Foundations-I (MA2103) Assignment No. 1 Instructor: Asok K. Nanda Negate cach of the following statements. 1, 32€S 5 loves her 2.VrEeS,syeT 5 zlovesy . WreS,andVyeT, x loves y .VWaeA, aeB a fF » de> 0 dD ete>y . No rich man is intelligent. . A man is rich only if he is intelligent. . Ram is rich and intelligent ow roe . Ram is rich or intelligent. 10. Ram is either rich or intelligent but not both. 11. There exists a woman who loves every man. 12. For every man there exists a woman who loves him. 13. For every man there exists a woman such that whenever he asks her to dance she agrees. 14. For every € > 0, there exists a positive integer m such that for all n > m and for all x € S, |fa(x) — f(z)| < €aye QrA(Fnes s m loves hen) = Wx ES ,9(m leven hen) ©VHES, ndoesnt love her. @rVxES, Ty ET Dn bvey) = Janes D7(ayeET > alevesy) > Jnes > VyeT a (ahve y) =yunes aVyél, 1 doenn4 love y. Gr (NxES, and Vy ET, » lovery) = Jn€ES om Ayet 2 ndoemt bevey. Ga man is vich only if he is @alve eA, 968) eas ie in keltig ent) G 78 ? ner bed ig ake Sef of fick men = Ver0, NES) Bis the Ser ot agtetigent wa (vn en xe) - & Fi @(Nno rich man is infelligent) Let Ais the Set of mich men Bb B and B is the Sef of inkeligeat cach ant aly eA, % #8) 2 anced 2 n6B @r{Pam is rich ond integttger’ ay (neha n68) o uy gAVAEB ei rot neither rich Dera nor inbetigenteyam is either rich on infeligend ) "Tt \ a(meA v1e8) e afA v1 6AB Ram is not wich and intel ent @ = (Ram is er . . (Pam is either mich om indelligent but not beth) a (16A vHeB > X14 anf eae EAS TIS SAB, aga ange, XEAMB - Ram is net mich and a ipkhigend but bel, oO We=Sel of Wemay | Me Set of man a (dw ew,Favn €M pw loverm) = Vw ew @@, Am eM? doasn’t leven @alv mem, dwew ow leven ) - mem > VW EW, Wl docan’t love. m , Same beve, / & én a ae change do denier, OW £70, 1 eppiieeerstegrom 6 Z € Nm ANHES, [gad — 4@l<) z deo @ Vmez', nim Vy ques 2 pjatrl fo] ™EFoundations-I (MA2103) Assignment No. 2 Instructor: Asok K. Nanda 1, Determine whether the following are tautologies. (a) (A= B) > B) > B) (b) (A> B) = B) = A) (c) ((A> B) = A) =A) (d) ((B = C) = (A= B)) = (A> B) (e) (AV(GBAC)) = (Ae C)v B)) (f) (A= (B= (B=) (g) (ANB) = (AAC) (h) (A @ B) & (A (B A))) (i) (A= B) A(B= A)) (i) ((A = B)) = A) Nn . Determine whether the following pairs are logically equivalent. (a) ((A => B) > A) and A (b) (A @ B) and ((A > B) A(B = A) (©) (7A) VB) and (4B) V A) ) (A(A & B)) and (A & (-B)) (e) (AV (B @ C)) and ((AV B) (AvC) ) (AS (BS C)) and ((A> B) & #(A=>C)) g) (AA(B & C)) and ((AA B) & (AAC)) h) A= B) and (-(A A(7B)))Asignnent-2 a)(((A 28) =7@) =78) Le it be not a tevto legs Ty posible ((A>B)=>8)=>B) Sometimes be'F? So, (ABB) be Tag op peg ” eF. From this WS we Can See. (A=rB) mvt be F. Heqee _Heqee. (A,p02(T'F’) given ‘F’ So, His get a vhlcys don acme iven statement . D) AB (AB) (Ane) =7B) (48998) AD early T Tr °° T OF F + v FT Tr r 7 FOF T a £ pera) is nota Hence (A> B) =7 8 trv legs oar asaya) Let it be net So, (AB) PAI is therefore (A> Bis F toute hogy . “7! ond A is F’ and Ais’ igpauible, thos He en shrtement put it is is adwhlegy. (pao) > (A=78)) > (AB) p q A BC (aa). (829 (B20) A78) qa) Te T ¥F ta i E 7 F ol T & FT F T F EF ao por F T T 1 Hence tH is net n trvbolegy.