely Solution een Given sym 42 "i290 and @=0, 035 ‘The transformation which is required fs got by using the relation foneptey-oy =a Ga=29 =e) 0) "=a =H) since the pointe wy and =; are infinity = @=90-0, -a-44- @-)0-0) "a-9O=s Example 17 Find the Bitinear transformation which transform the paints 2= 0,1, into wal, iy seepecthely, Solution Given 2) ¢02¢21 and g=—5 ho," ~Land oye =i ‘The tranafrmation which is required in got by using the =ees~23) == @e=2)ZA am oS _ See wee SE 2&3 Py SEbUEOUE mm blll wi n sane So al? al* ying toe Mall ~ an? 1.86 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL OFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS @-9(-20( + Go,) == 149, PDE Set (since 25-9 ond £0) eID . armen’ Da-5 seatayetse 8 ig spe rquird transformation = E2E sa the required transform Example 18 Show that the trantomation w= 223 chngse the circle 22492 d4e~=0 foto the straight lines 44-480. Solution Given = 2223 wor-t-22-3-0 Sre-nato+3 FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE wer srdione Set sl oh et (Se) (Se Sr} ‘mderbatsertteern@-neusegannes ceaezetieemsen Stroemasane Sieemstce clinsinsw=micaee seacoast 43 6440-s5+20-6)-0 Pe Hones the tannin 2-222 changes the cin Pasta den0 inna eit 4030 Example 19 Find tho mapping of the y-axis ey the Given 0ST er41 a)sEtetuno ‘This ie» dice with its entre on the real axl, Example 20 Find the fixed points of the transformation ‘The fixed points of the tranaformation are dich that the image of Fs 2 ae, Put on# ln the above transformation, we get 2222 i sra-aatte ae-P-a-2n0 etetn0 sez £1 are the Gxod points, Example 21 Find the bilinear transformation which mapa the points a=2ejefandsy= 2 into” the points Gynt, ey=tandoy= 1 Solution ‘The bilinear transformation Se got by ving the reason (o- op (o~0) _e-29) @2~29) (= 0) @-@)" G59) . aes ene B=D(- I=)" B= (=2- 199 a) e@=btaee,. Cass sonein on FG=5)+ (6+ 18) i the required transformation. 4, Find the Image of |= ]=2 under the transformation oueeaeat ‘Ane. (= 9400-37 a 2. ad the tage of |2—21 | =2 under the mapping om} Ans. Av+1e0 Sma DEer2) qi _1 7 about z=1 1-27 Solution. O@m@ig sth = 1=A@-1)+BZ Putz=0 b = Az-1l Put z=1 = Bel COMPLEX INTEGRATION =f@=-tey Soe Z-G-atino 2=AG+2+BE+)) Put z=-1= -1=A Put z= -2—-2=-B = Bozretina TZ 2.48 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS orem -teezts 1 2 G+2-t *2+2 1 2 I-@+¥2) *@+2) 2 =f- -i a-@+ ates F@)= A+ E42) 4 +2)? +m) Hoe ifoclz+2 <1 Gi) F@) = —d 1 a-a a+ tt _ 2a-2)*2asy ‘To expand f(z) about z=1 =f@= 2. QO OK re ee ~ \ \ \ Lod LLL LLLILELELLR COMPLEX INTEGRATION =3 1 Sf@= 7-H *BE-14B 1 1 “2E-D*y recess “i eo) 2 z=1 --ae-p*4 (+ Be i} 2 1 za1),(z=1 as th-( 2 }( 2 ) a 2 a [ 242 ¢-1-€= 1 eas i[-d+te y-"a *I6e-Y - ] = cape = EM ear tito tena lez wo =f@= —£+4___, find the Laurent’s series (+8) @-1) expansions in the region Example 8 If f(@)= @ o4 Solution z+4 A B c a=—2t4 - AB FO" Taye-e 2+8 2-1 GF = Z+4=A (@~1)?+B +3) @-1)+CE+3) Put 25-3 1 eles Aaag Put z=15=4C 5 3 OngSREEEEETELELELELELELEG 2.50 COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Put 2=0= 4=A-3B4+3C ae 25 4a 75-884 1-485 +60 a4ni te = 64-60-1= -48B 3% Bm 48 1 B= -36 1 1 5 =f@-"Es5 WEe-) 4e-y In 0< | 2-1] <4,Putz-1=u sezcltu 5 1 1 =fO-euIH wu a? 4, Putz-1=4 ! eenttu ce 1 1 5 =fO=Teury Tou au? mlul>aoaclul =fe=ea 1 =4 Tee 5 ston es oe | ae . Example? Find the Laurent series expansion of 2 for PONT DED @ islzl<2 ww |zl>2252° COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL Equary IONS Solution fe= Ar+B ,Co+D CD ea 2741 Pea 2 =AZ+B) @? +4) + (Cz4+D) 2241) Comparing z°:0=A+C> A=.-¢ Comparing 27;0=B+D= B=-pD Comparing 231-4446 Sls -40+0 =-2 = c--2 “ael = A=3 + Comparing constant ; 0=4B+D =0=-4D4+D = D=0 = B=0 =f@=-—j#—-—# 3@*+1) 3@7+4). wdoest gad (s-(3 J A 2! Y Faceted 2 4 -#(-) 0) ~-) z 2 30+2) 3@%44) Given |z|>2¢2)2<| 2] =|2/<, ‘COMPLEX INTEGRATION oan Laurent’s expansion of 10 Find the f@)=2" el aboutz=0 Solution Feya2ev= Example 11 Obtain the Laurent’s series for ae tO paee @lzl<1 @i2 Solution . 1 A_,Bz+C 1O- Tp ary Ft2 aae =o 1=A(142")+(Bz+O)+@+2) Putz = -2 21a Ast f aside dh sss sdase2.54 Put 2=05 1-a+0c =1-de2c =2cn4 = ond Comparing z7;0=A+B =B=-A = Bel 5 2 et 185 sR Sash Bae @In lz]<15 <1 z 2 si Es rect (2+8 EULUUTTTITIT TTT ATID ea eat } ~Zarey-t 420424 MOT ela anna? Geeta mean devi | a COMPLEX VARIABLES & PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS COMPLEX INTEGRATION a Example 12 Expand /(@) = 3— ‘ona in the regions 0<|z-1]| <1 and 1<|z| <2. in Laurent’s series, valid Solution 1A B @-HE-H “2-2 *2-7 f@= = 1sAG-)+BE-2) P Put 222 = sé Put z=1 =1=-B ae eo fe "7-2" z-1 @Ino<|z-1] <1 Put z-lsu senltu ate atee [oaerune Vanaas 6 navn one neon aia =fe=-74;-2 =-@-wt-Fino1geyi - ala =, t ala Ww a * a Gi) sinz aboutz =0 22441 2, Obtain the Taylor's series for (te) = 275 Ans. 2¢-H+2@-0+ Pl aa 3. Obtain the Taylor's series for the : - = Fe) =p yy about sf Ane. -} (gee one Meet 2.87 about 2 =i [sah geah Jeo function MOP PPHOP I OHHH MMH AH HA AAA ao