%) (av (Ae) = (A OVE)? Let it not be a tutlas- se, (Ava) beT and ((Ae v8) beF. + Se omy Bis 'F’ Lets check if (TEF) CRT) Satisfy tis © dite, sty Hs and (head be F! (TBP) Setisty. Hence. (A,8,¢) =(TAPD So this is not a beblqy. (BF T) 5 Fi yi 4) incomplete 5) (a(aeray) A) D (An) 2 (anc) rel net pares tet it net be a teviology. Ais: nnd (Aagyis T | (Ane) F be (Ane)) BT AT B-T ACF, ¢-F- aan / QQ ia (aoy= (FT) tm] assib le. | ibis Pet leg 9 So, not » teblep || nh) aA BB ARP ro3 as ee en! ace Comma) T rr F F F T \ fl pT F F Tv E | 4 pF OT Tv F [= 4 got a tvblqy, 4 1) (Ure) Ae) L a BARB Beh (Aav8l.a(8 7A) | Taek a ir . | Tr F TF F | oe oo Lia | FF ee ! | | when dohlqy7B (AsB)rA - Se, leqically eqvivalenh . ASB AyB BA (AB) A (8-7A) So, lepically equivaleg k. A BA) 38) a(nyvB -1(8)VA i i ie F - TOF F is F fe rr Po oF & fg Su, leqicelly nok equivalent: A 8 Aer) cava TOT TOF FT a . ‘ 2, leg Cally not equivalent (8 aos ae) 4 (Ant 3) Ce) Ae te . of +T p>? =f ie is rt rr , valeqf 4 5 legion eqse) CA ve) &7 (AVY A Bec AN (B&>¢) Trt | TTF | TFET TRF FTT FTE FFT FFF Vagicety equiVallent. [with the help ef 4 online trvth debit qreend ABC (A =y(B8¢>0)) (AB) & (420 TTT # TTF F ec | TET ie e TRF T Tr Feat Tv - falak A T $0, leyically FET T 6 ! FFF L equivellent | A BC A n(Ber0) (Ae) a(aere) } TTT F | TTF F | TRT F | TRF r PTT F FTF a reT Fe FFF T 5o, legiently not eqivelents = s s a * Foundations-I (MA2103) Assignment No. 3 Instructor: Asok K. Nanda Define a relation R on the set P of all people by taking zRy to mean that x and y have the same age. Is this an equivalence relation? Show that the relation ‘>’ (greater than) on the set of real numbers is transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric. Give an example of a relation of a set which is (a) symmetric and transitive but not reflexive; (0) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive; (c) transitive and reflexive but not symmetric; (d) symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive (ec) transitive but neither symmetric nor reflexive; (f) reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive. (g) reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Show that, the subset {(1, 1), (3, 3), (5, 5), (7, 7)} of the Cartesian product A x A, where A={1, 3, 5, 7}, is an equivalence relation. Let A and B be two sets such that A x B has 6 elements. If Ax B contains the ordered pairs (1,4), (2,5), (3,4), find Bx A. For any three sets A, B and CG, show that Ax (BNC) = (Ax B)N(AxC) For any sets A, B,C, D, show that (ANB) x (CMD) = (Ax C)N(Bx D) Find which of the following relations are reflexive, symmetric, transitive or equivalence relation. (a) Set of all similar triangles in a plane. (b) Set of all perpendicular straight lines in a plane. (c) Set of all parallel lines in a plane. (d) Set of all integers. (i) afb if and only if Ja~0] ! is not neflexive iif Ary the yA thys dhe pelaten is not Sy mmetric fii) bot i ary, pe this leads 4 APZ. Se the nelation °>' is tramitiv ¢ 3 (a) Symmetric and tranoitive but not reflexive ! Let a relation be defined on Z by am aRb if and only ab #0 (a,béZ) —> Symmetric: ab+o = bata ie if aRb the bRa » framitive + ab+0, be+0 > @E- 1040 oy not veflense > affo vay reflerive and Symmelnic but _net denote E Tet a nelsticn R be defined om Z by aRb if 2] a-b om 3]a-b 0 bez ‘ 4 _s symmetric! 2) a-h , shana, > 2] boa gja-b > 3lbo* pyran fae rien pebbet, CEE TAS, 5R2Z byt 162 ng vafiertte! (4-4, 3|b-b2 Inamibive and ne{lexive but of Symmetric The relation of ‘gion R. () Symmetric bul neith ey nefleaive non brramitive!. Led Ax 45,64) defined a relatim Ron A om R=156), OO C5) 3 o) Aremitive byl neither Symmetric non reflexive = qne ne lntion (Zin R p neflesive bet neither Symmetric nen _tranaitive Let A= {5.67} defined » reletim Ren A mm R={EI,6.0,(b0 J P peflexive Symmetric, tramifiv’ . On 2't celation R is defined st if and only a ond b oddvaRb- Ang “both ever, of both a 5. Ewily we Coq defined the Sets. A -441,2,3) p {45} pxA 24GB AM 49S FSVED} Soles nplene ia singilayy trineg tne in lone Syme » all popendical on ajatiel Viqen 14 a plang > [eqivalagce Felatay Es of all ep Set ot atl_in tegen! — and only if [n-b| Sb 7 neathing | i) aRb of i) aRb q. 3 pane u ¥ ab [tramikive, Symme G Jin 4 4 = 4 a 5|ab equivalence relat o| ach even, Mb EZ fequivelege relation] Hay aRb x 4 4? 8 mis adivisen ott Ae N ranaitive. © Texi Ve vy) aeb a4 Nn Be o 8 T]Bat4b neflerive, Symm® leqce Relation, Here so R i © held Ax(gnc) =(Ax8) 9 (axc) pet 7% 6 Ax(BAC) eBNC a nel and 9 2 neh and (yc8 aad 966) (mech and 4¢8) and (acd and 96) = cngelx8) A un) eax) xa) (axe) 7 Ax BNC 2 (AxB) A(x) a, 9 a on the other wey pound, re (ny) & (Ax BA (Ar6) o> (49) elas) 804 ny) eed) > (nr th ond 368) and (seh and y€¢) 5 ca “ ae 9 €) (ae) A (axe) Ado tone) 51, AxBaY) = (4x8) A (Axo) my LAI) & AMFane) (C0) =(A xc) n (a2) bat ty) € (ANB) x (cnp) >> »E ANB and y & ComnDd er(neA and x€B) and GEC and yed) ned and ye) and (468 and ye0) S (nye Axe and Ln, 9) & QBx 2 in, y? € (Axc) (1G #0) Se, (AnB) @ * (cad) c (Axe) A (Bp) agai4d , Led Cny € (Ax0) 4 (@xD) a°, cn, pe Arc aqd (n/y)é BxD > a (ne As and yec) and (n€B and yed) cy (neh agd eB) ond (yesemd ye) cy NEAMB and ye END = (od) (ane) x (610) se, (An) 08%?) € (ne) x (cap) $e, (Aan) x Ce) = (Axe) ABrD)10. 11. 12 . Show that if any one of f : A B and Foundations-I (MA2103) Assignment No. 4 Instructor: Asok K, Nanda . Show that a map f can be injective, surjective or bijective depending on suitable choice of the domain and the range. . Check whether the following function is injective, surjective or bijective. (i) f :RR defined as f(x) = (ii) f :R +R defined as f(x) = “a wa . Let A be a non-empty finite set. Find an equivalence relation R on A such that R is a function. Is such an R unique? . Find a function f such that f : N—+ (0, 1] is one-to-one. . Find a function f such that f : [0,1] > [0, 1) is a bijection. . Prove that for two functions f : A> B and g: B — C, if both f and g are injective then gof is injective. . Prove that for two functions f : A B and g: B > C, if both f and g are surjective then gof is surjective. : B + Cis injective and other one surjective, then gof may not be bijective. . Let f : RR be a function defined as f(x) =x. Find inverse of f. Let f : (~00, 0] + R be defined as f(x) = 2?. Find f-1(z). Also plot the graph. Let f : A+ B be injective with a left inverse f-!: B + A. Show that fl is surjective and (f-!)" = f. Let f : A> B be surjective with a right inverse fT : B + A. Show that f-" is injective and (f-*)" = f. If possible, find f : A > B such that f is injective but not surjective having only one left inverse. . If possible, find f : A > B such that f is surjective but not injective having only one right inverse. . Show that the following sets are countably infinite.(a) A= {2n: nEN} (b) A= {n?: ne N} (c) A={All positive integers} (d) A= {2"3": m,n Ee N}fin ent ~s =. * Let See $5 (21,29) > R 4) = Sin() . eer is nene of the Sunjective inyeckve on bijectve- byt fi 2a 2a) > ( R is injective. and pers) > (04) is bijective Thus a map Can be injective, sunjective on bijective depending on the suitable choice of the domain and pange De i) gk R. tet qoreg) ‘ Par + Sonfeck ee yoy ne vnjeck ve nm range of f fy on, ny (y=) C47 Sine ny got . Soft, ne Set pyre $e, fi sigsstinn injective, gene fly) +) ot bijective. Siqce. food fl) tan. gat SurjecHve Since range of 4 is [o4)q. s A: Ne fo. 3, 47, is mel me. Atri ttr Say gore sf [ed Lo] gan { i, Oat gi Sig (294) is 8 bijection + eno} ee unique yoy, qt: A>->c tet igepon gh) yy) a, gg) = ar, fod fl) Sigce g is injective om ny Sin ce i Is tay ective thas qs is injective. Ae : eee beth Sunjective q. Since dee pe vege Tbe ct gre 0 and gaoe yen qaed ca forb. @ gem O ond @ yeee 4 até “st gcse eS om, eg? oe © ae, qed ‘s suapective -Z “9, fqjective , er . x 4° A > ; ¢ ju not bijective f S Sunjective I infective. S = A ait q x = get wt beste 9. FR aR pine n, inane’ of F f pill 10. gicaal > TAB poe en yam a + ¥ pte pron 4 m9 o see J is left ines of i Fut) -uyoa) 4 a 4 °, Be so, 5 ee Le ‘ Sa Fin ves) Lot Eee josh be -Li BA Sa ch apes. 44 s" (pee co, Gots senechive.Ji AWB Siqce q's fonction. ach Fees ot feb, ---O yoga fOr: tha from ports” YantA FEB SE spot tunis do {o' is SunjecHye aed PBA tet f" (») =f “*y) se FG POM) = FF OY om Ne ’ J So, $7" injective.ant EIN} “J thre is a biyethion finan sb fireen i So, Ais Countable. b) Aq(ntin en} Jina st pinjen is a bijection So OAS Covn table c) Agfa) paitive integer) ey ig the ne yined bipect gine ginyen ae ieee ries m3”: m, nen} a 4) A-{?ma a_a— Assignesenh = 4 5 \SMSLER Name - Sasonka Dawamah , eta No- ' ‘ / Cori dag Aled = svn fo len [2a) HAR TS wer Ahan sen tye va ocka'ye wus ONC on on) on Ga i, svany Ode by ede . bit Oe 1D pe yok vy adv | a, t{o) my (ep ee era wi weve. 2/ Gy ASR AR AGo) - wee vat Alm) < Alm) SA 2 5 Head a ‘ aad => yg Fy ES AAR AM mmr (mae ) ) Gio) (1,-a,) = G ei oe tr OLN So Ue. So the duende wok Wp ave, jm (zie ACE) bob 2 HE.t X 23 at Tu Sacaey dt aay ine 0 vat fi - 48% x a n” 29 cae rege aah dom IR _ Kok, geo VE, fw : tale Se, the pundionris nik Pen ed es ke an \wt CRE Ese rr ares | Lue wah deyedee anyweb nme de —— eS Am Bler- Rw) Var e IR, Alay) = han > lt to logit) logy +4 :) Lerten} 4 ley = boa LY [4 (a2 ) ley = load SDs fa il: mown) Sell Shy yay 4 yh nat tw adiveAl Ue R= fey we et the nddiiee Ro Re Alan) The natelitow Vs UmGne. CoE Ns (ea al Ai) = eye At 5 d> Loy] 3 Feel Pooh Als) = Ht _ ] gd. Ac Lak Coben = (at) (9) =) abel) = a( Als) oy flay = ACY) (ais wpatrve xe y (Ais MGat ve) ph bm injective , Tp AT AAR 3° RSC bth pan) odbiive Maa 9: G—o4C ms dave. NMcee, 4dtcea Bs.t g(b) ce in sre aa V4 mnjedive. NM beR REA 4 alae Bay ESCope GE ee a(acan= es > miler ey aac) Howe ah if ean edeee. | 4 & =) te) _— Jew pode 5 = san) obese IN B € eA Cs wk iy adre 4 sunjy edie Ss - in) eo & ay ACR aR AGIH™ fle dee v6] Alt = “I . 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Bx A =Beoag i| Ge IEMSO83 Arsignment <5 my aneyt3 ayez 2 YA-) = -)eYy Z A 0-4 The factors oy 4 are be pass 054) (09, C0 C4,-9, a 2) sd, the Sa o4 Diephartine eqn. clone 5,4), : (2,5),3.9,6 (0, -9), (3,0), (-t) -V. ae by a, ft Tae mans ne ne > Ghar 4 Natt (anal Cagy™ Ce ny As 95) a t 3 MtMtNy Hy Ce Oe at /4 eo + { 2 3 > Co, te Cra (aaa) "+ Gao) * iu a ‘ 3, oe (04s) x ees (5, rss) +604) ne a o 2 { | F (cdlendon+ 65 JOC) + (7) er) iy t é 4) ary bosy+ (4 owe) (ke) ) a0 ana 2% f+ [6a tag —Pnyag —3 27%, —L (my) 49 Wiad ae x #3 2tI As eo xdng + (anind bres + 24a a 3) Lp. enpantion (RHA, -3A5) °, wefficrent 4 AZ Ass a ne a8) = 30x 4x02) = ~ 360, 4) Mat M3= $j) Mado Met) +igty) + Outi) = 2 ay te tht t= (re -+() (4; Sv) Lag Ad ne) 9 aie pn HG ay ner-nug akin sal’ Fen CS aS cans) _|yt Aat 19 = 5. tye 2 sol g Fo fe Oo ln) = (f)= 6. Ow Ng ve 2 a 4 92 M4 th, 6) Gian. (aytagttgt ay)? = lam en at rnatira) 4 HEMET Ng PNG The re te Salter, im is the noo ren ee nd TL 3 the egn- MFM NSE AT . 744-1), oN @ tivrs an the expromemn = re Bane, a 5 = +n + Ns (am 13%) a aoe > (~ nan) snl (15) mp ythe thee 7 e 5 a 1 LE jostere bier (Salents Tos (A Jeraleasta(S,) ont oy (Jest 4% (ery cat a) Carte) +(e) inf ltt SA (3s) (af C45)", (5_) (om'Cat+65) (an) (yt a o 3 3/5, ee fans (3n5) 3.0, [5s nJCn"Con) + 6a) Gash + Ge) Oa 0) 5 og 3.20 SS 2 AF ABM H3aKP + 1SAGMy —Gorats +1029 +910", af ~ boadye + 240 Ai my + — t0 HEA +2709 % — Fi 2 ig % — 40a Ag + VOkOmORZ + PI + Toad ad Hi tAg t+ Ayt My =20 , i>RQ ~~) DAA) + UIg a) +(Aer9) +g a) 212 (Yeo Ai-2) wes] = f | \ Pty tery, 212 (7c%2) --4i) ; Naty cdegred Sol 2Nom ict SUB oolte (2h -| |. ae ) F185 ors |ex 22s , a “us all 8) + at tm 3 (0A) + (AS) + (%5-4) +(ay-9) > Y, Tet tye ui) No. F rah Lot” Bf (i) ral ee) ool’ 4 tu —t 44) > 1 RD, An, + 3A, - 4a, ‘) aon E> e+] , LL AAS. “ y>R, Aa dB, 194 AGS Y, =Ay-a 4y =Ag—3 43 = Ag-4 = WG-GAdiptn Pal 15MS093 fh ors-I ) ») Aetugnment-3 Grivers Riz{ Oy J EPP randy have He some eget Revere Ri an equivalence relation | (i) Far abl MEP: a raust have Aame age asa herself “@AYER Vac? SRS we W Let (Wer So a and b howe Aare age > hand a have tame “ge > &MER Ru Ayrmediic W)bek i W9eR. age on & and chave Lamenge Sa cade hare fame ose as h Pa ande have hare age 2(a,cjeR Ria dreasitive nee Ri ce and beanie oo Bence Ri rezlesive ,agmnmebre arch , Ros an equivetenee Given: >=f{Coy ERXR : JoeRt d yee =n9 , c Jc but Te verify 1 yw net replenive werand Aymme 2 beach i) yaeR; fae > Aine A =atD whore OE Rt Bo fy ret replunive.. W Lt &YE>. “Jig 9 aabte, Ubae > 2b rt hawe b=atc, fer ert. Shep ee +e > o14 co But ids cnt fosible sine cy RO SAA ERT 9. ha d@d 14 not Dy ramebnr: ,EL 4), GLY ED. (iii) let eRt a aakey &heote,. FJ Cy fe Saactyte acne a where 6.2 ter |e? oS os bracsifve . A 3) All « les are geen wort. the Bet AHL, 2, Here AXA =f01,1), (229,(3,3), (42), (21), 69), (3 G 2a ©) Zorometric and trrasibive but not relonive R= (23),(3,2), (209 \ ©) raflenive and aymenhre. butnet bansitine R- t (22), V), 3), (2,9), (4,21, Cha, (0. (2) tranitie aad reflexive but net symmetri R= {C4 0, (2 2D 29} (4) Aupromnetrc bud-necther reflenive ner brancitine i ={Qa), aif. ©) hecihive but neither Symmibri. nor veglenive. R= S00, 9}. PD rebenive bu neither ayrounedrte nov dranucbive R- {(Ud, @ay, (3A), (a, ,1,9,(2,3)4 @P TH lenive, sedis aad Lran’ke R- tC, 0,@ : . > 221, (3.3), YU a)¥.4) Griven: A={13, 5,34 Re {C1,0),(3.9), (5,5), (4, DI. C AKA wale! Re an 5 De a Vnea ie KELLaS FE, (a 0)-ER. RG rylerive . ce We ne gene fet (ae) Wah ory ins rise nuretric CH) In R, woe. ae net tarsctive Se Res tranche Cvecnoutly ue) AR a replenive, ay morebic aa SR me ily, BAM eae we Te 63d 22) 5) Guven: Aye has 6 oloments C64) G5), (5,4) are element oy Axe OAL and : seni et lepers i fin ponte a corti dab jor Ane 7D eon Bhadr voxdioolie pall Ne eae rey ne 70 g olement On AK BA = £G0 24,9, GO, 2 (9. 4) Te showy Fev § sch A,B,¢; A x(bne) =Axe)a(axc) . let GW) € AK(BNC dacr wh b EBM Sack Abbess bec) 2 @eAnbeg A CEANCED 3 aeQe)eAx® A (44) EA XC 2 @HE AXOM EY. Ax Bae) €Ax9) 0 OO) ~--t)Let (6d) eaxa) a (Axe) Sade AXB A (ce, dJEAXL dea Ades) A (ecAndec) SceA a (deb Adec) XccehA A dEBNC X,Y EAx (bre Axa naKy © Ax(BNd---ay From &Y & (i), we get Ax (ng = (axa) OAXY 7) Gyeven; Fev ong Rot ABD} Tear Ane) x(end) = (Ax 0 (4xd) Let GL) © (ANA) «CONE 3 acAne A bE Cad 2 ear abl) A (hEcA bed) > Reh ALEC) A (eA LED) 2 GE AKE A b (a6) E Bx? 2 (oY € (axc) N(BXD) ANB) KCeaDC xe) n (6xd) (a) Lk (ba) exe) n(exd) ? (baJeAxc A (pa) C8xS PEA NZ EC) A (pebAzED) SEA Abed A (HEC Aged) > peAnd A qecaD I(ba)e Cané x Cond), Axcyacaxd) < 09) * (ean) _ ay From (0) & (hy « | (Axe) a6 xb) =GN4)xccnd) Bgq / / 9) a) Act 4 all xem lar tranglus wn a plane =A Vachs, sa Ae Lg gence tack Bank nee Reps » ett Aen reofteaive. Ci) Led (ate As Sa and Lave sunmdlar beargles 4 b an are siruler triangles S(t Aga ayn Is (ee Led @k), (Lge As. Paand bk are similar trengles ancl b pear ore ke Jn and care beth smilarh brange o Daand care Acmriler Ertangles AYE ds “Lg a transtine (Ag ib an equivalence relation DY) be og abl perpendicular straight eft Dek 4 alle pene IE WVael ;@ag L, Sine a dine cad bi perpendclar by shelf Ltn net reflexive i ndisley fo be i) Lek dau ea Shu patter dee a(kaye Ly - er B Aigennoedr Cit) Let Cab), BOEL eae ese ee ee ee ple dy tack other > wand C cark he trb cath ether fare Hh rag La Beebo8) Bek op Ah perellel dines in a planes | | OVael; (aae Ly dere cach Line boy | perallel do GUM. Ly is refleccive. W) Lebla,W © Ly, 50 a and; b are favelled by other. >t enda ane parallel be each ether ahve l,. : Le o Ayprorache . Wht Gt) € Ly anal (50) € Ly, Sa andl ave bare and CR Care far oa tied © ee both. berallel bo et a > @ end c ere arellel de each ether > @yY é ee 9). pe Men yerccrce) Ly w an equivalence rable A) owe R= {aweZxZ: eH] eo}. ff ive Let @ ty ER. ae V (yLJER, « counter exernple i GER gerue po] = 4s bit (EVER 3 [6-3] =4 ae Rig nok mre @) ww) Rix {eWeexZ: aght. OVaeZ a eR une aaa. Ru veplenive © Lek (ate BR Dat Dh ta > (ke) CBR Ru Aagrrerater’ © lteyer wed ER SB oFk oadl Bk ths drut chs sredly a fe A ceuri 4) and G3 ER but Bay ¢ JR net bansihie A) Riz fae rez: abu ducal by 5. Ove , 4 ree, ee A-an0 = 54py @ lbepeR -@& a-h = Sk (er terme kez) eee = 5k! (k'z-b) ez "Gey eR. Res wel Symenebric © beet), oe, Pab=Fm k-e sfn (mn ez) 2 TEED aed eR. Re rersitire Riv an tquivaliner rebateDadi) R= {Oy E AZ + q-b oak fer REZ}, OV aeZ ,@) EMR Lire A-a=0 = 20) @9 ERD Ris replentve ® Let @Wy e R- J aka am (mez) Dba = -Im = 2(-m) =am! (m'2-m €Z) PG AeR. 1 Ris ay nme ® Let eW, HIER, Pa-b=am and b-e =2n ? a-htt—e = arman) > a-c= am! (m! =min EZ) ee Res transitive. Re an eqnivabrree labor. Q)d) ) REReserE: R: = (@VENKN: ecet jo keay. OvaeN ; @MER seme a ans Ra ry Ane 8 Le @YER. i pooh wt (LaeR > az eta =k Dd kki=t UREN a0 haeR. @ en, (er beam and c= bin 5 =(mnja = m'.qa (m'=mn) 9 ery (yO eR. EN. Rs bransifeve.d) Vi) Rex { (@WEZXZ : Bergh =Tk for keZ?. ie w replendne. ® Lt @t)ER S3at4k = 7k (kEZ) -w on, oil. bet (Laer. 33k tha = Tm (mez) th) Adding tay k lt) ; Jat Th = Tlath) = 7(ktY w= mtk. d panes om ane wl okbonpine cn get he V ~@wWerR waver “Ry Sgmmeln (3).ipta Pot Wosos3 Foundatcons -] Aasvignmand-4 ) let fi AB (ABER) be 0 funchien such Lhot f(a) =a O fi dejedtee but vet Aurective op A =[o, x) (oe, &) =IR . Ui) f & Aupedive buck net Lojedtive HAR fet anol bf Gi) f as jective ce Gath injective an Aura ective 44 A -[p,oc) acd & Io,2) injadkve ,Auvjeckioe or byeckie Gated nm esta oct 4 Minne a ee 2 uF RoR difened as f= e Verify ng _engadivety! Let for 4, ne Fey) =flre) i “ei 9 WEAN HIG AS Ae 2 KALA) 2-1 (Za-%)= 0 > (o-4) Hy V=0 | y= yO = Thy “We fee frr YFU > IY = L gtves Fe) =H) i fe (njective af augjedly: Let pomyeR frp 4 aH= Oe Prey A a4 “Fer LER; x, 220 2 dgret > yeE by 4]. Rea $f = “Em BIER pegs ade aa) i) FRIAR depencel es flay = w~ 4 (xfer Venferken 4 + ‘nackivity ' q j = \ dot fr Ao7aek a emt & Note 4p 4 =-ay mor = Tol +l ry f is net injective Veripcertion ef Auf edivety: Aine 4: Rok ond FO = aor , Netce f(x) 20. VER | eae + § =[ao) ER L fin rot Ansjuckiie Hence fo not igeckie et ee de iw in att Reno es 60) ord part ae & 4 ble GE BR be ay have Ke we tA dine Ronn. mee bo, (baler gad wk colt Oren! a fring andl aleady SG ee oe adoro prs t £b4 iS fruitt RR f O48 bq R={@HY:2€A : Trevi Huh an Ro arg ne & 4) f NTE) 6 6 fumebern let f bo-$ - We dam bu (ng ectine a foe 4) fr 77a. IN 1 kK % al AG FO one-one F5) 4 [o, ni} > [»)!) wa Be We clair f(A)? tr ie peed nen | pb here zn ib a by exkeve funder Ves + 2 jeckevity- Let J wy) fy) fe mya Aa r€ lt 9 a ym = H +h ae nen) - P Myr my = UA + Ae > uHAy & New, fad = 4%) for Mr # Phen f any eve Verne « foe peng te Sere poe Za yp nad snelN Pen oleae gy > Fa Fer flay> ot ma i abrtrang MEIN, w yp We get Hw =f 7 Buck dhet fu A aA y WaT om +) == m ~iFm Ale J, ot fer her cat a fr every aie fen lu Aactecks Puneadine oe canoe Laome fo Meche6) pAb ond gO % fet 4 art beth anjed BD pop) ys for toe 2 g(t) 9G) 2 fu) = ua (409 ) Foyer (ope aed) “pps ingekive q A 8 ard §: 6-6 ) Pe one doth prj La He snged we ie ont es 7° in A wat: pune. ? for eucny gly), vet gel on HEA gd rte te aunjective ZA ny ae: A 8 CLO A 4 % 4 fi Sa 3 "Fer gol (2) = 9043) but At3 Regope net ae fe pits ee ot ®) Let g- achive ancl g: B26 he inrckie fiA78 be sug 4g a Ve ;fIRAR defened as A@)nn Centider ga): A. dvr gik-k Weg Mee i (Kt) = 9(4¢ (0) =4(a) and [ ee foq @ - Cai cna {eg@) = Ftp =A. dey A =n= Gy ia le sc f7QU= a (— 9¢ oyoR deferred a fy =o. wider gu- -Va fr gs Ro Cee] We See, gf) = 9/404) =9(aa) 2 om 2 - tape Cg R= Cs HAA) = CH)? 2 : ( d And feg(a) = (a(n) THE foqiusx fi Ra (-x,c] defined ns fn) =v SA-*6 us cinjeckve with ma BoA bef op ad, Hines Dy HY edcon, [4p ix ea bey frog dacyjecbove er pony @ YEA, THEA AE FSO =F 2 f4(tH)) =y Ld b fyn) EOE a7 é, mito bral: PomBsesiwey de ft 4 tanjabve B Let ach and eB ae fam to, Foy daybeayiGey-e 21We _[gyrase Now polfy 5 a, Bh Seres f'4) fet hijedine, anol f “olf” Aa lef (G9) Uf} Ca) dor 2,,€A 9 festa) =p tol arly + Naa, (FY br anjeckive. New, in . f oY” (a) =a i F'(G-9 to) => Song fe surgechive J2R4. eT ‘ Df) Gt f-'(4) Saad f-“%,)- "Ep ettanla Caakiede 28% for tnt GD" k Now Acre feth GY Ae ond [AaB ond. both are injective, aa the Belution fr fH) = 6 BEY b ; ; GI O- fa) Jace 6 Barbary 4)%af ) $A 96 & surjechie FOO & ot irene Frere definition, hgh ee fey "aan fop? bj ehive Lee f(a) < fay for ayageb 4 fof) = fog Tas) a> u-ede oo? - dit' | i Aine {Boa f, (j yt Aap, Lob ae A and bEB a f(ayak. (ef 7h) =6 thee [NOs a renee gy f(a) b Ad. £ Ub) oa, tnth ae es ot: 3-6 che FO tnpechive * jee fep™ bh nek a bjekon, J" Ga. Now (FY op) =. (Fram de® op left inverse ) ? a) ~ fant len, we f ay pacgechine at Pe sinclar “af ried abone, 4 a ay ke bethen ahi Ae FJ '(4) = 6 = fa) “Gyn? avbetrary , =-4A 1) £028 ve fbb ba, saeoe he we Abe oe bes fia bi, (o*. ii ieee Ens preke me (1) f" Augective for BoA. Aina f'n funckion, 46)= ay eA F Me te (ay) ay DHA CO) = 44 Aq" (b,) - “ & f(apet). a i irk eesPe sree vy aéA [ a ; Te Show ot QeA + LEB _ L oe gts) = q ; fro AR > B ae i vw QGicGa + bE B- + __~ {4} =f INE toe now g (iG) = GF 9(Tb) =49 lane e 4 ig Surleclqu¢_ 4 ~f 42: ROA= ‘a ae VbEBRfe AsO Vy pr decte aa{cd ea italiane pet fOO = f(a) wrt > x9 SS Ole eo Soa eee eset: v-t Punch: Lot Cheansg amis funebens go, ( s @ brtechve func hence Set A Is Countabse Az sme ne wm | Considte fl») ae ies fiw oA fou mer panther consid £00 =sq) 9% Eoiics pL = 2 awe at, J Ze. pd Ey at Gee Su, —f + La biker &Use) 5A —-A u 6. Count Ghee. — a herr =e A u Coun ta bbenames Rus Rad zd orl my > IsMSO3F oefae pe (ana: oe Siete $3. %2 eH © x = 4 Xi mi eeirieT mq 424 AP a — 4x4) oe; =8. 42 eh = ace 2 4 2G) 2% 6 DUT — Bee DUI pG\ee p12 23 an Moe (Mm neg are ses) =o |2go0-2+1/ ‘ —t iv i> >) 3% -4%3 = Ge - | ee nr a > ye (enter) ; gy ty es PS | noy = G9F4% ~1X_ \nfim Cur! ‘Itis quality rather than quantity that ngHersag ge S243 s —t S4go x BH 1080 =, 22 x3 - -120 x1 24S = rie x (24) a> = Tam che X2 S550 s55 = RO x) 272 2 220 — —~90 %? 43 3 ~ 40%) 235 3 = 1070 my? 09 - YE X27 ~ ~~ %0 X222 x7 ox4 m1 990" C71) For amy? 19> 247 = 2603" yaaye erie Die ee BSI al afayt — - : - — Xz, +240 oe 7 303723 a 4.241% nes Xo Xs tis Le 5 32 al gt + B10 Xo x, 410TI%I _ = 4 20 21) x2 %y = 080% y25 43 noe 50 Ay 22k F7O 4D %st#L1042 1 PI - GO ax JoUrtX.3 —/o30 et hg xz ~ Ao wrtav +10 ° alana +540% 7? x72 6 te nod one. Abraham Lincoln 4